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Summary: Background: Fiji has among the highest global reported prevalence of scabies. Mass drug administration (MDA) has been identified as a potentially effective strategy to control scabies, but acceptability of MDA from the perspectives of people receiving and delivering scabies MDA programs remains underexplored in Fiji and globally. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted after completion of the national MDA campaign. Participants included 44 community members and 12 key informants across the Central and Western Divisions of Fiji. Semi-structured face-to-face and virtual interviews were conducted in August and September 2023. An interpretive research approach was adopted, and data were analysed using deductive and inductive techniques. Findings: We identified several barriers and facilitators to scabies MDA acceptability. Facilitators included prior experiences of scabies and knowledge of the potential health benefit of MDA, community attitudes to MDA and neighbours’ adherence practices, endorsement of MDA by community leaders, community consultation and exposure to community sensitisation, and involvement of local key informants during planning and implementation. Barriers included a lack of trust in MDA campaigns, religious beliefs, limited reach of community sensitisation, and challenges to implementing MDA in urban locations. Interpretation: This is the first qualitative study documenting acceptability of a nationwide scabies-MDA globally. It identified diverse socio-structural factors that influenced MDA implementation and acceptability. Future MDA programs could benefit from widespread community sensitisation, tailored approaches to urban and rural MDA design and delivery, and the inclusion of communities in the co-design and implementation of MDA programs. Funding: The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) investigator grant—LR and the Macquarie Group Foundation 50th Celebration Awards–AS.

Scabies is a global public health issue, with approximately 455 million new cases worldwide each year. Scabies is a parasitic skin disease caused by infestation with the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis that can lead to secondary skin infections such as impetigo. In 2017, scabies was added to the World Health Organization’s list of neglected tropical diseases renewing calls for effective management and control of the disease. Mass drug administration has emerged as an effective strategy to control scabies, especially in highly endemic settings. In this review, we detail scabies epidemiology and risk factors, clinical characteristics and diagnosis, as well as control options, and future areas for scabies research.

Abstract Background The clinical diagnosis of scabies relies on the assessment of signs and symptoms and an improved understanding of the distribution of skin lesions may lead to improved diagnostic performance. Objectives To investigate the detailed body distribution of scabies lesions and to explore the accuracy of simplified, focused examination approaches. Methods We did a prospective, cross‐sectional study in the Western Province of Solomon Islands (2019). Consenting individuals of all ages were eligible. The entire skin surface was examined, and the presence and number of typical scabies lesions were recorded at 98 topographic body sites, corresponding to 5 regions and 16 subregions. We compared the distribution at sites, regions and subregions overall, and by age and sex. We also calculated the expected sensitivity of examination of limited body areas. Choropleth maps were generated to provide detailed descriptions of the distribution of lesions. Results A total of 467 individuals were enrolled (median age: 9 years [range: 0–86]; female: 54.6%) of whom 269 (57.6%) participants had typical scabies lesions. The most common sites for scabies lesions were the dorsal fingers (65.7% of participants with scabies lesions), dorsal finger web spaces (62.1%) and dorsal hands (61.7%). Of those less than 2 years old with scabies, eight (30.8%) had lesions at the head and neck region compared to 10.8% of those aged 2–5. Genital lesions were more common in males than females (27.3% vs. 7%, relative risk 3.9, 95% confidence interval: 1.2–2.1). Simplified, focused examinations were estimated have very high sensitivity (hands and wrists only: 93.3%; exposed arms and legs: 99.3%) compared to whole‐body examinations. Conclusion We report highly detailed descriptions of the body distribution of scabies lesions, including differences by age and sex. These data are valuable for training and diagnosis and support the use of simplified, focused examinations for scabies mapping.

BackgroundMass drug administration (MDA) based on two doses of ivermectin, one week apart, substantially reduces prevalence of both scabies and impetigo. The Regimens of Ivermectin for Scabies Elimination (RISE) trial assessed whether one-dose ivermectin-based MDA would be as effective.MethodsRISE was a cluster-randomised trial in Solomon Islands. We assigned 20 villages in a 1:1 ratio to one- or two-dose ivermectin-based MDA. We planned to test whether the impact of one dose on scabies prevalence at 12 and 24 months was non-inferior to two, at a 5% non-inferiority margin.ResultsWe deferred endpoint assessment to 21 months due to COVID-19. We enrolled 5239 participants in 20 villages at baseline and 3369 at 21 months from an estimated population of 5500. At baseline scabies prevalence was similar in the two arms (one-dose 17·2%; two-dose 13·2%). At 21 months, there was no reduction in scabies prevalence (one-dose 18·7%; two-dose 13·4%), and the confidence interval around the difference included values substantially greater than 5%. There was however a reduction in prevalence among those who had been present at the baseline assessment (one-dose 15·9%; two-dose 10·8%). Additionally, we found a reduction in both scabies severity and impetigo prevalence in both arms, to a similar degree.ConclusionsThere was no indication of an overall decline in scabies prevalence in either arm. The reduction in scabies prevalence in those present at baseline suggests that the unexpectedly high influx of people into the trial villages, likely related to the COVID-19 pandemic, may have compromised the effectiveness of the MDA. Despite the lack of effect there are important lessons to be learnt from this trial about conducting MDA for scabies in high prevalence settings.Trial registrationRegistered with Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12618001086257.

