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Cloud computing is a system development method based on dynamic sharing, which allows a large number of systems to be combined to provide services. The purpose of this work is to study the design and implementation of a dynamic virtual resource allocation system in cloud computing, whose architecture allows load balancing between virtual resource pools and reduces resource wastage. Using the cluster network topology, the resource usage of the dynamic system cluster can be monitored in real time, and the total cluster load can be automatically determined based on the monitoring data. The experiment is divided into two parts. Performance testing and scenario testing. Performance tests examine execution time, processor, and memory performance. In the scenario test, JMeter is used to simulate the occurrence of a large number of concurrent application access requests, the loss rate, and processing time of these requests on the cloud platform, and load balancing tests are performed. The test results show that the system running time is about 22–27 ms, the CPU utilization is about 90–95%, and the RAM is about 3.5 ms. The results show that cloud technology can improve resource scheduling of large tasks and optimize resource load balance.

The objective of this study is to evaluate users' perceptions and preferences on the design features of the COVID-19 prevention promotion icon from the perspective of users' aesthetic and perceptual needs. In this study, 120 officially published icons from 24 countries and regions were collected from online platforms for ranking tests, and then the top-ranked icons were subjectively rated by the semantic differential method. By evaluating the quality of users' perceptions of multiple semantic dimensions of icons, we extracted the perceptual semantic words that users valued as the main icon design features. Spearmen correlations were applied to derive possible correlations between user rankings and semantic scales, and a Friedman test was also conducted to determine the true differences in user perceptions and preferences for different styles of icons. Factor analysis was conducted to extract six perceptual words that influence the design features of the COVID-19 prevention promotion icon. The methodology adopted in this study facilitated the screening of design features related to icon effectiveness, and the findings show that "Interesting," "Simple," "Familiar, "Recognizable," "Concrete," and "Close(semantic distance)" are the key features that influence users' perception and preference of COVID-19 icon design. The results of this study can be used as the basis for designing and improving publicity icons for preventive measures in COVID-19, and the methods adopted in this study can be applied to evaluate other types of icon design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) is one of the most promising genes currently investigated as a specific tumor biomarker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate PCA3 gene expression in peripheral blood of prostate cancer (PCa) and benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), and further to assess its clinical significance. We determined the copies of PCA3 mRNA in peripheral blood of PCa and BPH from 115 samples (PCa, n = 78; BPH, n = 37) using a quantitative reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) with TaqMan assay. The sensitivity and specificity of PCA3 for the diagnosis of prostate cancer was compared with that of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. To evaluate the association between PCA mRNA and disease progression, we analyzed PCA3 levels in connection with Gleason score and TNM stage of PCa. The clinical data revealed that expression of PCA3 gene was significantly higher in PCa than in BPH. Moreover, PCA3 mRNA was significantly higher in PCa patients with a Gleason score ≥8 than in those with a Gleason score ≤7 (P

Plasma membrane H+-ATPases (PMAs) play an important role in the pathogenicity of pathogenic fungi. Lipid droplets are important storage sites for neutral lipids in fungal conidia and hyphae and can be used by plant pathogenic fungi for infection. However, the relationship between plasma membrane H+-ATPase, lipid droplets and virulence remains unclear. Here, we characterized a plasma membrane H+-ATPase, CsPMA2, that plays a key role in lipid droplet formation, appresorial development and virulence in C. siamense. Deletion of CsPMA2 impaired C. siamense conidial size, conidial germination, appressorial development and virulence but did not affect hyphal growth. ΔCsPMA2 increased the sensitivity of C. siamense to phytic acid and oxalic acid. CsPMA2 was localized to lipids on the plasma membrane and intracellular membrane. Deletion of CsPMA2 significantly inhibited the accumulation of lipid droplets and significantly affected the contents of some species of lipids, including 12 species with decreased lipid contents and 3 species with increased lipid contents. Furthermore, low