Search

Background: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF 1) is an autosomal-dominant tumor predisposition genetic disease affecting approximately 1 in 3000 live births. The condition could present various manifestations ranging from skin abnormalities to neurological tumors. The musculoskeletal system could also be frequently affected, and scoliosis is the most common orthopedic manifestation. Characterized by the early-onset and rapid progression tendency, NF 1-related dystrophic scoliosis presented discrepancies from idiopathic scoliosis in terms of natural history, clinical features, and management outcomes and thus required special attention. In the current study, the authors conducted a systemic review to outline the body of evidence of the natural history, clinical characteristics, surgical outcomes, and surgical complications of NF 1-induced scoliosis, aiming to provide an elucidative insight into this condition. Method: Systemic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to the latest Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The search was performed in Medline, Embase, and Web of Science Core Collection up to December 27, 2022, using related keywords. Clinical features such as frequencies, segmental involvement, and hereditary information were summarized and described qualitatively. Meta-analysis was conducted using R software and the 'meta' package to yield an overall outcome of efficacy and safety of surgical management, precisely, spinal fusion procedure and growing rods procedure. Corrective rate of Cobb angle, sagittal kyphosis angle, and T1-S1 length post-operative and at the last follow-up was used to evaluate the efficacy, and the occurrence of surgery-related complications was used to evaluate the safety. Result: A total of 37 articles involving 1023 patients were included. Approximately 26.6% of the NF 1 patients would present with scoliosis. Patients tend to develop scoliosis at an earlier age. The thoracic part turned out to be the most affected segment. No obvious correlation between scoliosis and genotype or hereditary type was observed. Both spinal fusion and growing rod surgery have shown acceptable treatment outcomes, with spinal fusion demonstrating better performance in terms of effectiveness and safety. The growing rods technique seemed to allow a better lengthening of the spine. The mainstay post-operative complications were implant-related complications but could be managed with limited revision surgery. Severe neurological deficits were rarely reported. Conclusion: Scoliosis, especially the subtype characterized by dystrophic bony changes, is a significant orthopedic manifestation of NF1. It has an early onset, a tendency to persistently and rapidly progress, and is challenging to deal with. The current review outlines the available evidence from the perspective of natural history, clinical features, and the treatment efficacy and safety of the mainstay surgical options. Patients with NF1 scoliosis will benefit from a better understanding of the disease and evidence based treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White adipose tissue is not only a highly heterogeneous organ containing various cells, such as adipocytes, adipose stem and progenitor cells, and immune cells, but also an endocrine organ that is highly important for regulating metabolic and immune homeostasis. In individuals with obesity, dynamic cellular changes in adipose tissue result in phenotypic switching and adipose tissue dysfunction, including pathological expansion, WAT fibrosis, immune cell infiltration, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and ectopic lipid accumulation, ultimately leading to chronic low‐grade inflammation and insulin resistance. Recently, many distinct subpopulations of adipose tissue have been identified, providing new insights into the potential mechanisms of adipose dysfunction in individuals with obesity. Therefore, targeting white adipose tissue as a therapeutic agent for treating obesity and obesity‐related metabolic diseases is of great scientific interest. Here, we provide an overview of white adipose tissue remodeling in individuals with obesity including cellular changes and discuss the underlying regulatory mechanisms of white adipose tissue metabolic dysfunction. Currently, various studies have uncovered promising targets and strategies for obesity treatment. We also outline the potential therapeutic signaling pathways of targeting adipose tissue and summarize existing therapeutic strategies for antiobesity treatment including pharmacological approaches, lifestyle interventions, and novel therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-behavior recommendation (MBR) typically utilizes various types of user interaction behaves (such as browsing, adding to cart, and purchasing) to learn user preferences for the target behavior (i. e., purchasing). Due to the impact of sparse supervision signals, existing MBR models often suffer from poor recommendation performance. Recently, contrastive learning has achieved success in mining auxiliary supervision signals from raw data itself. Inspired by this, we propose a dual-view contrastive learning-guided method to enhance MBR. Firstly, we construct two views that can capture both local and high-order structural information using multi-behavior interaction data. Then, we design two different view encoders to learn user and item embeddings on these complementary views. Finally, we use crossview collaborative contrastive learning to mutually supervise and learn better embeddings. Experimental results on two real-world datasets demonstrate that our proposed method significantly outperforms baseline methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spirooxindoles are privileged scaffolds in diverse bioactive natural products and pharmaceuticals, significant achievements for the construction of these molecules have thus been made in the past years. Among them, organocatalysis, in particular, nucleophilic Lewis base catalysis, has recently emerged as an efficient and reliable method for the preparation of diverse and valuable functionalized spirooxindoles. According to different kinds of nucleophilic catalysts, we summarize and classify three catalytic strategies; these are tertiary amine‐catalyzed cycloadditions, NHC‐catalyzed cycloadditions, and tertiary phosphine‐catalyzed cycloadditions, respectively. Through these methods, potential bioactive spirooxindole skeletons owning various functional groups can be produced to enrich the small organic molecule library. In this review, we describe a comprehensive and updated advances of nucleophilic Lewis base catalytic cycloaddition reactions for the construction of spirooxindoles. Meanwhile, the related mechanism and the application of these annulation strategies in natural product total synthesis will be highlighted in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photochromic fluorescent switches, whose emission can be reversibly switched upon light irradiation, have emerged as extremely promising materials in the last decade owing to their potential applications in biological and materials sciences. Diarylethylenes are a promising class of photochromic molecules with excellent phototriggering properties. Although some diarylethenes themselves can be used as fluorescent switches, a more efficient way to prepare photochromic fluorescent switches is to combine diarylethene with an energy-level matched fluorophore via non-covalent assembly, which not only fully utilizes the diversity of fluorophores and diarylethenes, but also easily enables the integration of multiple functions. Moreover, non-covalent assembly methods often bring many unintended results, favorable for the design and fabrication of the new generation of smart materials. Here, the construction of diarylethene-based photochromic fluorescent switches by non-covalent assembly is reviewed. The structure design principle of diarylethenes and fluorophores, the cross-talk between different components and the integration of stimuli-response features in the photochromic fluorescence switching systems are discussed. Non-covalent assembly modes and photochromic fluorescence switching mechanisms that have great guiding significance for the design of photochromic fluorescent switches are also summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]