Abstract Background Scabies causes considerable morbidity in disadvantaged populations. The International Alliance for the Control of Scabies (IACS) published consensus criteria in 2020 to standardize scabies diagnosis. However, these criteria are complex, and a WHO informal consultation proposed simplified criteria for mapping, to identify regions of high prevalence as targets for mass drug administration. We aimed to investigate the accuracy of simplified criteria in determining scabies prevalence, compared to the 2020 IACS criteria. Methods We obtained data relating to demographics, relevant history and skin lesions from all-age prevalence surveys from Fiji (n = 3365) and Solomon Islands (n = 5239), as well as school-aged children in Timor-Leste (n = 1043). We calculated prevalence using the 2020 IACS criteria and simplified criteria and compared these disease estimates. Results There was no significant difference in the pooled prevalence using the two methods (2020 IACS criteria: 16.6%; simplified criteria: 15.6%; difference = 0.9, [95% CI -0.1, 2.0]). In Timor-Leste, the prevalence using simplified criteria was lower (26.5% vs 33.8%). Simplified criteria had a sensitivity of 82.3% (95% CI 80.2, 84.2) and specificity of 97.6% (95% CI 97.2, 97.9) compared to the 2020 IACS criteria. Conclusions The scabies prevalence estimation using simplified criteria was similar to using the 2020 IACS criteria in high prevalence, tropical countries. The prevalence estimation was lower in the school-based survey in Timor-Leste. Mapping using simplified criteria may be a feasible and effective public health tool to identify priority regions for scabies control. Further work assessing use of simplified criteria for mapping in a field setting should be conducted.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009144.].

Background: Invasive Staphylococcus aureus (iSA) and group A Streptococcus (iGAS) impose significant health burdens globally. Both bacteria commonly cause skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), which can result in invasive disease. Understanding of the incidence of iSA and iGAS remains limited in settings with a high SSTI burden. Methods: Prospective surveillance for admissions with iSA or iGAS was conducted at the referral hospital in Fiji’s Northern Division over 48 weeks between July 2018 and June 2019. Results: There were 55 admissions for iSA and 15 admissions for iGAS (incidence 45.2 and 12.3 per 100,000 person-years, respectively). The highest incidence was found in patients aged ≥65 years (59.6 per 100,000 person-years for iSA and iGAS). The incidence of iSA was higher in indigenous Fijians (iTaukei) (71.1 per 100,000 person-years) compared with other ethnicities (incidence rate ratio 9.7, 95% confidence interval 3.5–36.9). SSTIs were found in the majority of cases of iSA (75%) and iGAS (53.3%). Thirteen of the 14 iGAS strains isolated belonged to emm cluster D (n = 5) or E (n = 8). The case fatality rate was high for both iSA (10.9%) and iGAS (33.3%). Conclusions: The incidence of iSA and iGAS in Fiji is very high. SSTIs are common clinical foci for both iSA and iGAS. Both iSA and iGAS carry a substantial risk of death. Improved control strategies are needed to reduce the burden of iSA and iGAS in Fiji.

Summary: Background: Scabies is an important predisposing factor of impetigo which can lead to serious bacterial complications. Ivermectin-based mass drug administration can substantially reduce scabies and impetigo prevalence in endemic settings, but the impact on serious bacterial complications is not known. Methods: We conducted a before-after trial in the Northern Division of Fiji (population: 131,914) of mass drug administration for scabies control. Prospective surveillance was conducted from 2018 to 2020. Mass drug administration took place in 2019, involving two doses of oral ivermectin or topical permethrin, delivered alongside diethylcarbamazine and albendazole for lymphatic filariasis. The primary outcomes were incidence of hospitalisations with skin and soft tissue infections, and childhood invasive infections and post-streptococcal sequelae. Secondary outcomes included presentations to primary healthcare with skin infections and community prevalence of scabies and impetigo. Findings: The incidence of hospitalisations with skin and soft tissue infections was 17% lower after the intervention compared to baseline (388 vs 467 per 100,000 person-years; incidence rate ratio 0.83, 95% CI, 0.74 to 0.94; P = 0.002). There was no difference in incidence of childhood invasive infections and post-streptococcal sequelae. Incidence of primary healthcare presentations with scabies and skin infections was 21% lower (89.2 vs 108 per 1000 person-years, incidence rate ratio, IRR 0.79, 95% CI, 0.78 to 0.82). Crude community prevalence of scabies declined from 14.2% to 7.7% (cluster-adjusted prevalence 12.5% to 8.9%; prevalence ratio 0.71, 95% CI, 0.28 to 1.17). Cluster-adjusted prevalence of impetigo declined from 15.3% to 6.1% (prevalence ratio 0.4, 95% CI, 0.18 to 0.86). Interpretation: Mass drug administration for scabies control was associated with a substantial reduction in hospitalisations for skin and soft tissue infections. Funding: National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia and Scobie and Claire Mackinnon Trust.

