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Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Enteritidis is one of the major pathogens associated with enteric diseases in animals and humans. Thus, due to the importance of Salmonella spp. infections for animal production and public health, the aim of the present study was to describe the first detection of S. enteritidis in an aborted water buffalo fetus in southern Italy by characterizing the phylogroup profile and the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolated pathogenic strains. The different clinical manifestations of salmonellosis in animals include diarrhea, abortion, pneumonia, septic arthritis, meningitis, and others, depending on the virulence of the serovars, infectious dose, and host immunity. This study reports the first case of abortion caused by Salmonella enterica subsp enterica serovar Enteritidis in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in the Campania region, southern Italy. Complete necropsy was performed on the aborted water buffalo fetus under study, and samples and swabs from different organs were collected. Samples were processed by microbiological and molecular analyses to detect bacterial, viral, and protozoarian pathogens possibly responsible for abortion. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was carried out to further characterize the isolated S. Enteritidis strain. Our findings highlight the crucial role of S. Enteritidis as a potential abortive agent in water buffalo and its presence should therefore be investigated in cases of bubaline abortion.

This case report describes for the first-time cases of severe gastroenteritis in water buffalo calves due to a new serovar of Salmonella enterica. The study was carried out on fecal matrix collected from live water buffalo calves that showed profuse diarrhea, severe dehydration and fever, exhibiting a systemic course. Culture and molecular investigations identified the pathogens isolated from intestinal contents as two Salmonella serovars, Salmonella enterica enterica O:35 and a new serovar of Salmonella enterica. The isolates showed multi-drug resistance. Timely diagnosis associated with a targeted antimicrobial treatment were found to be sufficient for the survival and recovery of the infected animals. Herd vaccines prepared from isolated pathogens were used to prevent further deaths of the calves.

Water buffalo mastitis represents a major issue in terms of animal health, cost of therapy, premature culling and decreased milk yeld. The emergence of antibiotic resistance has led to investigate strategies to avoid or reduce antibiotics' based therapies, in particular during subclinical mastitis. The use of Generally Regarded As Safe bacteria (GRAS) such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus to restore the unbalance in mammary gland microbiota could provide potential corrective measures. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in milk microbiota after the intramammary treatment with inactivated cultures of Lactobacillus rhamnosus of mammary gland quarters naturally affected by subclinical mastitis as compared to antibiotic therapy.A number of 43 quarters affected by subclinical mastitis with no signs of clinical inflammation and aerobic culture positive for pathogens were included in the study. The experimental design was as follows: 11 quarters were treated with antibiotics, 15 with inactivated cultures of Lactobacillus rhmnosus and 17 with PBS as negative control, by means of intrammary injection. Samples were collected at eight time points, pre- (T-29, T-21, T-15, T-7, T0 days) and post- treatment (T1, T2, and T6 days). Microbiological culture and Somatic Cell Count (SCC) were perfomed on all the samples, and microbiota was determined on milk samples collected at T0 and T6 by amplifying the V4 region of 16S rRNA gene by PCR and sequencing using next generation sequencing technique. Treatment with Lactobacillus rhamnosus elicited a strong chemotactic response, as determined by a significant increase of leukocytes in milk, but did not change the microbiological culture results of the treated quarters. For what concerns the analysis of the microbiota, the treatment with Lactobacillus rhamnosus induced the modification in relative abundance of some genera such as Pseudomonas and 5-7N15. As expected, antibiotic treatment caused major changes in microbiota structure with an increase of Methylobacterium relative abundance. No changes were detected after PBS treatment. In conclusion, the present findings demonstrated that the in vivo intrammmary treatment with Lactobacillus rhamnosus has a transient pro-inflammatory activity by increasing SCC and is capable to modify the microbiota of milk after six days from inoculation, albeit slightly, even when the bacterial cultures were heat inactivated. Further studies are necessary to assess the potential use of this GRAS as supportive therapy against mastitis.

