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Objective. Assessment of clinical manifestations and ultrasonographic signs of enthesitis (En) in patients with psoriasis (PsO) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA).Subjects and methods. The study is based on the analysis of survey data from 106 patients with PsO for the period 2018–2021, which were firstly sent by dermatologists for a consultation with a rheumatologist due to musculoskeletal pain. The duration of the period of musculoskeletal pain in the observed patients did not exceed 12 months. In addition to general clinical and laboratory examination, all patients underwent ultrasonography of painful and/or swollen joints, tendons and ligaments using a linear sensor (frequency – 12–18 MHz) of MyLab 50 (Esaote, Italy) apparatus and supplemented by Doppler energy study with a pulse frequency of 6.6 MHz. The OMERACT definitions were used to identify En, synovitis and tenosynovitis.Results and discussion. The diagnosis of PsA was established in 73.6%, osteoarthritis – in 13.2%, gout – in 8.4%, fibromyalgia – in 17.9%. Ultrasonographic signs of En were found in 67.9% of patients: signs of an active inflammatory process in enthesises (decreased echogenicity, thickening and appearance of Doppler signals) were observed in 48.7%, signs of structural damage to enthesial zones (calcifications, enthesophytes and bone erosions) in 25,6% of patients. Isolated En was found in 24.4% of patients, a combination of En and synovitis – in 32.1% of patients, a combination of En and tenosynovitis – in 20.5% of patients. The correlation between the inflammatory domain values of the ultrasoundographic enthesial index MASEI (Madrid Sonographic Enthesitis Index) and the clinical enthesial index LEI (Leeds Enthesitis Index) was 0.71 [0.58; 0.77]. There were less pronounced clinical indicators of enthesial inflammation (lower LEI index values), functional disorders of the joints (lower values of the HAQ-DI index) and laboratory signs of systemic inflammation (lower CRP values) in patients with isolated En in comparison with combination of En and synovitis. Ultrasonographic signs of structural damage of enthesises were observed in 15.4% of patients without clinical and ultrasonographic signs of active En, which may indicate the possibility of a subclinical course of enthesial inflammation in patients with PsO.Conclusion. It was demonstrated that ultrasonography has diagnostic capabilities to identify the site of the inflammatory process in patients with PsA and differentiate patients with isolated En and a combination of En and synovitis in order to select a method of differentiated anti-inflammatory therapy.

The paper reviews the current data on the risk factors, pathogenesis, psychopathological symptoms and therapy of depression in patients with epilepsy. Depression predominantly occurs in patients with temporal epilepsy. The lateralization of the focus cannot be readily interpreted, although the literature indicates that depression occurs more often with left-sided foci. In their external manifestations, the episodes of depression in epilepsy can be fully the same as in any affective disorder. Treatment of depression is carried out without canceling therapy with antiepileptic drugs; the latter may have different impacts on the course of depression. In this respect, valproate, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, and lamotrigine do not exacerbate depression. All of them, despite the differences in their mechanisms of action, have a common component – an increase in the serotonin level in the central nervous system. Among the drugs listed above, valproate is especially beneficial.

Hypersensitive pneumonitis (HP) is an interstitial lung disease occuring in childhood. This article demonstrates own long-running monitoring of a girl with HP at the age of 8. The development of the disease is linked to the home ecology. The diagnosis was based on data from the history, clinical symptoms with respiratory deficiency and crepitating wheezing in the lungs, characteristicfunctional and X-ray manifestations; it was proved by detection in the plasma of the blood of specific immunoglobulins of class G to cause-significant allergens. Elimination interventions and adequate treatment have enabled positive dynamics to be achieved during the disease

In recent years, in Russia an average of 400 thousand people receives or medical aid after tick bite. The urgency of the problem of infections transmitted during tick bites is caused by the expansion of the range of ticks spread and increasing incidence of “tick” infections. Still clinical and laboratory diagnostics of tick-borne infections causes difficulties for doctors. The purpose of communication is to describe the clinical case of tickborne rickettsiosis with the development of specific community-acquired pneumonia.

Pathological hair loss – alopecia – is an urgent problem that takes one of the leading places in the pathology of skin structure. There are different types of alopecia, the most common forms are androgen and telogen (symptomatic) alopecia. Androgenic alopecia (AA) isa progressive alopecia caused by androgens action on hair follicle in patients with hereditary predisposition, which is often manifested not only with excessive hair loss, but also with the appearance of dandruff. Uncontrolled use of cosmetic products for combating hair loss is increased in view of high prevalence among young people, and as advertising in the media. Therefore, an important task of modern pharmacy is to create a medicinal remedy that contribute efficient and controlled correction of AA and provide the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine with available economical means. The significant range of cosmetics and medicinal products to eliminate dandruff and hair loss correctionare implementedin Ukraine pharmacy network today. However, the amount of medicinal remedy decreases every year. Most of them, after re-registration movetothe category of cosmeceuticals.This cause the significant increase in the value. For example, the number of medicinal remedy registered in Ukraine for local and systemic treatment of alopecia compared with 2012 decreased approximately on 36%, and drugs to treat dandruff - 17%. Today the amount of native medicines for the treatment of alopecia and dandruff is limited and is only 23%, compared with foreign firms. Leading positions in the import medicines of this group are occupied by India, Germany and France, and the share of foreign drugs is 77% from the total. Cosmetic hair loss remedies are presented significantly numerous, compared to medicinal remedy, an arsenal of forms production, including shampoos, masks, lotions, oil, balms, solutions for rubbing into the scalp, capsules for internal use and so on. The main components of active cosmeceuticals are plant extracts. After comparative analysis of prices for medicinal and cosmetic remedies, it has been found that the cost is ranged from 15 to 400 UAH. Thus, the expensive niche (200-400 UAH) consists mainly of foreign production cosmeceuticals. Therefore, the range of hair loss medicines in the native market is created mainly by foreign-made drugs,this fact significantly increases their cost. Medicines for alopecia correction and elimination of dandruff are presented in various forms of production, among them shampoos and solution for external use which take dominating position. The composition of symptomatic alopecia drug consists usually of plant extracts, growth activators, local irritant substances, vitamins and microelements. The basic for the AA treatment is drug of local action based on minoxidyl and tablets of finasteride for internal use. These synthetic drugs have a number of drawbacks and side effects. So, given that foreign high-value medicinal remedies from baldness dominate on the pharmaceutical market and the range of medicines is limited, the elaboration and implementation of effective and safe medicines of plant origin in pharmaceutical practice, which would affect the pathogenic mechanisms of this disease, are promising and urgent task.

The process of intercultural integration at the national and international level has been instrumental for the modernization of the contents of foreign language education in Russia and Europe. The article deals with theoretical principles underlying intercultural communication textbooks. Particular attention is paid to the dialogue of two cultures, presented as a dialog of texts in a new textbook for Spanish students learning Russian and for Russian students learning Spanish “Russia - Spain: Dialogue of Cultures”.