Background The Kato-Katz microscopy technique is the global standard for assessment of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) burden. However, major limitations include its poor sensitivity, requirement for rapid sample processing, and inability to differentiate hookworm species nor detect Strongyloides spp. infections. We assessed the prevalence and intensity of STH species in Solomon Islands by conducting a province-wide survey using quantitative PCR (qPCR) for diagnosis, which can provide much better characterisation of STH burden than microscopy. Methodology/Principal findings We conducted a cross-sectional survey in 18 villages in Western Province to detect infections with six STH species and quantify intensity with three. We used linear mixed model regression to identify potential water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and environmental risk factors for infection. We collected stool specimens from 830 village residents. Overall STH prevalence was 63.3% (range 27.5 to 91.5% across villages), led by Necator americanus (54.5% [range 17.5–89.4%]), followed by Ancylostoma ceylanicum (15.5% [range 2.8–45.8%]), Trichuris trichiura (9.1% [range 0–79.2%]), and Strongyloides spp. (3.2% [range 0–29.2%]). Most infections were of light intensity for N. americanus (85.7%) and T. trichiura (90.7%). Owning a household latrine was associated with a lower risk of N. americanus infection (AOR 0.41, 95% CI 0.24–0.68) while greater precipitation was linked to more common T. trichiura infection (AOR 1.14, 95% CI 1.04–1.25). Conclusion/Significance In this first large-scale population survey of STH in the Pacific using qPCR, we found evidence that ivermectin should be incorporated into STH control programmes because of the presence of T. trichiura and Strongyloides spp., both of which are poorly responsive to albendazole. Furthermore, One Health strategies are needed for improved A. ceylanicum and Strongyloides spp. control, WASH access and use should be improved to complement deworming programmes, and control efforts should ideally be expanded to entire communities. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12618001086257. Author summary Routine assessments of the burden of intestinal worm infections rely on microscopy-based diagnostic methods, such as the Kato-Katz technique. However major limitations include its poor sensitivity, requirement for rapid sample processing, and inability to differentiate individual hookworm species and detect Strongyloides spp. infections. It is important to assess the burden of each of these infections to design control approaches beyond the current core strategy of albendazole preventive chemotherapy. Use of qPCR for diagnosis could address these gaps because it can distinguish all relevant intestinal worm species. We completed a province-wide intestinal worm infections prevalence survey using qPCR in Western Province, Solomon Islands. Overall prevalence was extremely high (62.5%). We identified a high burden of Necator americanus (54.5%) and detected Ancylostoma ceylanicum (15.5%), Trichuris trichiura (9.1%), and Strongyloides spp. (3.2%) infections. Increased age and precipitation were associated with higher prevalence of infection, while owning a household latrine was associated with lower odds of N. americanus infection. Our findings support the need to incorporate ivermectin into deworming programmes for Strongyloides spp. and T. trichiura control as these species are poorly responsive to albendazole, implement One Health strategies to address the zoonotic A. ceylanicum and Strongyloides spp., and expand control efforts to reach entire communities. WASH access should also be improved to complement deworming programmes.

