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The biological damage caused by the environmental factors such as radiation and its control methods are one of the frontiers of life science research that has received widespread attention. Ionizing radiation can directly interact with target molecules (such as DNA, proteins and lipids) or decomposed by radiation from water, leading to changes in oxidative events and biological activities in cells. Liver is a radiation-sensitive organ, and its radiosensitivity is second only to bone marrow, lymph, gastrointestinal tissue, gonads, embryos and kidneys. In addition, as a key organ of mammals, liver performs a series of functions, including the production of bile, the metabolism of nutrients, the elimination of waste, the storage of glycogen, and the synthesis of proteins. Therefore, liver is prone to various pathophysiological changes. In this review, the effects of radiation on liver injury, its pathogenesis, bystander effect and the natural traditional Chinese medicine to protect the radiation induced liver damage are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mechanical ventilation (MV) often leads to ventilation-induced diaphragm dysfunction (VIDD). Although the development of this disorder had been linked to oxidative stress, mitochondrial energy deficiency, autophagy activation, and apoptosis in the diaphragm, it remains unclear whether the activation of mitophagy can induce VIDD. With our research, our endeavor is to uncover whether PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin-mediated mitophagy affects the MV-caused diaphragmatic dysfunction Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to MV treatment for 6 h (MV-6h), 12 h (MV-12h), or 24 h (MV-24h). Post MV, the diaphragm muscle compound action potential (CMAP) and cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of the diaphragm of these rats were measured. The levels of proteins of interest were examined to assess muscle health, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitophagy in the diaphragm. The co-localization of PINK1 with the mitochondrial protein marker tom20 was examined, as well as transmission electron microscopy analysis to detect changes in diaphragm mitochondrial ultrastructure. Results: MV-12h and MV-24h treatments resulted in a decrease in CSA of diaphragm and CMAP amplitude. In addition, the expressions of F-box (MFAbx), muscle-specific ring finger 1 (MURF1), PINK1, and p62 were elevated in rats treated with MV for 12 h and 24 h, while mfn2 expression was reduced. Rats following MV-24h treatment displayed an increase in mitochondrial dynamic protein (Drp1) and Parkin expression and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3/1 (LC3II/I) ratio. Moreover, decreased SOD and GSH activity and membrane potential were observed after MV-12h and MV-24h treatment, while H2O2 activity increased after MV-24h treatment. In addition, a strong co-localization between PINK1 and tom20 was identified. Conclusion: These results reveal that MV leads to various changes in mitochondrial dynamics and significantly increases the mitophagy levels, which subsequently cause the variation in diaphragmatic function and muscle atrophy, indicating that mitophagy could be one of the possible mechanisms by which MV induces diaphragmatic dysfunction. The reviews of this paper are available via the supplemental material section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an adaptive remaining useful life (RUL) estimation method for partially observable degrading products with time-varying random shocks. In the modeling aspect of the proposed method, a shock degradation model is proposed to characterize the degradation process of the product, in which the continuous degradation process is described by the Wiener process, and the random shock process with a time-varying intensity is described by the non-homogeneous compound Poisson process (NHCPP). In the proposed model, to characterize the effect of random shocks on the degradation process, the degradation rate is related to the number of shocks and the magnitude of cumulative shocks. In the estimating aspect, we utilize a strong tracking filtering (STF) algorithm to estimate partially observable degradation states and a two-step expectation conditional maximization (ECM) algorithm to estimate the model parameters. In the prognostic aspect, the approximated analytical RUL distribution under the concept of the first hitting time (FHT) is obtained by incorporating the unit-to-unit variability and the uncertainty of the partially observable degradation state estimation from observations into the RUL estimation. As such, the RUL distribution can be updated according to the latest available degradation observation, thereby realizing the adaptive RUL estimation. Finally, the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified by a numerical example and a practical case study for the furnace wall, which provides higher estimation accuracy and better online capability than existing approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the problem of how to estimate the remaining useful life (RUL) for partially observed linear stochastic degrading systems with survival measurements. The motivation of this paper arises from two engineering facts—the measured degradation signals are taken from a survival degradation path and