pH can inhibit CsPMA2 expression and lipid droplet accumulation. Overall, our data revealed that the plasma membrane H+-ATPase CsPMA2 is involved in the regulation of lipid droplet formation and affects appressorial development and virulence in C. siamense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amplification of amino acids synthesis is reported to promote tumorigenesis. The serine/glycine biosynthesis pathway is a reversible conversion of serine and glycine catalyzed by cytoplasmic serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT)1 and mitochondrial SHMT2; however, the role of SHTM1 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is still unclear. We found that low SHMT1 expression is correlated with poor survival of RCC patients. The in vitro study showed that overexpression of SHMT1 suppressed RCC proliferation and migration. In the mouse tumor model, SHMT1 significantly retarded RCC tumor growth. Furthermore, by gene network analysis, we found several SHMT1‐related genes, among which homeobox D8 (HOXD8) was identified as the SHMT1 regulator. Knockdown of HOXD8 decreased SHMT1 expression, resulting in faster RCC growth, and rescued the SHMT1 overexpression‐induced cell migration defects. Additionally, ChIP assay found the binding site of HOXD8 to SHMT1 promoter was at the −456~−254 bp region. Taken together, SHMT1 functions as a tumor suppressor in RCC. The transcription factor HOXD8 can promote SHMT1 expression and suppress RCC cell proliferation and migration, which provides new mechanisms of SHMT1 in RCC tumor growth and might be used as a potential therapeutic target candidate for clinical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostate cancer (PCa) has a certain degree of heritability, and metastasis occurs as cancer progresses. However, its underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. We sequenced four cases of cancer without metastasis, four metastatic cancer, and four benign hyperplasia tissues as controls. A total of 1839 damaging mutations were identified. Pathway analysis, gene clustering, and weighted gene co‐expression network analysis were employed to find characteristics associated with metastasis. Chr19 had the most mutation density and 1p36 had the highest mutation frequency across the genome. These mutations occurred in 1630 genes, including the most frequently mutated genes TTN and PLEC, and dozens of metastasis‐related genes, such as FOXA1, NCOA1, CD34, and BRCA2. Ras signalling and arachidonic acid metabolism were uniquely enriched in metastatic cancer. Gene programmes 10 and 11 showed the signatures indicating the occurrence of metastasis better. A module (135 genes) was specifically associated with metastasis. Of them, 67.41% reoccurred in program 10, with 26 genes further retained as the signature genes related to PCa metastasis, including AGR3, RAPH1, SOX14, DPEP1, and UBL4A. Our study provides new molecular perspectives on PCa metastasis. The signature genes and pathways could be served as potential therapeutic targets for metastasis or cancer progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New energy integration is thought to be one of the most potential solutions to support the power system with a sustainable energy infrastructure. However, new energy is an uncertain power generation resource, and the electricity generated by it has the characteristics of randomness, intermittency and reverse peak regulation. Its large-scale integration into the power grid makes the operation and reliability scheduling of the power system more challenging. It was important to build a wireless sensing and monitoring network to monitor the power and change trend of the new energy field (station) in real time. The energy consumption of wireless sensing monitoring network is an important factor to improve the reliability of new energy scheduling. Based on the energy consumption of the wireless sensing monitoring network built by the new energy scheduling, the compression sensing technology was integrated and the network routing protocol (I-LEACH protocol) was optimized. The sampling data was transmitted by the cluster head node at the compression rate of 0.6, the improved OMP (Orthogonal Matching Pursuit) algorithm was reconstructed to achieve reliable data transmission, and the network energy consumption was further reduced. Compared with the I-LEACH routing protocol network, the experiments show that the network residual energy of the proposed method increased by 22% and the life cycle increased by about 30%. This method is helpful to improve the reliability of new energy power dispatching system and it can provide reference for realizing the reliability scheduling of new energy power system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The RPW8s (Resistance to Powdery Mildew 8) are atypical broad-spectrum resistance genes that provide resistance to the powdery mildew fungi. Powdery mildew of rubber tree is one of the serious fungal diseases that affect tree growth and latex production. However, the