Background Preventative chemotherapy and mass drug administration have been identified as effective strategies for the prevention, treatment, control and elimination of several NTDs in the Asia-Pacific region. Qualitative research can provide in-depth insight into the social dynamics and processes underlying effective implementation of and adherence to mass drug administration programs. This scoping review examines published qualitative literature to examine factors influencing community perceptions and acceptability of mass drug administration approaches to control NTDs in the Asia-Pacific region. Methodology Twenty-four peer reviewed published papers reporting qualitative data from community members and stakeholders engaged in the implementation of mass drug administration programs were identified as eligible for inclusion. Findings This systematic scoping review presents available data from studies focussing on lymphatic filariasis, soil-transmitted helminths and scabies in eight national settings (India, Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh, Laos, American Samoa, Papua New Guinea, Fiji). The review highlights the profoundly social nature of individual, interpersonal and institutional influences on community perceptions of willingness to participate in mass drug administration programs for control of neglected tropical diseases (NTD). Future NTD research and control efforts would benefit from a stronger qualitative social science lens to mass drug administration implementation, a commitment to understanding and addressing the social and structural determinants of NTDs and NTD control in complex settings, and efforts to engage local communities as equal partners and experts in the co-design of mass drug administration and other efforts to prevent, treat, control and eliminate NTDs. Conclusion For many countries in the Asia-Pacific region, the “low hanging fruit has been picked” in terms of where mass drug administration has worked and transmission has been stopped. The settings that remain–such as remote areas of Fiji and Papua New Guinea, or large, highly populated, multi-cultural urban settings in India and Indonesia–present huge challenges going forward. Author summary Qualitative research can provide in-depth insight into the social dynamics and processes underlying effective implementation of and adherence to mass drug administration programs. This scoping review examines published qualitative literature to examine factors influencing community perceptions and acceptability of mass drug administration approaches to control neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in the Asia-Pacific region. Our analyses highlight the profoundly social nature of individual, interpersonal and institutional influences on community perceptions of willingness to participate in mass drug administration programs for control of NTDs. For many countries in the Asia-Pacific region, the “low hanging fruit has been picked” in terms of where mass drug administration has worked and transmission has been stopped. The settings that remain–e.g. remote areas of Fiji and Papua New Guinea, or large, highly populated, multi-cultural urban settings in India and Indonesia–present huge challenges going forward. Future NTD research and control efforts would benefit from a stronger qualitative social science lens to mass drug administration implementation, a commitment to understanding the socio-structural determinants of NTDs and NTD control in complex settings, and engaging local communities as equal partners and experts in the co-design of mass drug administration and other efforts to prevent, treat, control and eliminate NTDs.

In 2019, the Murdoch Children's Research Institute in partnership with the Fiji Ministry of Health and Medical Services carried out an integrated mass drug administration (MDA) for the treatment of scabies and lymphatic filariasis in the Northern Division of Fiji (population estimate 131,914). We conducted a retrospective micro-costing exercise focused on the cost of scabies control in order to inform budgeting and policy decision making in an endemic setting. We collected detailed information on financial and economic costs incurred by both parties during the course of the MDA campaign (April 2018 to July 2019). We also conducted interviews with personnel involved in the financial administration of the MDA campaign. The economic cost of delivering two doses of ivermectin was US$4.88 per person. The cost of donated drugs accounted for 36.3% of total MDA costs. In this first large-scale MDA for the public health control of scabies, the estimated cost of delivering MDA per person for scabies was considerably more expensive than the costs reported for other neglected tropical diseases. The important cost drivers included the remuneration of health care workers who were extensively involved in the campaign, coverage of hard-to-reach, mainly rural populations and the two-dose regimen of ivermectin. These results highlight the importance of these cost determinants and can be used to plan current and future MDA programs.

BackgroundScabies is a neglected tropical disease hyperendemic to many low- and middle-income countries. Scabies can be successfully controlled using mass drug administration (MDA) using 2 doses of ivermectin-based treatment. If effective, a strategy of 1-dose ivermectin-based MDA would have substantial advantages for implementing MDA for scabies at large scale.Methods and findingsWe did a cluster randomised, noninferiority, open-label, 3-group unblinded study comparing the effectiveness of control strategies on community prevalence of scabies at 12 months. All residents from 35 villages on 2 Fijian islands were eligible to participate. Villages were randomised 1:1:1 to 2-dose ivermectin-based MDA (IVM-2), 1-dose ivermectin-based MDA (IVM-1), or screen and treat with topical permethrin 5% for individuals with scabies and their household contacts (SAT). All groups also received diethylcarbamazine and albendazole for lymphatic filariasis control. For IVM-2 and IVM-1, oral ivermectin was dosed at 200 μg/kg and when contraindicated substituted with permethrin. We designated a noninferiority margin of 5%. We enrolled 3,812 participants at baseline (July to November 2017) from the 35 villages with median village size of 108 (range 18 to 298). Age and sex of participants were representative of the population with 51.6% male and median age of 25 years (interquartile range 10 to 47). We enrolled 3,898 at 12 months (July to November 2018). At baseline, scabies prevalence was similar in all groups: IVM-2: 11.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) 8.5 to 16.0); IVM-1: 15.2% (95% CI 9.4 to 23.8); SAT: 13.6% (95% CI 7.9 to 22.4). At 12 months, scabies decreased substantially in all groups: IVM-2: 1.3% (95% CI 0.6 to 2.5); IVM-1: 2.7% (95% CI 1.1 to 6.5); SAT: 1.1% (95% CI 0.6 to 2.0). The risk difference in scabies prevalence at 12 months between the IVM-1 and IVM-2 groups was 1.2% (95% CI -0.2 to 2.7, p = 0.10). Limitations of the study included the method of scabies diagnosis by nonexperts, a lower baseline prevalence than anticipated, and the addition of diethylcarbamazine and albendazole to scabies treatment.ConclusionsAll 3 strategies substantially reduced prevalence. One-dose was noninferior to 2-dose ivermectin-based MDA, as was a screen and treat approach, for community control of scabies. Further trials comparing these approaches in varied settings are warranted to inform global scabies control strategies.Trial registrationClinitrials.gov NCT03177993 and ANZCTR N12617000738325.