the degradation progression of the system is inevitably affected by multisource variability. To do so, we first revisit the linear degradation modeling framework driven by the Wiener process to account for the above two facts, and a new state-space model with non-Gaussian state transitions is constructed based on the constraint of survival measurements. Then, the particle filtering algorithm is applied to real-time estimate the non-Gaussian degradation state and random-effect parameter from measurements. Furthermore, we derive the probabilistic distribution of the RUL which can be real-time updated based on the available measurements. To apply the presented method, a two-stage estimation procedure based on particle expectation maximization algorithm is presented to determine and update the model parameters. The novelty of the presented method is to exclude the probability of failure before the current monitoring time and account for both impacts of the multisource variability and surviving degradation path on the RUL estimation. Finally, we demonstrate the proposed approach by a case study on gyros in the inertial platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with estimating remaining useful life (RUL) for a class of stochastic degrading systems with surviving degradation paths and uncertain measurements. The motivation comes from two engineering facts: the system's degradation state is discretely monitored and the measured degradation signals are taken from a survival degradation path, i.e., its lifetime is greater than the latest observation time, and the underlying degradation state cannot be perfectly observed due to the noise, disturbance, nonideal instruments, etc. Thus, the measured degradation signals are uncertain, but related to the underlying degradation state. Toward this end, we first present a general stochastic degradation modeling approach to account for the abovementioned facts. Then, a non-Gaussian degradation state transition equation is derived considering the constraint of the survival path and thus the particle filtering algorithm is used to estimate the underlying degradation state in real time from uncertain measurements. Furthermore, we derive the RUL distribution based on the first-passage time concept which incorporates the uncertainty of the estimation for the degradation state and can be real-time updated based on the available surviving yet uncertain measurements. The novelty of this paper is to allow us to exclude the probability of failure between discrete monitoring times and to account for the impacts of surviving and uncertain measurements on estimating both the degradation state and the RUL. To apply the presented methodology, a maximum likelihood estimation framework is provided to determine the model parameters based on the expectation maximization algorithm together with particle filtering and smoothing methods. As a special case fallen into the presented framework, a linear degradation modeling and prognostic realization is discussed. Finally, we demonstrate the proposed approach by a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Condition-based maintenance for a degrading system has been attached great importance in reducing unexpected failures and enabling the safe operation of the system. In this paper, we consider a condition-based replacement problem with observed degradation signals for the determination of the optimal replacement time of the system. The observed degradation signals contain some health related information of the system so that the system's health state may be more accurately estimated and the future degradation progression of the system can be predicted. Based on the predicted degradation state, the concerned replacement problem is formulated in the framework of the Markov decision process and then a new degradation-modeling framework based on maximum likelihood estimation is proposed to analyze the degradation signals and to predict the future degradation state of the system. To solve the proposed condition-based replacement decision problem, we analyze structural properties of the optimal replacement policy and an optimal monotonic control limit solution policy is developed for condition-based replacement. Finally, a case study is provided to illustrate the proposed optimal replacement method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A convenient and efficient manganese‐catalyzed trifluoromethylazidation of alkenes has been developed by utilizing inexpensive and readily available CF3SO2Na under mild conditions. The various β‐trifluoromethylated alkyl azides were directly obtained from corresponding allyl, vinyl, chain terminal and internal alkenes, and easily further transformed into other CF3‐containing compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliability estimation is central to enhance safety, availability, and effectiveness of phased-mission systems (PMSs). With the development of information and sensing technologies, condition monitoring (CM) data are now available in many real-world PMSs, and then a more interesting question: how can we dynamically estimate the reliability of PMSs using the in-situ CM data, is of considerable significance to industrial practitioners. In this paper, using the CM data and degradation data of PMS, we present a novel condition-based approach to resolve this question under dynamic