5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) induced fluorescence to augment surgical resection for high grade glioma has become a standard of care. Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) visibility is however subject to the variability of the single tumor expression and to the interobserver interpretation. We therefore hypothesized that in different glioma cell lines with variable 5-ALA induced fluorescence, the signal can be pharmacologically increased. We therefore analyzed in three different GBM cell lines, with different expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), the variability of 5-ALA induced PpIX fluorescence after the pharmacological blockade at different steps of PpIX breakdown and influencing the outbound transport of PpIX. Using flow cytometry, fluorescence microplate reader, and confocal microscopy the PpIX fluorescence was analyzed after exposure to tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPP), deferoxamine (DFO), and genistein. We furthermore constructed a microscope (Qp9-microscope) being able to measure quantitatively the concentration of PpIX. These values were compared with the extraction of PpIX in tumor biopsy taken during the GBM surgery. Although all three cell lines showed an increase to 5-ALA induced fluorescence their baseline activity was different. Treatment with either SnPP, DFO and genistein was able to increase 5-ALA induced fluorescence. Qp9-microscopy of tumor sample produced a color coded PpIX concentration map which was overlaid on the tumor image. The PpIX extraction from tumor sample analyzed using the plate reader gave lower values of the concentration, as compared to the expected values of the Qp9-microscope, however still in the same decimal range of μg/mL. This may be due to homogenization of the values during extraction and cell disaggregation. In conclusion pharmacological augmentation in GBM cell lines of PpIX signal is possible. A quantitative PpIX map for surgery is feasible and may help refine surgical excision. Further correlations of tumor tissue samples and Qp9-microscopy is needed, prior to develop an intraoperative surgical adjunct to the already existing 5-ALA induced surgery.

RESUMEN:La escuela debería desarrollar propuestas de participación social, durante los procesos de escolarización y también, como resultado de éste, fuera de la escuela, capaces de estimular el desarrollo de la ciudadanía de los adolescentes. El primer problema a resolver, entonces, es el de la incorporación de todos los jóvenes a la escuela, en la medida que ésta se constituya en un lugar de construcción ciudadana Nos interesa analizar el problema a través del prisma disciplinar para detectar presencias y ausencias en el proyecto político educativo argentino respecto a la educación ciudadana.PALABRAS-CLAVE: Geografía; territorio; ciudadanía; sistema democrático; práctica social. ABSTRACT:School should develop proposals of social participation, during the process of education and also, as a result of it, outside the school, that were capable of encouraging the development of teenagers’ citizenship. The first problem to solve is, then, the incorporation of all teenagers to school, as long as this one becomes a place for citizen development. We are interested in analyzing the problem through the discipline perspective to detect presences and absences in the Argentinian political educative project regarding citizen education.KEYWORDS: Geography - territory - citizenship - democratic system - social practice. RÉSUMÉ:L'école devrait aussi développer des propositions de participation sociale, pendant le processus de scolarisation et les résultats de celui-ci, hors de l'école, devenir capables de stimuler le développement de la citoyenneté des adolescents. Le premier problème à résoudre, alors, est celui de l'incorporation de tous les jeunes à l'école, dans la mesure où elle devient un lieu de construction des citoyens Il nous intéresse d'analyser le problème à travers le prisme disciplinaire pour détecter les présences et les absences dans le projet politique éducatif argentin en ce qui concerne l'éducation des citoyens.MOTS CLÉ: Géographie - territoire - citoyenneté - système démocratique - pratique sociale.

Cell microenvironment has a critical role determining cell fate and modulating cell responses to injuries. Hyaluronan (HA) is a ubiquitous extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan that can be considered a signaling molecule. In fact, interacting with several cell surface receptors can deeply shape cell behavior. In vascular biology, HA triggers smooth muscle cells (SMCs) dedifferentiation which contributes to vessel wall thickening. Furthermore, HA is able to modulate inflammation by altering the adhesive properties of endothelial cells. In hyperglycemic conditions, HA accumulates in vessels and can contribute to the diabetic complications at micro- and macrovasculature. Due to the pivotal role in favoring atherogenesis and neointima formation after injuries, HA could be a new target for cardiovascular pathologies. This review will focus on the recent findings regarding the regulation of HA synthesis in human vascular SMCs. In particular, the effects of the intracellular HA substrates availability, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and protein O-GlcNAcylation on the main HA synthetic enzyme (i.e., HAS2) will be discussed.

