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One of the key concerns in preventing the phenomenon of congestion rent and the development of market power for the network operator is network congestion management. Energy resources (ERs) and distributed generation (DG) devices are a couple of the factors that affect the power flow of network lines. This equipment's precise contribution to the network lines' flow fluctuations must be identified. In this study, an analytical method and structural decomposition are used to calculate the precise contribution of ERs and DGs to changes in congestion on network lines. The influence of five factors (marginal, expensive, cheap units, network load, and congested lines) on variations in the power of network lines is precisely computed using the conditions of Kahn-Tucker in the Lagrange method. So that DGs and ERs are counted among these five categories. By calculating the contribution of each piece of equipment, the optimal position and its impact on the line flows under different network load situations (low load, middle load, and peak load) are then determined. The proposed strategy is implemented considering equipment uncertainty on the IEEE 24-bus and 118-bus networks, and the results are examined. The simulation results show that the effect of optimal placement of energy resources reduces the flow of grid lines by 3.03 MW in peak load, 2.96 MW in middle load, and 2.56 MW in low load mode. Using the proposed technique, the network operator may get a comprehensive view of the network's state from the performance of this equipment's future viewpoint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this work is to calculate the total loss in the system and minimize this loss by implementation of distributed generation (DG) technology. In this paper, load flow analysis method is followed to calculate the loss in the system in conjunction with the line flows. A simple 5 bus system with the main bus of the substation as the slack bus, three Plant generators at the generator bus and three load buses are taken for analysis. For loss minimization two distributed generators at two load buses are connected. One generator is a synchronous type model and the other is asynchronous type model. We searched for the most economical penetration level and the ratings of the distributed generators are decided by the magnitude of penetration power at each load bus. Using software, power system simulation for electrical (PSSE), the system with and without DG technology is modeled and the output from the PSSE is observed.

High-defect density in thermodynamics driven directed self-assembly (DSA) flows has been a major cause of concern for a while and several questions have been raised about the relevance of DSA in high-volume manufacturing. The major questions raised in this regard are: (1) What is the intrinsic level of DSA-induced defects? (2) Can we isolate the DSA-induced defects from the other processes-induced defects? (3) How much do the DSA materials contribute to the final defectivity and can this be controlled? (4) How can we understand the root causes of the DSA-induced defects and their kinetics of annihilation? (5) Can we have block copolymer anneal durations that are compatible with standard CMOS fabrication techniques (in the range of minutes) with low-defect levels? We address these important questions and identify the issues and the level of control needed to achieve a stable DSA defect performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A probabilistic load flow method based on polynomial normal transformation (PNT) and Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) is proposed. The correlation between input random variables has been taken into consideration. The proposed method uses the statistical moments and correlation matrix of input random variables instead of their marginal distribution functions and joint distribution functions, which are very difficult to be obtained, to establish their probability distribution models by PNT and LHS. The statistical moments and probability distribution functions of node voltage and line flow are calculated by Monte Carlo simulation method. Performance of the proposed method is investigated using IEEE 14‐bus and IEEE 118‐bus test systems. The impacts of correlation factor on the statistical moments of power injections and system operation are analysed. Finally, conclusions are duly drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“Tracing the power flow of electricity” is a concept that has become the focus of attention recently, as the deregulation or the liberalization of the electric power market proceeds. Although a number of methods, such as “tracing method by power flow contribution,” have already been published, reactive power contribution has been little studied to date. However, applying “tracing the power flow of electricity” to ancillary service, for example compensation of reactive power, is very important. In this paper, we focus on line flows and static capacitors in particular, and study how to deal with the problem. We perform a computer simulation using a simple system and show the tracing results. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 156(1): 33–43, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ eej.20118 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lean principles and methods have been successfully applied to precast concrete job shops and batch flows. The conversion of processes from batch flow environments to line flow environments is the main reason for the productivity gains that have been reported in the literature. By means of an action-research approach rooted in the philosophy of lean thinking, the authors show that further productivity gains are possible for precast concrete fabrication processes already running in line flow. This study took place at a company that had previously implemented lean measures, such as value stream mapping (VSM), workplace organization (5S Method), pull systems, and total productive maintenance (TPM). This earlier initiative provided productivity gains, although in a variable and unsustained way. The research approach could devise a simple stability process with a focus on method and manpower. After a series of improvement cycles, the production process achieved almost complete stability and obtained an additional productivity gain of 24%. These results suggest that neglecting stability issues in lean implementations means wasting part of the potential gains, in addition to risking the loss of previously obtained gains, even in environments apparently optimized for line flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]