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Objectives: Highland barley (HB) consumption offers numerous health benefits; however, its impact on glycolipid metabolism abnormalities induced by a high-fat diet remains unclear. Consequently, this study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of HB in the context of obesity; Methods: Rats were fed either a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce obesity or a standard diet (SD) for six weeks. The rats in the HFD group were randomly assigned into five groups: HFD+HFD, HFD+SD, and low (30%), medium (45%), and high (60%) doses of the HB diet for an additional ten weeks. Analyses of serum lipid profiles, liver histology, transcriptomes, and untargeted metabolomes were conducted; Results: HB intake resulted in decreased weight gain, reduced feed intake, lower serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels, and diminished hepatic lipid accumulation. It also improved insulin and fasting blood glucose levels, and antioxidant capacity in the HFD-fed rats. Transcriptome analysis revealed that HB supplementation significantly suppressed the HFD-induced increase in the expression of Angptl8, Apof, CYP7A1, GDF15, Marveld1, and Nr0b2. Furthermore, HB supplementation reversed the HFD-induced decrease in Pex11a expression. Untargeted metabolome analysis indicated that HB primarily influenced the pentose phosphate pathway, the Warburg effect, and tryptophan metabolism. Additionally, integrated transcriptome and metabolome analyses demonstrated that the treatments affected the expression of genes associated with glycolipid metabolism, specifically ABCG8, CYP2C12, CYP2C24, CYP7A1, and IRS2. Western blotting confirmed that HB supplementation impacted the IRS2/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway; Conclusions: HB alleviates HFD-induced obesity and liver injury in an obese rat model possibly through the IRS2/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an advanced metal additive manufacturing technology, laser-directed energy deposition (DED-LB) has attracted a lot of attention in recent years, and is increasingly used in aerospace, automotive, marine, and biomedical applications. However, as industry application standards continue to improve, the challenges of part quality, process stability, and molding efficiency faced by DED-LB are becoming more and more prominent. On-line monitoring and real-time quality regulation can effectively avoid quality defects in processing, which is an effective measure to solve the problem. This paper summarizes the current research status of on-line monitoring means and closed-loop quality regulation technology for DED-LB. The on-line monitoring signals and related sensing devices mainly based on image signals, temperature signals, spectral signals, acoustic emission signals, and X-ray imaging, as well as the closed-loop control strategies and intelligent optimization methods in the process are discussed. Finally, a view on the future direction of on-line monitoring-control system for DED-LB is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents a significant worldwide health issue, experiencing an increasing incidence rate. Effective dietary strategies are vital for T2DM management, but the optimal dietary patterns remain debated due to inconsistent research outcomes and single-outcome reporting. Network Meta-Analysis (NMA) provides a powerful approach for integrating data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs), enabling a detailed evaluation of the impact of different dietary patterns. This document presents our strategy for a systematic review and network meta-analysis, aimed at assessing the influence of key dietary patterns on glycemic control, lipid profiles, and weight management in individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Materials and methods: Adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) and network meta-analyses guidelines, we conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library, without language or date restrictions. Our objective is to assess the efficacy of various dietary interventions in managing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). We used standardized mean differences for pairwise comparisons and a Bayesian framework for ranking interventions via Surface Under the Cumulative Ranking Curve (SUCRA). Key analyses include heterogeneity, transitivity, and sensitivity assessments, along with quality and risk evaluations using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system. Ethics and dissemination: This systematic review and network meta-analysis involve aggregate data from previous trials, obviating the need for additional ethical approval. The search strategy will be executed starting October 2023, with all searches completed by December 2023, to encompass the most current studies available. Findings will be shared through academic conferences and peer-reviewed journals focused on diabetes care and nutrition. Trial registration: PROSPERO registration number CRD42023465791. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity is a global public health concern. The goal of this study was to see if eating habits could mediate the relationship between psychological distress and weight maintenance in a population with a history of weight cycling. Methods: A 3-month outpatient intervention consisting of a diet and exercise program was provided to 153 participants. Psychological distress, appetite, and behavior were assessed at the beginning and end of the study. Anthropometric measurements were taken at baseline and six months. Results: After the structural equation model was developed, it was discovered that the psychological status of people with obesity and weight cycling histories correlated with the weight loss outcome effect (three and six months). This effect was mediated by factors related to eating behavior. Associative psychological factors had a direct effect on eating behavior (three months: β = 0.181, 95% CI: 0.055–0.310; six months: β = 0.182, 95% CI: 0.039–0.332) and appetite had a direct effect on eating behavior (three months: β = 0.600, 95% CI: 0.514–0.717; six months: β = 0.581, 95% CI: 0.457–0.713), both of which were significant (p < 0.01). At three months, psychological distress has a more substantial positive impact on weight change, with eating behavior acting as a partial mediator. At six months, there was no support for appetite's moderating role in eating behavior. Conclusions: The findings suggest that psychological interventions should be strengthened to improve weight loss effectiveness, particularly in participants with a history of weight cycling, making weight loss more complicated and prone to rebound. Clinical trial registration: The study has been registered in Clinical Trials (NCT05311462). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper mainly deals with the current status and development trends of research on the microstructure and properties of additive manufacturing formed parts. According to the laser processes and powder processing, the microstructure of the parts including morphologies, phase composition, and grain orientation is analyzed; the forming quality of the parts including hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, strength, fracture toughness, residual stresses, and fatigue properties is analyzed in many ways. At the same time, we expect to find the research directions that conform to the future development trends for LAM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper mainly discusses the current research status and development trend of on-line monitoring technology for laser additive manufacturing. We have analyzed various on-line monitoring techniques for laser additive manufacturing based on visual imaging, temperature field, spectral analysis, and acoustic principles. Numerous analyses are performed on the monitored objects, the melt pool, including melt pool temperature and morphology dimensions, and the formed parts, including microstructure and properties. The analysis of on-line monitoring techniques for laser additive manufacturing is expected to find the research directions that meet future development trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of the obesity epidemic, more people are concerned about losing weight; however, weight regain is common, leading to repeated weight loss and weight cycling. The health benefits of early weight loss are nullified by weight regain after weight cycling, which has much more severe metabolic consequences. Weight cycling alters body composition, resulting in faster fat recovery and slower muscle reconstruction. This evident fat accumulation, muscle loss, and ectopic fat deposition destroy the intestinal barrier, increase the permeability of the small intestinal epithelium, and cause the lipotoxicity of lipid metabolites and toxins to leak into extraintestinal tissues and circulation. It causes oxidative stress and hypoxia in local tissues and immune cell infiltration in various tissues, all contributing to the adaptation to this metabolic change. Immune cells transmit inflammatory responses in adipose and skeletal muscle tissue by secreting cytokines and adipokines, which mediate immune cell pathways and cause metaflammation and inefficient metabolic degradation. In this review, we focus on the regulatory function of the immunological microenvironment in the final metabolic outcome, with a particular emphasis on the cellular and molecular processes of local and systemic metaflammation induced by weight cycling-induced changes in body composition. Metaflammation in adipose and muscle tissues that is difficult to relieve may cause weight cycling. As this chronic low-grade inflammation spreads throughout the body, metabolic complications associated with weight cycling are triggered. Inhibiting the onset and progression of metabolic inflammation and enhancing the immune microenvironment of adipose and muscle tissues may be the first step in addressing weight cycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The signaling pathways are highly conserved between Drosophila and mammals concerning intestinal development, regeneration, and disease. The powerful genetic tools of Drosophila make it a valuable and convenient alternative to answer basic biological questions that can not be addressed using mammalian models. In this review, we discuss recent advances in how we use fly midgut to answer the following key questions: (1) How intestine stem cell niches are established; (2) which factors control asymmetric division of stem cells; (3) how intestinal cells interact with environmental factors, such as tissue damage, microbiota, and diet; (4) how to screen aging/cancer‐related factors or drugs by fly intestine stem cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Gram-negative bacteria. Most of the brucellosis vaccines in the application are whole-bacteria vaccines. Live-attenuated vaccines are widely used for brucellosis prevention in sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle. Thus, there is also a need for an adjuvanted vaccine for human brucellosis, because the attenuated Brucella vaccines now utilized in animals cause human illness. Here, we developed a live-attenuated Brucella suis strain 2 vaccine (S2) adjuvanted with Ag85a (Ag85a-S2). We found that Ag85a-S2 activated cGAS-STING pathways both in intestinal mucosal cells in vivo and in the BMDM and U937 cell line in vitro. We demonstrated that the cGAS knockout significantly downregulated the abundance of interferon and other cytokines induced by Ag85a-S2. Moreover, Ag85a-S2 triggered a stronger cellular immune response compared to S2 alone. In sum, Ag85a-S2-mediated enhancement of immune responses was at least partially dependent on the cGAS-STING pathway. Our results provide a new candidate for preventing Brucella pathogens from livestock, which might reduce the dosage and potential toxicity compared to S2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dies and moulds are an important tool in engineering manufacturing, often because of various reasons and failures. As a new remanufacturing technology, laser cladding technology has been extensively used in the surface strengthening of dies and moulds. In this paper, the classification and failure forms of dies and moulds and the process of laser cladding technology are summarized, and the characteristics of laser cladding technology in dies and moulds strengthening are analyzed in detail. Finally, the challenges and opportunities faced by laser cladding are discussed to draw several key conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Autophagy has been proven to play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma and the regulation of the airway epithelial immune microenvironment. However, a systematic analysis of the clinical importance of autophagy-related genes (ARGs) regulating the immune microenvironment in patients with asthma remains lacking. Methods: Clustering based on the k-means unsupervised clustering method was performed to