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Objectives: Establishing that certain traits are inherited can be assessed from the extent of morphological similarity of the offspring and their parents. This study, evaluated the pattern similarity of the fingerprint of offspring to that of their parents using a novel classification. Methods: Fifty families (comprising of father, mother and a child) without ethnic considerations were recruited and digital fingerprints were obtained. The fingerprints; arch (A), loop (L), and whorl (W) were identified and a novel classification (A, L, W, AL, AW, and LW) for heredity study as described by Aigbogun et al.(2018) was adopted. Chi-square analysis was used to test distribution differences, while a pedigree tree was designed for the offspring's similarity to the parents. Results: In this study, loop (L) was consistently predominant both as single (>60%) and combined distribution (>75%), followed by whorl (<25%) and then arch (<22%); although not entirely consistent for the whorl (W) and arch (A). The distribution except the ring finger (¯2=24.891; P=0.036) was not statistically significant (p>0.05). From the pedigree tree, the possibility that the offspring displayed patterns similar to that of the parental combinations was 84% for the thumb, 76% for the index finger, 84% for the middle finger, 88% for the ring finger, and 92% for the little finger. Conclusion: Morphological evidence from this study suggests that fingerprints are more genetically determined than environmentally influenced; however, the pattern in which they are inherited seemed closer to co-recessivity with complex expressivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the dangers associated with the increased use of prescription opioid drugs, limited researches have addressed the specific effects of prescription opioids on the brain. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of codeine medication on the prefrontal cortex and cerebellum of Wistar rats. The drugs, ArchilinTM with codeine syrup and Dihydrocodeine 30 mg tablets were used for this study. Thirty (30) male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups labeled A, B, C, D, and E, n = 6. Group A served as control and was given normal saline, group B was treated with 1 mg/kg bodyweight dihydrocodeine, group C was treated with 2 mg/kg bodyweight dihydrocodeine, group D was treated with 2 ml/kg bodyweight ArchilinTM with codeine syrup and group E was treated with 4 ml/kg bodyweight ArchilinTM with codeine syrup. Drugs were administered orally and daily for 21 days. At the end of the treatment period, animals were sacrificed via intraperitoneal injection of ketamine hydrochloride, brains were perfused with phosphate-buffered saline and formal saline before harvested and postfixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Sections of the prefrontal cortex and cerebellum were obtained and processed for immunohistochemical studies using GFAP stain. Results from the study suggested that prolonged administration of codeine medication produced an inflammatory reaction in the prefrontal cortex and cerebellum of treatment groups. This neuroinflammatory reaction is an indicator of a pathologic process that could lead to neuronal degeneration, glial degeneration, and altered physiologic process in the prefrontal cortex and cerebellum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]