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Abstract Terrestrial groundwater travels through subterranean estuaries before reaching the sea. Groundwater‐derived nutrients drive coastal water quality, primary production, and eutrophication. We determined how dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP), and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) are transformed within subterranean estuaries and estimated submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) nutrient loads compiling > 10,000 groundwater samples from 216 sites worldwide. Nutrients exhibited complex, nonconservative behavior in subterranean estuaries. Fresh groundwater DIN and DIP are usually produced, and DON is consumed during transport. Median total SGD (saline and fresh) fluxes globally were 5.4, 2.6, and 0.18 Tmol yr−1 for DIN, DON, and DIP, respectively. Despite large natural variability, total SGD fluxes likely exceed global riverine nutrient export. Fresh SGD is a small source of new nutrients, but saline SGD is an important source of mostly recycled nutrients. Nutrients exported via SGD via subterranean estuaries are critical to coastal biogeochemistry and a significant nutrient source to the oceans.

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in millions of fatalities worldwide. The case of pediatric cancer patients stands out since, despite being considered a population at risk, few studies have been carried out concerning symptom detection or the description of the mechanisms capable of modifying the course of the COVID-19 disease, such as the interaction and response between the virus and the treatment given to cancer patients. By synthesizing existing studies, this paper aims to expose the treatment challenges for pediatric patients with COVID-19 in an oncology context. Additionally, this updated review includes studies that utilized the antiviral agents Remdesivir and PaxlovidTM in pediatric cancer patients. There is no specific treatment designed exclusively for pediatric cancer patients dealing with COVID-19, and it is advisable to avoid self-medication to prevent potential side effects. Managing COVID-19 in pediatric cancer patients is indeed a substantial challenge. New strategies, such as chemotherapy application rooms, have been implemented for children with cancer who were positive for COVID-19 but asymptomatic since the risk of disease progression is greater than the risk of complications from SARS-CoV-2.

Resumen: Objetivo: describir factores de riesgo y características clínicas, electrocardiográficas y angiográficas de pacientes jóvenes que sufren síndromes coronarios agudos y son llevados a arteriografía coronaria a causa de este diagnóstico. Métodos: estudio retrospectivo, de corte transversal. Se revisaron historias clínicas de pacientes entre 18 y 50 años, con síndrome coronario agudo en una institución de Cardiología Intervencionista en Bucaramanga. Resultados y conclusiones: se identificaron 128 casos, con una mediana de edad de 45 años, y predominancia del género masculino (80,4%). La mediana de tiempo a la consulta fue de 7 horas. El factor de riesgo más frecuente fue el exceso de peso (71,3% de los casos). La mayoría de los casos correspondió a infarto con elevación del segmento ST (44% de los casos). En el 60,9% de los casos se identificó enfermedad coronaria, con 55,1% de enfermedad coronaria multivaso. La intervención de reperfusión más frecuente fue la intervención coronaria percutánea mediante angioplastia coronaria con implantación de stent coronario convencional (60,25% de los casos). La mortalidad intrahospitalaria fue del 2,34%. El exceso de peso como principal factor de riesgo observado plantea la importancia de intervenciones poblacionales dirigidas a controlar su prevalencia. La elevada frecuencia de infartos con elevación del segmento ST y de enfermedad coronaria multivaso llama la atención sobre el riesgo de estos pacientes y la importancia de su atención temprana y diligente. Abstract: Objective: To describe the risk factors and clinical, electrocardiographic, and angiographic characteristics of young adults that suffer from acute coronary syndromes and have been subjected to a coronary angiography due to this diagnosis. Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional study was performed by reviewing the clinical records of patients between 18 and 50 years-old with an acute coronary syndrome in a Interventional Cardiology institution in Bucaramanga, Colombia. Results and conclusions: A total of 128 cases were identified, with a median age of 45 years, and the large majority (80.4%) male. The median time in the clinic was 7 hours. The most frequent risk factor was overweight (71.3% of cases). The majority of cases corresponded to an infarction with elevated ST segment (44% of cases). Coronary disease was identified in 60.9% of cases, and 55.1% with multiple vessel coronary disease. The most frequent reperfusion treatment was percutaneous coronary intervention by means of coronary angioplasty with the implantation of a conventional coronary stent (60.25% of cases). The in-hospital mortality was 2.34%. The excess weight as the main risk factor observed, shows the importance of population interventions directed at controlling its prevalence. The increased frequency of infarctions with elevated ST segment and multiple vessel coronary disease highlights the risk of these patients, and the importance of their early and rapid care.