BackgroundOral ivermectin is a safe broad spectrum anthelminthic used for treating several neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Currently, ivermectin use is contraindicated in children weighing less than 15 kg, restricting access to this drug for the treatment of NTDs. Here we provide an updated systematic review of the literature and we conducted an individual-level patient data (IPD) meta-analysis describing the safety of ivermectin in children weighing less than 15 kg.Methodology/principal findingsA systematic review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) for IPD guidelines by searching MEDLINE via PubMed, Web of Science, Ovid Embase, LILACS, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, TOXLINE for all clinical trials, case series, case reports, and database entries for reports on the use of ivermectin in children weighing less than 15 kg that were published between 1 January 1980 to 25 October 2019. The protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO): CRD42017056515. A total of 3,730 publications were identified, 97 were selected for potential inclusion, but only 17 sources describing 15 studies met the minimum criteria which consisted of known weights of children less than 15 kg linked to possible adverse events, and provided comprehensive IPD. A total of 1,088 children weighing less than 15 kg were administered oral ivermectin for one of the following indications: scabies, mass drug administration for scabies control, crusted scabies, cutaneous larva migrans, myiasis, pthiriasis, strongyloidiasis, trichuriasis, and parasitic disease of unknown origin. Overall a total of 1.4% (15/1,088) of children experienced 18 adverse events all of which were mild and self-limiting. No serious adverse events were reported.Conclusions/significanceExisting limited data suggest that oral ivermectin in children weighing less than 15 kilograms is safe. Data from well-designed clinical trials are needed to provide further assurance.

Pacific Island countries have a high burden of scabies and impetigo. Understanding of the epidemiology of these diseases is needed to target public health interventions such as mass drug administration (MDA). The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of scabies and impetigo in Solomon Islands as well as the relationship between them and their distribution. We conducted a prevalence study in 20 villages in Western Province in Solomon Islands. All residents of the village were eligible to participate. Nurses conducted clinical assessments including history features and skin examination. Diagnosis of scabies was made using the 2020 International Alliance for the Control of Scabies diagnostic criteria. Assessments were completed on 5239 participants across 20 villages. Overall scabies prevalence was 15.0% (95%CI 11.8-19.1). There was considerable variation by village with a range of 3.3% to 42.6%. There was a higher prevalence of scabies in males (16.7%) than females (13.5%, adjusted relative risk 1.2, 95%CI 1.1-1.4). Children aged under two years had the highest prevalence (27%). Overall impetigo prevalence was 5.6% (95%CI 4.2-7.3), ranging from 1.4% to 19% by village. The population attributable risk of impetigo associated with scabies was 16.1% (95% CI 9.8-22.4). The prevalence of scabies in our study is comparable to previous studies in Solomon Islands, highlighting a persistent high burden of disease in the country, and the need for public health strategies for disease control.

Scabies is an important predisposing factor for impetigo but its role in more serious skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) is not well understood. Information is limited on incidence of SSTIs in the presence of endemic scabies. We conducted a prospective study of hospital admissions for SSTIs in the Northern Division of Fiji (population: 131,914). Prospective surveillance for admissions with impetigo, abscess, cellulitis, wound infection, pyomyositis, necrotizing fasciitis, infected scabies, and crusted scabies was conducted at the Division's referral hospital between 2018 to 2019. Information was collected on demographic characteristics, clinical features, microbiology, treatment and outcomes. Over the study period, 788 SSTI admissions were recorded corresponding to a population incidence 647 per 100,000 person-years (95%CI 571-660). Incidence was highest at the extremes of age with peak incidence in children aged

Scabies is endemic in Fiji and is a significant cause of morbidity. Little is known about the sociocultural beliefs and practices that affect the occurrence of scabies and impetigo, or community attitudes towards the strategy of mass drug administration that is emerging as a public health option for scabies and impetigo control in Fiji and other countries. Data were collected during semi-structured interviews with 33 community members in four locations in Fiji's Northern Division. Thematic analysis examined participants' lived experiences of scabies and impetigo; community knowledge and perceptions about scabies and impetigo aetiology and transmission; community-based treatment and prevention measures; and attitudes towards mass drug administration. Many indigenous Fijian (iTaukei) participants noted extensive and ongoing experience of scabies and impetigo among children in their families and communities, but only one participant of Indian descent (Indo-Fijian) identified personal childhood experience of scabies. Scabies and impetigo were perceived as diseases affecting children, impacting on school attendance and families' quality of sleep. Awareness of scabies and impetigo was considerable, but there were major misconceptions around disease causation and transmission. Traditional remedies were preferred for scabies treatment, followed by biomedicines provided by local health centres and hospitals. Treatment of close household contacts was not prioritised. Attitudes towards mass drug administration to control scabies were mostly positive, although some concerns were noted about adverse effects and hesitation to participate in the planned scabies elimination programme. Findings from this first study to document perspectives and experiences related to scabies and impetigo and their management in the Asia Pacific region illustrate that a community-centred approach to scabies and impetigo is needed for the success of control efforts in Fiji, and most likely in other affected countries. This includes community-based health promotion messaging on the social dynamics of scabies transmission, and a campaign of education and community engagement prior to mass drug administration.