RPW8 homologs in rubber tree and their role of resistance to powdery mildew remain unclear. In this study, four RPW8 genes, HbRPW8-a, b, c, d, were identified in rubber tree, and phylogenetic analysis showed that HbRPW8-a was clustered with AtRPW8.1 and AtRPW8.2 of Arabidopsis. The HbRPW8-a protein was localized on the plasma membrane and its expression in rubber tree was significantly induced upon powdery mildew infection. Transient expression of HbRPW8-a in tobacco leaves induced plant immune responses, including the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and the deposition of callose in plant cells, which was similar to that induced by AtRPW8.2. Consistently, overexpression of HbRPW8-a in Arabidopsis thaliana enhanced plant resistance to Erysiphe cichoracearum UCSC1 and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC30000 (PstDC3000). Moreover, such HbRPW8-a mediated resistance to powdery mildew was in a salicylic acid (SA) dependent manner. Taken together, we demonstrated a new RPW8 member in rubber tree, HbRPW8-a, which could potentially contribute the resistance to powdery mildew. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have shown that the high-osmolarity glycerol mitogen-activated protein kinase (HOG MAPK) signaling pathway and its downstream transcription factor CsAtf1 are involved in the regulation of fludioxonil sensitivity in C. siamense. However, the downstream target genes of CsAtf1 related to the fludioxonil stress response remain unclear. Here, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) and high-throughput RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) to identify genome-wide potential CsAtf1 target genes. A total of 3809 significantly differentially expressed genes were predicted to be directly regulated by CsAtf1, including 24 cytochrome oxidase-related genes. Among them, a cytochrome P450-encoding gene, designated CsCyp51G1, was confirmed to be a target gene, and its transcriptional expression was negatively regulated by CsAtf1, as determined using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), a yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assay, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Moreover, the overexpression mutant CsCYP51G1 of C. siamense exhibited increased fludioxonil tolerance, and the CsCYP51G1 deletion mutant exhibited decreased fludioxonil resistance, which revealed that CsCyp51G1 is involved in fludioxonil sensitivity regulation in C. siamense. However, the cellular ergosterol content of the mutants was not consistent with the phenotype of fludioxonil sensitivity, which indicated that CsCyp51G1 regulates fludioxonil sensitivity by affecting factors other than the ergosterol level in C. siamense. In conclusion, our data indicate that the transcription factor CsAtf1 negatively regulates the cytochrome P450 gene CsCyp51G1 to increase fludioxonil sensitivity in C. siamense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies of the lipid droplet-coating protein Cap20 in Colletotrichum show that it plays a key role in appressorium development and virulence. In this study, the hydrophobin CsHydr1, which contains a signal peptide of 19 amino acids and a hydrophobic domain (HYDRO), was shown to interact with CsCap20 in Colletotrichum siamense. The CsHydr1 deletion mutant showed slightly enhanced mycelial growth, small conidia, slow spore germination and appressoria formation, cell wall integrity and virulence. Like CsCAP20, CsHydr1 is also localized on the lipid droplet surface of C. siamense. However, when CsCap20 was absent, some CsHydr1 was observed in other parts. Quantitative lipid determination showed that the absence of either CsHydr1 or CsCap20 reduced the content of lipids in mycelia and conidia, while the effect of CsCap20 was more obvious; these results suggest that an interaction protein CsHydr1 of CsCap20 is localized on the lipid droplet surface and involved in lipid metabolism, which affects appressorium formation and virulence in C. siamense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soft rot pectobacteria are devastating plant pathogens with a global distribution and a broad host range. Pectobacterium aroidearum L6, previously isolated from leaves of Syngonium podophyllum , is a pectolytic bacterial pathogen that causes typical soft rot on S. podophyllum. There is a shortage for genome data of P. aroidearum , which seriously hinders research on classification and pathogenesis of Pectobacterium. We present here the complete genome sequence of P. aroidearum L6. The L6 strain carries a single 4,995,896-bp chromosome with 53.10% G + C content and harbors 4,306 predicted protein-coding genes. We estimated in silico DNA–DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values in combination with the whole-genome-based phylogeny from 19 Pectobacterium strains including P. aroidearum L6. The results showed that L6 and PC1 formed a population distinct from other populations of the Pectobacterium genus. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA and genome sequences showed a close evolutionary relationship among Pectobacterium species. Overall, evolutionary analysis showed that L6 was in the same branch with PC1. In comparison with 18 Pectobacterium spp. reference pathogens, strain L6 had 2,712 gene families, among which 1,632 gene families were identified as orthologous to those strains, as well as 1 putative unique gene family. We discovered 478 genes, 10.4% of the total of predicted genes, that were potentially related to pathogenesis using the Virulence Factors of Pathogenic Bacteria database. A total of 25 genes were related to toxins, 35 encoded plant cell-wall degrading enzymes, and 122 were involved in secretion systems. This study provides a foundation for a better understanding of the genomic structure of P. aroidearum and particularly offers information for the discovery of potential pathogenic factors and the development of more effective strategies against this pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In phytopathogenic fungi, the Hog1 MAPK pathway plays roles in osmoregulation, oxidation responses, fungicide sensitivity, among others. However, how fungi depend on the HOG MAPK pathway to regulate their functions is poorly understood. To further elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the HOG MAPK pathway, a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) system was adopted to screen interacting proteins of two key components (CsPbs2 and CsHog1) of the HOG MAPK pathway in a cDNA library of Colletotrichum siamense. The results showed that 19 proteins may interact with CsPbs2, including cytochrome P450 4F5, ceramide very-long-chain fatty acid hydroxylase SCS7, the oxidative stress response two-component system protein SSK1, and other proteins. Twenty-one proteins may interact with CsHog1, including the cell wall protein PhiA, acriflavine sensitivity control protein acr-2, arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase, respiratory supercomplex factor 2-like protein, and others. Five proteins interact with both CsHog1 and CsPbs2: antigenic thaumatin-like protein, aspirochlorine biosynthesis protein N, secreted beta-glucosidase sun 1, alcohol dehydrogenase 1, and hypothetical protein GQ607_005106. Furthermore, the interaction of CsSCS7 and CsCytP450 4F5 with CsPbs2 was verified by His pull-down. qPCR revealed significantly upregulated CsPbs2, CsHog1, CsSCS7 and CsCytP450 4F5 expression in Colletotrichum treated with 50 μg/mL fludioxonil for 2 h. This research identified candidate CsHog1- and CsPbs2-interacting proteins via a Y2H system and confirmed the interactions of CsSCS7 and CsCytP450 4F5 with CsPbs2. The findings lay the foundation for further studies of HOG MAPK pathway function and regulatory mechanisms, especially regarding fungicide sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to equalize network energy consumption, and extend the life cycle, the optimized protocol based on low-power adaptive cluster stratification (LEACH) is proposed. Firstly, considering residual energy and distance of nodes, the threshold function of the cluster head is modified, and the network region division strategy is optimized, to reasonably adjust the size of clusters. For intracluster transmission, a sleep mechanism is added to balance node energy consumption. And a new barycenter node is added to assist cluster head (CH) to complete the transmission task, thereby extending the service lifetime. In the multihop communication between clusters, in order to calculate the fitting factor of the next hop, we derived a new formula, which takes into account the angle, remaining energy, and distance. Simulation results show that the total remaining energy of the optimized LEACH protocol is reduced by 31.4%, and the network life cycle is increased by about 52%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Powdery mildew infects a wide range of crops and economic plants, causing substantial losses. Rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) are the primary source of natural rubber, and powdery mildew infection causes significant losses to natural rubber yields. How the causal agent, Erysiphe quercicola , establishes successful infection in rubber trees is largely unknown. Previously, 133 candidate secreted effector proteins (CSEPs) were identified in powdery mildew fungus. In this study, we characterize a CSEP named EqCSEP01276 for its function in suppressing host plant defense responses. We show that EqCSEP01276 is a secreted protein and is able to disturb the localization of 9- cis -epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 5 (HbNCED5), a key enzyme in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis in plant cell chloroplasts of H. brasiliensis. We also show that this effector inhibits ABA biosynthesis, and that in H. brasiliensis ABA is a positive regulator of the plant immune response against powdery mildew. Our study reveals a strategy by which powdery mildew fungus manipulates plant ABA-mediated defense for a successful infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CAP20 is a lipid droplet-coating protein perilipin homolog that plays a key role in Colletotrichum functional appressorium development and virulence. To obtain proteins interacting with CAP20 in Colletotrichum, the bait protein expression plasmid pGBKT7-Cap20 and the cDNA library of Colletotrichum siamense (the major causative species of rubber tree anthracnose) was constructed. By yeast two hybrid system, sixteen proteins, including a cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (PKAC1), protein kinase, acetate kinase, hydrophobin, and hypersensitive response-inducing protein, may interacting with CAP20 were identified after sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. Furthermore, the interaction between CAP20 and the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A (PKAC1) was validated by GST pull-down analysis in vitro and co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assays in vivo. qPCR revealed a positive correlation between the expression of PkaC1 and Cap20 in Colletotrichum treated with PKA activators or inhibitors. This research identified candidate proteins by the yeast two-hybrid system and confirmed an interaction between the pathogenicity-related protein CAP20 and PKAC1. The findings lay the foundation for further studies of the function and regulation mechanism of CAP20. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PNO1 (partner of Nob1) was known as a RNA‐binding protein in humans, and its ortholog PNO1 was reported to participate ribosome and proteasome biogenesis in yeasts. Yet there have been few studies about its functions in mammalian cells, and so far its role in human cells has never been reported, especially in urinary bladder cancer (UBC).We interrogated the cellular functions and clinical significance of PNO1 in, and its molecular mechanism through microarrays and bioinformatics analysis. Our findings support that PNO1 participates in promoting proliferation and colonogenesis, while reducing apoptosis of UBC cells, and is also predicted to be associated with the migration and metastasis of UBC PNO1 knockdown (KD) attenuated the tumorigenesis ability of UBC in mouse. PNO1 KD led to the altered expression of 1543 genes that are involved in a number of signalling pathways, biological functions and regulation networks. CD44, PTGS2, cyclin D1, CDK1, IL‐8, FRA1, as well as mTOR, p70 S6 kinase, p38 and Caspase‐3 proteins were all down‐regulated in PNO1 KD cells, suggesting the involvement of PNO1 in inflammatory responses, cell cycle regulation, chemotaxis, cell growth and proliferation, apoptosis, cell migration and invasiveness. This study will enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanism of UBC and may eventually provide novel targets for individualized cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colletotrichum leaf disease of Hever brasiliensis (rubber tree) caused by C. gloeosporioides is one of the major causes of declining rubber tree yields. Little is known about the fungal molecular characters that are important for pathogenicity on rubber tree and fungicide resistance. In this study, we cloned the CgPBS2 gene, the key component of the Hog1 pathway which controls various aspects of osmoregulation and fungicide resistance in various fungal pathogens, including the causal agent of Colletotrichum leaf disease of rubber tree. We characterized the function of the CgPBS2 gene by reverse genetics. Because the Hog1 pathway plays an important role in stress responses, we obtained a CgPBS2 gene deletion mutant by PEG-mediated transformation of protoplasts after reducing the concentration of sucrose in the screening medium from 1.0 M to 0.2 M. Then, the complemented transformants and GFP-labelled CgPBS2 gene transformants were selected directly under highly hyperosmotic medium (PDA + 1.5 M sorbitol) without using other selectable gene markers. Phenotypic observations showed that the CgPBS2 protein was mainly localized in the conidial cytoplasm of the CgPBS2-GFP transformants. In addition, disruption of CgPBS2 led to sensitivity to hyperosmosis and high salt concentration as well as resistance to the fungicide fludioxonil. No obvious difference in virulence was observed between the null mutant and the wild-type strain. These results provide insights into the role of the CgPBS2 gene in osmotic stress, salt stress and fludioxonil resistance and suggest that osmotic stress sensitivity can be used as a selection marker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Previous studies of the CAP20 gene in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides show that the CAP20 gene may affect virulence in avocados and tomatoes. In this study, we characterized the function of CAP20 from C. gloeosporioides, the causal agent of Colletotrichum leaf fall disease of Hevea brasilience. CAP20 encodes a perilipin homologue protein. Further investigations showed that the Cap20‐GFP fusion protein localized in lipid droplets in hypha and conidia. A