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This study compared mothers and fathers' regulation with respect to 29 children with intellectual disability (ID) and 30 typically developing (TD) children, matched on their mental age (MA), as they solved eight tasks using physical materials and computers. Seven parents' regulatory strategies were coded as they supported their child's identification of the objective, planning, attention, motivation, joint attention, behaviour regulation and evaluation. Children's performance was scored. Regulation by the parents of the two groups did not differ significantly, regardless of the medium, except that the degree of parental regulation of the child's behaviour was greater in the ID group than in the TD group. In tasks involving the computer, we observed a higher degree of regulation of children's planning and a lower degree of regulation of their evaluation for the two groups. The parents displayed significantly less regulation with respect to the children with the highest MA than towards the children with the lowest MA, in each group. There was a significant interaction effect of medium and children's MA on overall parents' regulation and on their support of identification of objective and of planning. Most parental strategies were negatively linked with ID and TD children's performance in tasks. In both groups, with control for MA, parental support with the identification of the objective, with planning and with attention was negatively linked to the corresponding self-regulatory strategies of the children with each medium; however, parents' joint attention was positively linked with children's joint attention. (Contains 6 tables.)

This study compares self-regulation in 29 children with intellectual disability and 30 typically developing children, who solved tasks using physical materials or computers. Their cognitive, linguistic levels were assessed in order to match the children of both groups. In the presence of their mothers and fathers, the children were asked to perform eight tasks presented using two types of medium (physical materials and computer). Performance and task completion time were recorded. Seven self-regulated strategies were analyzed: identification of objective, planning, self-attention, self-motivation, joint attention, behaviour regulation and self-evaluation. Children in the two groups did not differ in their self-regulation, and in each group, their chronological age had no significant effect on their self-regulation. However, whatever the medium used, their mental age had a significant effect on their overall self-regulation and on six self-regulated strategies: identification of objective, planning, self-attention, self-motivation, behaviour regulation, and self-evaluation. A positive link between overall self-regulation and language abilities was only obtained in the group of typical developers. In addition, although no significant effect of the medium on overall self-regulation was observed in each group, an effect of the type of medium was obtained concerning three specific self-regulated strategies, though not in the same direction: self-attention and self-evaluation are better with the computer than with physical materials, whereas joint attention is better with physical materials than with the computer. In both groups, overall self-regulation, whatever the medium, correlated positively and highly significantly with performance in different tasks (but not with completion time). In each group, variable correlational patterns were obtained between specific self-regulated strategies and performance in each task with each medium: inter-task variability of efficiency of distinct strategies was observed. (Contains 8 tables.)

Fingers can be used to express numerical magnitudes, and cultural habits about the fixed order in which fingers are raised determine which configurations become canonical and which non-canonical. Although both types of configuration carry magnitude information, it has been shown that the canonical ones are recognized faster and directly linked to number semantics. Here we tested whether this difference is a consequence of differences in the qualitative way of processing the two types of configurations. When participants named Arabic digits (Experiment 1) or verbal numerals (Experiment 2) primed by canonical and non-canonical finger configurations, qualitatively different priming patterns were observed for the two types of configurations. Canonical configurations activated a place coding representation, with priming spreading to close smaller and larger magnitudes as a function of the prime-target distance. Conversely, non-canonical configurations activated a summation coding representation priming smaller and equal magnitudes independently of the prime-target distance, and larger targets depending on this distance. (Contains 3 figures.)

The authors present a one-dimensional model to relate sea surface temperatures in the North and South Atlantic gyres to the seasonal partial pressure of carbon dioxide. The model was found to have good agreement with multiple observations.

In order to better understand the variability of surface CO in the Tropical Atlantic, a CARIOCA sensor has been installed on a PIRATA mooring at 6°S, 10°W in June 2006. The fugacity of CO ( fCO) is recorded hourly from 7 June 2006 to 30 October 2009 with two important data gaps. From July to September, an upwelling develops and a decrease in sea surface temperature (SST) is observed, associated with an fCO increase. However, the highest fCO is observed in October, after the upwelling season, due to the warming of surface waters. The region is a net source of CO to the atmosphere of 2.10 ± 0.69 mol m yr in 2007. The monthly flux is maximum (3.21 ± 0.8 mol m yr) in November (averaged over 2006 and 2008). High frequency variability is observed throughout the time series but is particularly pronounced after the upwelling season. Biological and thermodynamic processes explain the diurnal variability. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is calculated from (alkalinity) TA and fCO using an empirical TA-salinity relationship determined for the eastern equatorial Atlantic. Net community production (NCP) is calculated from DIC daily changes and ranges from 9 to 41 mmol m d, which is consistent with previous measurements in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underway fCO has been measured from two merchant ships sailing from France to French Guyana and France to Brazil, and during two zonal cruises from Africa to French Guyana. In the western Tropical Atlantic, the strongest undersaturation is associated with the Amazon discharge near 55°W. In the 5°S-10°N, 65-35°W region, the carbon system is strongly correlated to salinity and robust empirical relationships could be determined. This region is a sink of CO in May-June during the high-flow period of the Amazon river. The eastward propagation of Amazon waters is observed when the retroflection of the North Brazil Current takes place. In August 2008, freshwater is observed as far as 40°W when the North Equatorial Counter Current is quite strong. The Amazon plume, defined as salinities less than 34.9, is a sink of CO of 0.96 mmol m d. Further east, near 27°W, CO undersaturation is recorded thoughout the year between 5°N and 8°N. This is caused by the high precipitation associated with the presence of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). Removing the temperature effect leads to low (high) fCO associated with low (high) salinities in boreal summer (winter), which is consistent with the seasonal migration of the ITCZ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]