Introduction Scabies is a significant contributor to global morbidity, affecting approximately 200 million people at any time. Scabies is endemic in many resource-limited tropical settings. Bacterial skin infection (impetigo) frequently complicates scabies infestation in these settings. Community-wide ivermectin-based mass drug administration (MDA) is an effective control strategy for scabies in island settings, with a single round of MDA reducing population prevalence by around 90%. However, current two-dose regimens present a number of barriers to programmatic MDA implementation. We designed the Regimens of Ivermectin for Scabies Elimination (RISE) trial to investigate whether one-dose MDA may be as effective as two-dose MDA in controlling scabies in high-prevalence settings.Methods and analysis RISE is a cluster-randomised non-inferiority trial. The study will be conducted in 20 isolated villages in Western Province of Solomon Islands where population prevalence of scabies is approximately 20%. Villages will be randomly allocated to receive either one dose or two doses of ivermectin-based MDA in a 1:1 ratio. The primary objective of the study is to determine if ivermectin-based MDA with one dose is as effective as MDA with two doses in reducing the prevalence of scabies after 12 months. Secondary objectives include the effect of ivermectin-based MDA on impetigo prevalence after 12 and 24 months, the prevalence of scabies at 24 months after the intervention, the impact on presentation to health facilities with scabies and impetigo, and the safety of one-dose and two-dose MDA.Ethics and dissemination This trial has been approved by the ethics review committees of the Solomon Islands and the Royal Children's Hospital, Australia. Results will be disseminated in peer-reviewed publications and in meetings with the Solomon Islands Ministry of Health and Medical Services and participating communities.Trial registration details Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12618001086257. Date registered: 28 June 2018.

Lymphatic filariasis has remained endemic in Fiji despite repeated mass drug administration using the well-established and safe combination of diethylcarbamazine and albendazole (DA) since 2002. In certain settings the addition of ivermectin to this combination (IDA) remains a safe strategy and is more efficacious. However, the safety has yet to be described in scabies and soil-transmitted helminth endemic settings like Fiji. Villages of Rotuma and Gau islands were randomised to either DA or IDA. Residents received weight-based treatment unblinded with standard exclusions. Participants were actively found and asked by a nurse about their health daily for the first two days and then asked to seek review for the next five days if unwell. Anyone with severe symptoms were reviewed by a doctor and any serious adverse event was reported to the Medical Monitor and Data Safety Monitoring Board. Of 3612 enrolled and eligible participants, 1216 were randomised to DA and 2396 to IDA. Age and sex in both groups were representative of the population. Over 99% (3598) of participants completed 7 days follow-up. Adverse events were reported by 600 participants (16.7%), distributed equally between treatment groups, with most graded as mild (93.2%). There were three serious adverse events, all judged not attributable to treatment by an independent medical monitor. Fatigue was the most common symptom reported by 8.5%, with headache, dizziness, nausea and arthralgia being the next four most common symptoms. Adverse events were more likely in participants with microfilaremia (43.2% versus 15.7%), but adverse event frequency was not related to the presence of scabies or soil-transmitted helminth infection. IDA has comparable safety to DA with the same frequency of adverse events experienced following community mass drug administration. The presence of co-endemic infections did not increase adverse events. IDA can be used in community programs where preventative chemotherapy is needed for control of lymphatic filariasis and other neglected tropical diseases.

The roots of two cultivars of Paeonia, namely Paeonia officinalis “Rubra Plena” and Paeonia “Pink Hawaiian Coral”, have been extracted with chloroform. The composition of the lipid fraction, analyzed by GC–MS technique, revealed the absence of paeonol and the presence of phenol, benzoic acid, fatty acid—and some sterol—derivatives. The chloroformic extracts have been tested on normal and several cancer cell lines but showed antiproliferative activity only on the ovarian carcinoma and the osteosarcoma. The biological activity of extracts was investigated mainly by confocal microscopy, flow cytometry and quantum phase imaging. The results indicated that the root extracts induced a hyperpolarization of mitochondria and an increase in reactive oxygen species levels, without inducing cell death. These effects are associated to an increased doubling time and a retarded confluence.