C. gloeosporioides mutant, lacking CAP20, had thinner spores and smaller appressoria, and its turgor pressure generation was dramatically reduced and pore size was enlarged. Furthermore, we tested the pathogenicity of conidia from the wild type, gene‐deleted mutant and complemented transformant C.gloeosporioides on the leaves of rubber trees in sterile water and 0.19 M PEG2000. Conidia from the wild type and complemented transformant C. gloeosporioides in 0.19 M PEG2000 caused necrotic lesions and did not produce any lesion with the CAP20 null mutant. But all of them had developed normal disease lesions when they were inoculated in water. These results suggest that CAP20 is a perilipin homologue protein and is involved in functional appressoria development in C. gloeosporioides. CAP20 gene only affects fungal virulence to some extent by reducing the penetration of the immature appressoria into host cuticle in C. gloeosporioides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnO/Si nanowire arrays with hierarchical architecture were synthesized by solution method with ZnO seed layer grown by atomic layer deposition and magnetron sputtering, respectively. The photocatalytic activity of the as-grown tree-like arrays was evaluated by the degradation of methylene blue under ultraviolet light at ambient temperature. The comparison of morphology, crystal structure, optical properties, and photocatalysis efficiency of the two samples in different seeding processes was conducted. It was found that the ZnO/Si nanowire arrays presented a larger surface area with better crystalline and more uniform ZnO branches on the whole sidewall of Si backbones for the seed layer by atomic layer deposition, which gained a strong light absorption as high as 98% in the ultraviolet and visible range. The samples were proven to have a potential use in photocatalyst, but suffered from photodissolution and memory effect. The mechanism of the photocatalysis was analyzed, and the stability and recycling ability were also evaluated and enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) constitutes the first line of plant inducible immunity. As an important step of plant colonization, phytopathogens have to suppress PTI, and secreted effectors are therefore co-evolved and deployed. In this study, we characterized the function of MoSec62 of Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of the destructive rice blast. MoSec62 encodes a homologue of Sec62p, a yeast endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane transporter for precursors of secretory proteins. We showed that a T-DNA insertion into the promoter region of MoSec62, causing a disturbance to the up-regulation of MoSec62 expression during blast invasion, resulted in a complete loss of blast virulence of the mutant, M1575. Both 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining of the infected rice leaves and expression analysis revealed that the infectious attempt by the mutant led to strong defence responses of rice. Consistently, in transcriptomic analysis of rice leaves subject to blast inoculation, a battery of defence responses was found to be induced exclusively on M1575 challenge. For further exploration, we tested the pathogenicity on a highly susceptible rice variety and detected the accumulation of Slp1, a known PTI suppressor. Both results suggested that the mutant most likely failed to overcome rice PTI. In addition, we showed that MoSec62 was able to rescue the thermosensitivity of a yeast Δsec62, and the MoSec62-GFP fusion was co-localized to the ER membrane, both suggesting the conservation of Sec62 homologues. In conclusion, our data indicate that MoSec62, probably as an ER membrane transporter, plays an essential role in antagonizing rice defence at the early stages of blast invasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PTEN-Long is a translational variant of PTEN (Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog). Like PTEN, PTEN-Long is able to antagonize the PI3K-Akt pathway and inhibits tumor growth. In this study, we investigated the role PTEN-Long plays in the development and progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and explored the therapeutic possibility using proteinaceous PTEN-Long to treat ccRCC. We found that the protein levels of PTEN-Long were drastically reduced in ccRCC, which was correlated with increased levels of phosphorylated Akt (pAkt). Gain of function experiments showed overexpression of PTEN-Long in the ccRCC cell line 786-0 suppressed PI3K-Akt signaling, inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and eventually induced cell death. When purified PTEN-Long was added into cultured 786-0 cells, it entered cells, blocked Akt activation, and induced apoptosis involving Caspase 3 cleavage. Furthermore, PTEN-Long inhibited proliferation of 786-0 cells in xenograft mouse model. Our results implicated that understanding the roles of PTEN-Long in renal cell carcinogenesis has therapeutic significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]