Background: Dengue fever is a priority problem for public health in Colombia. The Department of Tolima and the municipality of El Espinal bring a considerable proportion of the cases to national statistics, becoming a representative area for studying the behavior of this pathology. Objective: Determine the epidemiological behavior and the geographic distribution of dengue fever cases treated in the San Rafael Hospital in the municipality of the El Espinal, from 2010 to 2014. Materials and methods: The following is a retrospective cross-sectional case report study of the population with dengue fever treated in San Rafael Hospital. We analyzed data from the mandatory clinical reports of the SIVIGILA (National public health surveillance system, in Spanish) using Excel, EpiInfo and EpiMap were analyzed. The epidemiological analysis encompassed morbidity, mortality, fatality, endemicity and cartograms of georeferencing, among others. Results: The totality of cases was 3264, with an incidence of 5.84 per 1000 inhabitants, mortality of 0.12 cases per 10,000 inhabitants, and lethality of 0.11 per 100 diagnosed cases. 71.6% of the patients were between 1 and 24 years, 53.8% were male and 46.2% female. The endemic behaviour was bimodal, Max in epidemiological periods 3–4 and 12–13. The distribution geographic of cases spanned the whole of the municipality and is related apparently with the population density in an area defined. Conclusions: The results found are above local, national and international parameters on incidence, mortality, and case-fatality. Through the analysis of endemic behavior and geographic distribution, times and specific areas are provided to optimize public health measures. Keywords: Dengue fever, Endemic diseases, Epidemiology, Maps

SARS-CoV-2 is a member of the family of coronaviruses associated with severe outbreaks of respiratory diseases in recent decades and is the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. The recognition by and activation of the innate immune response recruits neutrophils, which, through their different mechanisms of action, form extracellular neutrophil traps, playing a role in infection control and trapping viral, bacterial, and fungal etiological agents. However, in patients with COVID-19, activation at the vascular level, combined with other cells and inflammatory mediators, leads to thrombotic events and disseminated intravascular coagulation, thus leading to a series of clinical manifestations in cerebrovascular, cardiac, pulmonary, and kidney disease while promoting severe disease and mortality. Previous studies of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 have shown that elevated levels of markers specific for NETs, such as free DNA, MPO, and H3Cit, are strongly associated with the total neutrophil count; with acute phase reactants that include CRP, D-dimer, lactate dehydrogenase, and interleukin secretion; and with an increased risk of severe COVID-19. This study analyzed the interactions between NETs and the activation pathways involved in immunothrombotic processes in patients with COVID-19.

Many environmental factors affect the breakdown of plastics in aquatic environments, including exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and elevated environmental temperatures. More studies are needed to understand how these stressors contribute to plastic degradation, resulting in the release of smaller plastic particles. We studied the impact of environmentally relevant UV and temperature (37 °C) weathering of four high-production volume plastics (polystyrene, polypropylene, low-density polyethylene, and high-density polyethylene) suspended in water. Particle release was detected, characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and nanoparticles were quantified by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Weathering resulted in the release of micro- and nanoparticles that exhibited a plastic signature corresponding to the parent microplastic. Nanoparticle release is broadly correlated with an increase in the carbonyl index of the parent microplastic. Aged microplastics were characterized for physical and chemical changes. The impact of weathering on microplastic surface hardness and polymer oxidation depended on material type and environmental factors. Few to no particles were observed in controls, including controls that contained microplastics at 4 °C in dark conditions, highlighting the importance of weathering stimuli in particle release. These results show that plastic degradation needs to consider both the parent microplastic and the smaller particles that are formed.