IntroductionIn most settings, the diagnosis of scabies is reliant on time-consuming and potentially intrusive clinical examination of all accesible regions of skin. With the recent recognition of scabies as a neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization there is a need for standardised approaches to disease mapping to define populations likely to benefit from intervention, and to measure the impact of interventions. Development and validation of simplified approaches to diagnose scabies would facilitate these efforts.MethodsWe utilised data from three population-based surveys of scabies. We classified each individual as having scabies absent or present overall, based on whole body assessment, and in each of 9 regions of the body. We calculated the sensitivity of diagnosing the presence of scabies based on each individual body region compared to the reference standard based on whole body examination and identified combinations of regions which provided greater than 90% sensitivity. We assessed the sensitivity according to gender, age group, severity of scabies and the presence or absence of impetigo.ResultsWe included 1,373 individuals with scabies. The body regions with highest yield were the hands (sensitivity compared to whole body examination 51.2%), feet (49.7%), and lower legs (48.3%). Examination of the exposed components of both limbs provided a sensitivity of 93.2% (95% CI 91.2-94.4%). The sensitivity of this more limited examination was greater than 90% regardless of scabies severity or the presence or absence of secondary impetigo.DiscussionWe found that examination limited to hands, feet and lower legs was close to 90% for detecting scabies compared to a full body examination. A simplified and less intrusive diagnostic process for scabies will allow expansion of mapping and improved decision-making about public health interventions. Further studies in other settings are needed to prospectively validate this simplified approach.

Summary: Background: Mass drug administration has made a major contribution to the public health control of several important neglected tropical diseases. For settings with more than one endemic disease, combined mass drug administration has potential practical advantages compared with separate programmes but needs confirmation of feasibility and safety. We undertook a study of mass drug administration in the Solomon Islands for trachoma and scabies control using ivermectin and azithromycin, key drugs in the control of neglected tropical diseases worldwide. Methods: The entire population of Choiseul province, Solomon Islands, was eligible to participate. An azithromycin-based mass drug administration regimen was offered in line with standard recommendations for trachoma elimination (oral azithromycin or topical tetracycline). An ivermectin-based mass drug administration regimen was offered at the same time (oral ivermectin or topical permethrin), with a further dose 7–14 days later, using a modified version of a regimen demonstrated to be effective for scabies control. All participants underwent safety assessments 7–14 days later. Participants in ten randomly selected sentinel villages underwent a more detailed safety assessment. Routine health system reports of hospital or clinic admissions and deaths were also obtained to compare health outcomes in the 12 month period before and after the mass drug administration. Findings: The study enrolled 26 188 participants, 99·3% of the estimated resident population as determined at the 2009 census. Of those enrolled, 25 717 (98·2%) received the trachoma regimen and 25 819 (98·6%) received the first dose of the scabies regimen between Sept 1, and Oct 2, 2015. A second dose of the scabies regimen was received by 21 931 (83·7%) of participants. Adverse events, all mild and transient, were recorded in 571 (2·6%) of the entire study population and 58 (4·1%) of participants in the ten sentinel villages. In the 12 months before and after the mass drug administration the numbers of hospital admissions (1530 vs 1602) and deaths (73 vs 83) were similar. In the month after the mass drug administration, 84 individuals were admitted to hospital and two died, compared with a monthly median of 116 admissions (IQR 106–159) and six deaths (IQR 4–7) in the 12 months before and after the mass drug administration. Interpretation: In the largest trial so far involving coadministration of regimens based on ivermectin and azithromycin, the combination was safe and feasible in a population of more than 26 000 people. Coadministration of mass drug administration based on these two drugs opens up new potential for the control of neglected tropical diseases. Funding: International Trachoma Initiative, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Scobie and Claire Mackinnon Trust, Wellcome Trust.

BACKGROUND:Scabies and impetigo are common, important and treatable skin conditions. Reports from several Pacific island countries show extremely high prevalence of these two conditions, but for many countries, including the Solomon Islands, there is a paucity of epidemiological data. METHODOLOGY:Ten rural villages in the Western Province of the Solomon Islands were included in the study, chosen so that data collection could be integrated with an existing project investigating clinical and serological markers of yaws. All residents were eligible to participate, and 1908 people were enrolled. Participants were interviewed and examined by a paediatric registrar, who recorded relevant demographic information, and made a clinical diagnosis of scabies and/or impetigo, severity and distribution. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:The total unweighted prevalence of scabies was 19.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 17.5-21.0), and age and gender weighted prevalence 19.2% (95%CI 16.7-21.9). The adult prevalence of scabies was 10.4% (95%CI 8.2-13.2), and the highest prevalence was found in infants < 1 year of age (34.1%, adjusted odds ratio [AOR] compared with adults: 3.6, 95%CI 2.2-6.0) and children aged 1-4 years (25.7%, AOR 2.6, 95%CI 1.7-3.9). Scabies affected two or more body regions in 80.9% of participants, and 4.4% of scabies cases were classified as severe. The total unweighted prevalence of active impetigo was 32.7% (95%CI 30.6-34.8), and age and gender weighted prevalence 26.7% (95%CI 24.2-29.5). The highest prevalence was found in children aged 1-4 years (42.6%, AOR compared with adults: 4.1, 95%CI 2.9-5.8). Scabies infestation was associated with active impetigo infection (AOR 2.0, 95%CI 1.6-2.6); with 41.1% of active impetigo cases also having scabies. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE:Scabies and impetigo are very common in the rural Western Province of the Solomon Islands. Scabies infestation is strongly associated with impetigo. Community control strategies for scabies may reduce the burden of both conditions and their downstream complications.