identify autophagy-related subtypes in asthma. ARG-related diagnostic markers in low-autophagy subtypes were screened, the infiltration of immune cells in the airway epithelium was evaluated by the CIBERSORT, and the correlation between diagnostic markers and infiltrating immune cells was analyzed. On the basis of the expression of ARGs and combined with asthma control, a risk prediction model was established and verified by experiments. Results: A total of 66 differentially expressed ARGs and 2 subtypes were identified between mild to moderate and severe asthma. Significant differences were observed in asthma control and FEV1 reversibility between the two subtypes, and the low-autophagy subtype was closely associated with severe asthma, energy metabolism, and hormone metabolism. The autophagy gene SERPINB10 was identified as a diagnostic marker and was related to the infiltration of immune cells, such as activated mast cells and neutrophils. Combined with asthma control, a risk prediction model was constructed, the expression of five risk genes was supported by animal experiments, was established for ARGs related to the prediction model. Conclusion: Autophagy plays a crucial role in the diversity and complexity of the asthma immune microenvironment and has clinical value in treatment response and prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The effect of WC content on the bonding strength, residual stress, fracture toughness, compression resistance, bending strength, and fracture morphologies of the specimens was studied. • There are different optimal ranges in each performance. • Each performance has been greatly improved. • The coating with 20% WC has the best comprehensive properties. Laser cladding metal-based ceramic composite coating has significant advantages in improving the surface properties of brake discs. WC powder (5–35%) was mixed into Ni60 powder to prepare different WC/Ni60 composite coatings by laser cladding. The samples were treated by grinding and polishing for further experiments. The effects of WC content on bonding strength, residual stress, fracture toughness, and material strength of cladding coating were studied. At the same time, the fracture morphologies were observed and analyzed by SEM. It was found that the bonding strength of different coatings exceeded 170 MPa. The optimal range of bonding strength was 15–30% WC content. With the increase of WC content, the porosity of the coating increased continuously. When the WC content was 30%, the maximum porosity of the coating was 5.6%. When the content of WC reached 30%, the residual stress of the coating was the largest, but when it exceeded 30%, the residual stress began to decrease. With the increase of WC content, the compression resistance of the coating gradually decreased. The compression resistance maintained a high level, which conformed to the optimal range of bonding strength. When the WC content was less than 35%, the bending strength of the material was improved, which the 25% WC content had the maximum bending strength. The optimal range of bonding strength covered the bending strength. Therefore, when the WC content was 20–30%, which had shown good bonding strength and mechanical properties. In the fracture morphologies, the 20% WC coating was the most smooth, and the bonding strength is the best, which has consistency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sanguisorba officinalis is well known for its incredible performance on stopping bleeding in herbal remedies in China. The chloroplast genome sequence of Sanguisorba officinalis was 155,479 bp length as the circular structure and typical quadripartite structure. It contained a large single-copy (LSC) region of 85,548 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,769 bp and separated by two inverted repeat (IR) regions of 25,581 bp. The overall G + C content of the chloroplast genome sequence is 37.2%. This chloroplast genome contained 131genes that included 86 protein-coding (PC) genes, 37 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes and 8 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. In IR region, 18 genes was found, contained 7 PCGs species, 7 tRNA genes species and 4 rRNA genes species. In phylogenetic analysis, the result shown that Sanguisorba officinalis was closed relationship with Sanguisorba tenuifolia in the phylogenetic relationship using the Maximum-Likelihood (ML) method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews the current status of automotive brake disc research and the prospects for future research. At present, the research of brake disc performance mainly includes thermal conductivity, thermal fatigue resistance, wear resistance, and brake noise. It is found that a new alloy composite, heat treatment process, ceramic composite, new structure, and new materials are emerging. At the same time, it was found that ceramic and resin were used as the matrix, fiber materials were used as reinforcements to prepare brake discs, the addition of new fillers and the study of special reinforcement materials have become new hotspots in the study of brake discs. In the future development, carbon-fiber ceramic brake discs may become the main research focus of brake discs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a variety of micro-textures made by imitating the biological body surface are mentioned, and four common biomimetic texture types—convex hull, pit, groove and corrugation—are summarized by referring to a large number of literatures. These texture types that are widely used are those of the grooves and the pits of non-smooth surface because their viscosity drag reduction effects are relatively optimal for wear-resistance; in view of these two types of textures (with others including pit diameter, groove width, depth and area of share, and morphology spacing), we use data analysis and comparisons to find optimal parameter values in order to find the optimal effect of drag reduction and anti-sticking wear-resistance. Several texture processing methods are briefly introduced through case analysis and an illustration of the viscosity drag reduction mechanism of wear-resistance, and general fluid dynamic pressure is deduced from a theory formula in order to facilitate future research work on the basis of the optimal parameters to further improve the friction, wear lubrication, and hydrophobic properties, thus improving the bionic texture surface efficiency of saving energy and reducing consumption in industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]