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Independent decision making requires forming stable estimates of one's preferences. We assessed whether adolescents learn about their preferences through choice deliberation and whether depressive symptoms disrupt this process. Adolescents aged 11–18 (N = 214; participated 2021–22; Female: 53.9%; White/Black/Asian/Mixed/Arab or Latin American: 26/21/19/9/8%) rated multiple activities, chose between pairs of activities and re‐rated those activities. As expected, overall, participants uprated chosen and downrated unchosen activities (dz =.20). This value refinement through choice was not evident in younger participants but emerged across adolescence. Contrary to our predictions, depressive symptoms were associated with greater value refinement. Despite this, more depressed adolescents reported lower value certainty and choice confidence. The cognitive processes through which choice deliberation shapes preference develop over adolescence, and are disrupted in depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microstructural characterization and aging hardening behaviors of a new designed Ti-12.1Mo-1Fe alloy during solution treatment and aging were investigated in the present study. It is well known that when β-Ti alloys are generally under solution treatment or aging, α phases and ω phases appear or disappear dependent on heat treatment temperature and holding time. It is very necessary to understand the phase transformation phenomenon and to control the microstructure because these phases can control the drastic changes of the mechanical and physical properties of these alloys. According to the calculated [Mo]eq value and the microstructural observation, the β-transus temperature was about 780°. After the solution treatment, this alloy was composed of the β-phase and the microstructure mainly consisted of the equiaxed β grains with the average size of 25 μm. ω phases which were precipitated during aging process, played a more important role to the hardening effect than α phases. The highest hardness value of Ti-12.1Mo-1Fe alloy showed in the condition of the aging temperature of 450°. The hardening due to ω-phase precipitation can lead to a high hardness about 480 Hv but the coarse α-phase result in hardness below 300 Hv.

We examined light quality-dependent regulation of photoprotection and antioxidant properties in rice seedlings. Seedlings grown under red or green light-emitting diodes (LEDs) showed declines in quantum yield of electron transport through PSII, maximum relative electron transport rates, and photochemical quenching compared to the white and blue LED, but no difference in maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII was found. Blue LED treatment resulted in greater increases in not only nonphotochemical quenching, but also zeaxanthin formation, expressions of ß-carotene hydroxylase and violaxanthin de-epoxidase, and anthocyanin compared to other LED treatments. By contrast, green and red LEDs increased activities of superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase as well as expression levels of catalase (CAT)a and CATb to white and blue LEDs. Green and red LEDs also greatly upregulated expressions of phytochrome (PHY) A, PHYB, PHYC, and cryptochrome 2 compared to white and blue LEDs, whereas blue LED upregulated CRY1. Our results demonstrate that specific wavelengths of different LEDs differentially influence photosynthetic performance, photoprotection, and antioxidant properties, possibly through regulating expressions of phytochrome and cryptochrome genes in a light-quality-dependent manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Described is a technique for monitoring the quality of freshwater aquatic habitats. Methods, comparison of samples, equipment, and data analysis are discussed and an example is presented. (CW)

Presents a study that investigated the magnetic properties of sintered neodymium-iron-boron magnets prepared with different annealing conditions. Thermomagnetic analysis of the magnets; Temperature range by which the magnets were analyzed; Coercivity of the gas-quenched magnets.

