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Change detection is one of the most important and widely requested applications of terrestrial remote sensing. Despite a wealth of techniques and successful studies, there is still a need for research in remote sensing science. This paper addresses two important issues: the temporal and spatial scales of change maps. Temporal scales relate to the time interval between observations for successful change detection. We compare annual change detection maps accumulated over five years against direct change detection over that period. Spatial scales relate to the spatial resolution of remote sensing products. We compare fractions from 30m Landsat change maps to 250m grid cells that match MODIS change products. Results suggest that change detection at annual scales better detect abrupt changes, in particular those that do not persist over a longer period. The analysis across spatial scales strongly recommends the use of an appropriate analysis technique, such as change fractions from fine spatial resolution data for comparison with coarse spatial resolution maps. Plotting those results in bi-dimensional error space and analyzing various criteria, the "lowest cost", according to a user defined (here hyperbolic) cost function, was found most useful. In general, we found a poor match between Landsat and MODIS-based change maps which, besides obvious differences in the capabilities to detect change, is likely related to change detection errors in both data sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this in vivo study was to evaluate the performance of a laser fluorescence device in detecting dentinal caries in noncavitated occlusal surfaces. The sample included 102 first and second permanent molars, selected according to the criteria of Ekstrand et al. [Caries Res 1997;31:224–231]: 46 not suspected of having dentinal caries (score: 0–2) and 56 under suspicion (score: 3–4). Once measured by laser fluorescence, all were validated by fissurotomy (gold standard). To avoid ethical questions, the 46 teeth (score: 0–2) used were to serve as abutments for a fixed-fixed bridge. Visual inspection performed well, showing a sensitivity and specificity of 0.93 and 0.88, respectively. Laser fluorescence had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of Az = 0.85. The cutoff point with the highest sensitivity and specificity was 20, with a sensitivity and specificity of 0.89 and 0.75, respectively. Copyright © 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuous instillation of plasmin (Thrombolysin) directly into the main pulmonary artery of greyhounds, using one half of the systemic doses, was found to be more effective in accelerating or enhancing lysis of artificially produced pulmonary emboli than systemic intravenous infusion. Animals which received direct pulmonary arterial instillations of Thrombolysin showed remarkably few macroemboli. By light microscopy, these clots showed zones of lysis mainly in the central portions of the clots. We suggest that the flow-guided catheterization of the main pulmonary artery used in this study on greyhounds can be applied to critically ill human subjects, as shown by earlier studies (Magtira, Winkler, Duprey, and Baum, 1966). Continuous infusions of thrombolytic agents directly into the main pulmonary artery might then offer an effective therapy for human pulmonary embolism, especially during that critical period following a massive or submassive embolic episode. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The stall behavior of an empennage is a crucial and conditioning factor for its design. Thus, the preliminary design of empennages requires a fast low-order method which reliably computes the stall behavior and which must be sensitive to the design parameters (taper, sweep, dihedral, airfoil, etc.). Handbook or semi-empirical methods typically have a narrow scope and low fidelity, so a more general and unbiased method is desired. This paper presents a nonlinear vortex lattice method (VLM) for the stall prediction of generic fuselage-empennage configurations which is able to compute complete aerodynamic polars up to and beyond stall. The method is a generalized form of the van Dam algorithm, which couples the potential VLM solution with 2.5D viscous data. A novel method for computing 2.5D polars from 2D polars is presented, which extends the traditional infinite swept wing theory to finite wings, relying minimally on empirical data. The method has been compared to CFD and WTT results, showing a satisfactory degree of accuracy for the preliminary design of empennages.

Dens invaginatus is a developmental variation resulting from an alteration in the normal growth pattern of the dental papilla of a tooth. This anomaly occurs predominantly in maxillary permanent lateral incisors. Multiple occurrence in maxillary incisor teeth in the same patient has frequently been reported, and examination of bilateral teeth for the anomaly is often carried out routinely This paper reports an unusual case of multiple invaginations, including dens invaginatus affecting maxillary lateral incisors and a supernumerary tooth and minor invaginations of the upper canines. Moreover, the case illustrates the importance of examining all the teeth in patients who present with dens invaginatus and palatal pits in incisors and canines. The possibility that the supernumerary tooth had resulted from gemination of the lateral incisor tooth germ is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

B Background: b Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComa) are an unusual mesenchymal tumors family, including the classic angiomyolipoma (AML), lypmphangioleiomyomatosis and clear-cell tumors, that can arise from different locations of the body [1-4]. The publications in the medical literature of some cases that confirm a malign transformation of AML have made the surgical indications for this pathology a controversial issue, recommending it in exophytic, >5cm or fast growing tumors [1-3]. [2] Faseeh Khaja; Allison Carilli; Said Baidas; Aravindhan Sriharan; Shanedelle Norford., (2013), PEComa: A Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Tumor in the Liver - A Case Report and Review of the Literature. [Extracted from the article]