Cellular microenvironment plays a critical role in several pathologies including atherosclerosis. Hyaluronan (HA) content often reflects the progression of this disease in promoting vessel thickening and cell migration. HA synthesis is regulated by several factors, including the phosphorylation of HA synthase 2 (HAS2) and other covalent modifications including ubiquitination and O-GlcNAcylation. Substrate availability is important in HA synthesis control. Specific drugs reducing the UDP precursors are able to reduce HA synthesis whereas the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) increases the concentration of HA precursor UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) leading to an increase of HA synthesis. The flux through the HBP in the regulation of HA biosynthesis in human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) was reported as a critical aspect. In fact, inhibiting O-GlcNAcylation reduced HA production whereas increased O-GlcNAcylation augmented HA secretion. Additionally, O-GlcNAcylation regulates HAS2 gene expression resulting in accumulation of its mRNA after induction of O-GlcNAcylation with glucosamine treatments. The oxidized LDLs, the most common molecules related to atherosclerosis outcome and progression, are also able to induce a strong HA synthesis when they are in contact with vascular cells. In this review, we present recent described mechanisms involved in HA synthesis regulation and their role in atherosclerosis outcome and development.

RESUMEN: La escuela debería desarrollar propuestas de participación social, durante los procesos de escolarización y también, como resultado de éste, fuera de la escuela, capaces de estimular el desarrollo de la ciudadanía de los adolescentes. El primer problema a resolver, entonces, es el de la incorporación de todos los jóvenes a la escuela, en la medida que ésta se constituya en un lugar de construcción ciudadana Nos interesa analizar el problema a través del prisma disciplinar para detectar presencias y ausencias en el proyecto político educativo argentino respecto a la educación ciudadana. PALABRAS-CLAVE: Geografía; territorio; ciudadanía; sistema democrático; práctica social. ABSTRACT: School should develop proposals of social participation, during the process of education and also, as a result of it, outside the school, that were capable of encouraging the development of teenagers’ citizenship. The first problem to solve is, then, the incorporation of all teenagers to school, as long as this one becomes a place for citizen development. We are interested in analyzing the problem through the discipline perspective to detect presences and absences in the Argentinian political educative project regarding citizen education. KEYWORDS: Geography - territory - citizenship - democratic system - social practice. RÉSUMÉ: L'école devrait aussi développer des propositions de participation sociale, pendant le processus de scolarisation et les résultats de celui-ci, hors de l'école, devenir capables de stimuler le développement de la citoyenneté des adolescents. Le premier problème à résoudre, alors, est celui de l'incorporation de tous les jeunes à l'école, dans la mesure où elle devient un lieu de construction des citoyens Il nous intéresse d'analyser le problème à travers le prisme disciplinaire pour détecter les présences et les absences dans le projet politique éducatif argentin en ce qui concerne l'éducation des citoyens. MOTS CLÉ: Géographie - territoire - citoyenneté - système démocratique - pratique sociale.

Este trabajo de investigación se enmarca en el Proyecto Impacto territorial de los cambios y permanencias de la estructura agraria de la provincia de Santa Fe a partir de los '90 y sus consecuencias demográficas del Programa CAI+D 2006 de la UNL, y es una primera aproximación al estudio de propuestas de enseñanza de geografí­a rural. Se ha trabajado con una metodologí­a cualitativa interpretativa, a través del análisis documental de las siguientes fuentes: Diseños Curriculares Jurisdiccionales, manuales escolares, planificaciones anuales de docentes y registros etnográficos de clases realizados en el marco de la asignatura Didáctica de la Geografí­a. El análisis nos ha permitido identificar la presencia y la ausencia de conceptos, temáticas y enfoques metodológicos en las propuestas de enseñanza referidas a los espacios rurales realizadas por profesores de Geografí­a de la provincia de Santa Fe.