In this study, a novel antimicrobial peptide, scolopendin 1, was identified from adult centipedes, Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans using RNA sequencing. Scolopendin 1 exerted an antimicrobial activity without inducing haemolysis of human erythrocytes. In order to understand the antifungal mechanism, a reactive oxygen species ( ROS) assay was performed, which indicated that scolopendin 1 induced ROS accumulation in Candida albicans. Evaluation of fungal viability using N-acetyl cysteine, a ROS scavenger, suggested that ROS are a major factor in scolopendin 1-induced fungal cell death. Co-staining of annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate ( FITC) and propidium iodide, and TUNEL and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole ( DAPI) assays confirmed that ROS-induced fungal cell death is associated with apoptosis. To further investigate the mechanism that facilitates the progression of apoptosis, changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration and mitochondrial dysfunction were examined. Ca2+, a signalling molecule in the apoptotic pathway, was increased in the cytosol and mitochondria, and ROS accumulation triggered mitochondrial depolarization and the release of cytochrome c, a pro-apoptotic factor, from the mitochondria to the cytosol. Finally, the released cytochrome c activated intracellular caspase. The present study suggests that scolopendin 1 could emerge as a model molecule that targets the apoptotic pathway and provides a novel remedy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among moulding methods, hot press moulding refers to heating the material up to the melting point and then moulding it. The difference in flow velocity separates the material from the matrix, and the displacement difference causes fibre orientation. As a result, the material becomes heterogeneous and anisotropic, and the changes affect the mechanical properties of moulded product. The properties naturally depend on the property of the matrix and yet on the structure of the fibre that forms the matrix. Until now, there has been no study on the effect of the mould temperature on the fibre separation and orientation in compression moulding of fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites, which is the objective this study was intended to address. The mould temperature was varied and the heterogeneity of moulded product and the fibre orientation was examined. The fibre orientation function increased when the mould temperature was higher and the compression ratio was larger. The degree of heterogeneity in a moulded product was dominantly affected by the displacement of the product, rather than by the mould temperature since each fibre was strongly tangled with others, and increased at higher compression ratio. Therefore, this study can provide a guideline for designing of composite in terms of separation and orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser sintering of metal nanoparticles is a key technology for high-performance printed electronics fabricated on heat-sensitive substrates such as glass or plastic. Although laser-sintered electronic devices have been successfully fabricated, the role of the induced temperature field in the laser sintering process has not been reported thus far. In this work, the effect of temperature on the laser sintering process is described for the first time using a two-dimensional transient heat conduction equation for inkjet-printed silver nanoparticle ink. The in situ electrical resistance was measured to estimate the transient thermal conductivity and hence the temperature of the sintered ink during the laser sintering process. To verify the estimated laser sintering temperature, the morphology of furnace-sintered silver nanoparticle ink was compared with that of laser-sintered ink. The electrical characteristics and surface morphology of laser-sintered ink are found to be related to the process temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During compression molding of glass fiber reinforced plastic composites, annealing and quenching experiment is conducted by changing pre-heating and cooling method. As results, major cause of unevenness that affects waviness profile (winding) is the shrinkage of matrix during holding and cooling process. Waviness profile of the surface on molding in glass fiber reinforced plastic composites will be lower when holding pressure load is higher, mold temperature is lower during demolding, and cooling rate is slower. In addition, surface roughness of moldings is depending on holding pressure load compared with mold temperature. According to molding condition of glass fiber reinforced plastic composites, waviness profile of surface can be quantitatively estimated using the proposed equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Unless the orbital contents are supported, the insertion of nasal packing material during endoscopic endonasal surgery may cause serious intracranial complications such as cerebrospinal fluid leakage.Methods:Case report and literature review.Results:We report a patient with iatrogenic cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea caused by intracranial entry of a Silastic sheet inserted into the nasal cavity. This skull defect and the surrounding skull base were successfully reconstructed in a multilayer fashion via an endoscopic endonasal approach.Conclusion:This case highlights the need for caution when inserting nasal packing material. During endoscopic endonasal reduction of blowout fractures, great care must be taken to support the orbital contents, in order to avoid serious intracranial complications such as cerebrospinal fluid leakage. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Subepithelial lesions (SELs) are occasionally found in the esophagus during upper endoscopy. Sometimes endoscopic resection is needed for accurate diagnosis or in the rare cases of malignant transformation of SELs. In this case series, we evaluated the usefulness of endoscopic submucosal resection with a ligation device (ESMR-L) in esophageal SELs. Twenty-three patients with 25 esophageal SELs that were no larger than 13 mm and were localized within the muscularis mucosae or submucosa were enrolled. ESMR-L was successfully performed in all 25 SELs. The en bloc resection rate was 100% (25/25), and histologically complete resection was achieved in 24 lesions (24/25, 96%). After resection of the lesion by snare, minor immediate bleeding occurred in four cases, but there was no delayed bleeding or perforation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]