operating scenarios. This paper differs from most existing methods which only consider the static scenario without using real-time information, and estimate the reliability only for a population of PMSs but not for an individual PMS in service. To establish a linkage between the historical data and real-time data of the individual PMS, a stochastic filtering model is first utilized to model the phase duration. As such, the updated estimation of the mission time can be obtained by Bayesian law at each phase. To account for the dependency of the degradation progression of PMS on the mission process, the degradation process of PMS is modeled by a Brownian motion with a mission phase-dependent drift coefficient. The corresponding lifetime is derived and the lifetime distribution of PMS can be updated under Bayesian framework once new information is available. Unique to this paper is the union of the CM data and degradation data of PMS to real-time estimate the mission reliability through the estimated distribution of the mission time in conjunction with the estimated lifetime distribution, in which the estimated lifetime considers the dependency of the degradation rate of PMS on mission phase. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified by a numerical simulation and a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, we propose a Markov chain-based testability growth model (TGM) for the just in-time fix program. This model can help the system designers to manage the testability growth process during system maturation. We also derive a cost-benefit model for allocating test resources to optimize a specified testability metric subject to a constraint on cumulative test cost. Bayesian inference, coupled with a hybrid genetic and particle swarm optimization method, is used to estimate the parameters of the TGM from evolving data, and the resulting model is utilized to track and project the testability metric. A near-optimal Lagrangian relaxation-based algorithm is applied to solve the test resource allocation problem. The testability growth and resource allocation models are validated via simulation examples. Results show that the model and algorithms presented in this paper have the potential to efficiently manage the testability growth problem. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Endogenous and exogenous neurotoxins are important factors leading to neurodegenerative diseases. In the 1980s, the discovery that 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) contributes to Parkinson's disease (PD) symptoms led to new research investigations on neurotoxins. An abnormal metabolism of endogenous substances, such as condensation of bioamines with endogenous aldehydes, dopamine (DA) oxidation, and kynurenine pathway, can produce endogenous neurotoxins. Neurotoxins may damage the nervous system by inhibiting mitochondrial activity, increasing oxidative stress, increasing neuroinflammation, and up-regulating proteins related to cell death. This paper reviews the biological synthesis of various known endogenous neurotoxins and their toxic mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A convenient and efficient manganese‐catalyzed trifluoromethylazidation of alkenes has been developed by utilizing inexpensive and readily available CF3SO2Na under mild conditions. The various β‐trifluoromethylated alkyl azides were directly obtained from corresponding allyl, vinyl, chain terminal and internal alkenes, and easily further transformed into other CF3‐containing compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution and specify the transmission and cross-contamination of Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) in the beef slaughtering and butchering process. The prevalence of 21.2% (150/708) yielded 208 isolates of C. perfringens , including 80.8% type A and 19.2% type D, 0.4% (3/708) samples carried both type A and D strains, and 72.5% type D isolates carried both cpe and atyp. cpb2 genes. C. perfringens were identified through the whole slaughtering process but no type F (cpe and cpa isolates) was found. 69 isolates were further analyzed and classified into 28 PFGE genotypes and clade I contained 94.2% isolates and 24 PFGE genotypes, which showed the genetic diversity and epidemic correlation. Our study traced C. perfringens contamination along the handling processes and showed a gradually ascending contamination rate during the whole process, revealing widespread cross-contamination from the feces and hides of slaughtered cattle to the carcass in the slaughtering workshop, so as from tools and personnel to meat of the cutting workshops. Strains from different slaughterhouses (regions) have high homology, and type A is the predominant toxinotype. It is necessary to monitor and control several key points of cross-contamination during slaughtering process to reduce a risk of C. perfringens infection. • C. perfringens exists in the whole beef slaughtering and butchering process with high prevalence (21.2%). • Type A is the predominant toxinotype (80.8%) with PFGE genotype diversity, but type F is absent. • Widespread cross-contamination of C. perfringens occurs from feces/hides to carcass and tools/personnel to meat. • Transmission and contamination of C. perfringens was specified for the first time along the slaughtering process in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]