BACKGROUND:Scabies is recognised as a major public health problem in many countries, and is responsible for significant morbidity due to secondary bacterial infection of the skin causing impetigo, abscesses and cellulitis, that can in turn lead to serious systemic complications such as septicaemia, kidney disease and, potentially, rheumatic heart disease. Despite the apparent burden of disease in many countries, there have been few large-scale surveys of scabies prevalence or risk factors. We undertook a population-based survey in Fiji of scabies and impetigo to evaluate the magnitude of the problem and inform public health strategies. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:A total of 75 communities, including villages and settlements in both urban and rural areas, were randomly selected from 305 communities across the four administrative divisions, and all residents in each location were invited to participate in skin examination by trained personnel. The study enrolled 10,887 participants. The prevalence of scabies was 23.6%, and when adjusted for age structure and geographic location based on census data, the estimated national prevalence was 18.5%. The prevalence was highest in children aged five to nine years (43.7%), followed by children aged less than five (36.5%), and there was also an indication of prevalence increasing again in older age. The prevalence of scabies was twice as high in iTaukei (indigenous) Fijians compared to Indo-Fijians. The prevalence of impetigo was 19.6%, with a peak in children aged five to nine years (34.2%). Scabies was very strongly associated with impetigo, with an estimated 93% population attributable risk. CONCLUSIONS:As far as we are aware, this is the first national survey of scabies and impetigo ever conducted. We found that scabies occurs at high levels across all age groups, ethnicities, and geographical locations. Improved strategies are urgently needed to achieve control of scabies and its complications in endemic communities.

In the last decade there has been an increase in women's participation in electoral processes, especially measures of equality in political participation. However, this increase does not affect equally to the top of the electoral lists. Resistance is observed to give input to the women at the top of the charts. In this issue, this study analyzes the elections of four regions: País Vasco, Illes Balears, Galicia, Comunidad Valenciana. The first two are regional electoral laws establishing electoral parity, and the other two regions have not taken any steps in this regard. The regional data are compared with the general election in which after the approval of the Law 3/2007 of 22 March, on the effective equality of women and men, also balanced representation in elections regulates Parliament. The purpose of the study is to test the impact they have had legislative (state and regional) the principle of equality of women and men in the top positions on electoral lists. En la última década se ha producido un aumento de la participación de mujeres en los procesos electorales, sobre todo por la adopción de medidas de igualdad en la participación política. No obstante, este aumento no afecta de igual manera a los primeros puestos de las listas electorales. Se observa una resistencia a dar entrada a las mujeres en las primeras posiciones de las listas. En base a ello, este estudio analiza las elecciones autonómicas de cuatro comunidades autónomas: País Vasco, Illes Balears, Galicia, Comunidad Valenciana. Las dos primeras tienen leyes electorales autonómicas que establecen la paridad electoral, y las otras dos comunidades autónomas no han adoptado ninguna medida en este sentido. Los datos autonómicos se contrastan con las elecciones generales en los que a partir de la aprobación de la Ley Orgánica 3/2007 de 22 de marzo, para la igualdad efectiva de mujeres y hombres, también se regula la presencia equilibrada en las elecciones a las Cortes Generales. El objeto del estudio es comprobar el impacto que han tenido las medidas legislativas (estatales y autonómicas) al principio de igualdad de mujeres y hombres en los primeros puestos de las listas electorales. DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2833851

Introduction: Various endogenous and exogenous processes contribute to the production of oxidative stress, of which anticancer drugs may be one. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of breast cancer chemotherapy on oxidative stress. Material and Methods: Oxidative markers and antioxidant defense molecules were monitored in 59 women undergoing a year of treatment for breast cancer. Results: During the treatment, the levels of vitamin C and glutathione decreased, while both malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl products increased. Vitamin E levels were affected to a smaller extent. The patients were grouped by principal component analysis using their oxidative stress profiles according to the time of the chemotherapy and 95.9% of the total variance was explained by the first three principal components. Conclusion: The oxidative stress profile of the study population was modified extensively during one year of exposure to antineoplastic drugs.