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This study was performed to examine whether applying triamcinolone acetonide paste as a lubricant to endotracheal tubes (ETTs) reduces the incidence and severity of postoperative sore throat (POST) more effectively than applying chlorhexidine gluconate jelly.This was a randomized controlled clinical trial. Patients enrolled in the study were ages 20 to 70 yr, American Society of Anesthesiologists' physical status I and II, and scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The patients were divided randomly into two groups, the chlorhexidine group and the triamcinolone group. Prior to endotracheal intubation, ETTs in the chlorhexidine group were lubricated with 0.1% chlorhexidine gluconate jelly, whereas the ETTs in the triamcinolone group were lubricated with 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide paste 0.5 mg. During the 24 hr after the operation, we recorded the incidence and severity of POST and the incidence of cough, hoarseness, dysphagia, nausea, and dry throat.Of the 150 patients initially enrolled, 143 patients were included in the study. The incidence of POST was significantly lower in the triamcinolone group compared with the chlorhexidine group (difference = 52.4%; 95% confidence interval, 36.8% to 64.2%; P0.001). The severity score for the triamcinolone group was significantly lower than that for the chlorhexidine group. The frequencies of coughing, hoarseness, dysphagia, nausea, and dry throat were similar in the two groups for the first 24 hr after surgery.Triamcinolone acetonide paste applied along the length of the ETT resulted in clinically important and statistically significant decreases in the incidence and severity of POST compared with the application of chlorhexidine jelly. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00908817).

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of nitroglycerin- and nicardipine-induced hypotension on regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO(2)) and postoperative cognitive function in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery.Sixty adult patients scheduled for orthognathic surgery were randomly assigned to either the nitroglycerin group (group 1) or nicardipine group (group 2). After induction of anesthesia, hypotension was induced with continuous infusion of nitroglycerin or nicardipine. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and rSO(2) were measured at the following time points: before induction of anesthesia, immediately before commencing induced hypotension, at 30 and 60 minutes after induced hypotension, and immediately before the end of surgery. Cerebral desaturation was defined as a reduction of rSO(2) less than 75% of baseline foror = 15 seconds. The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) was conducted before surgery and then repeated after 1 week.Baseline rSO(2) values were similar in the 2 groups. There were no significant differences in rSO(2) values between the 2 groups. Cerebral desaturation was not observed in any of the patients. Both nitroglycerin and nicardipine reduced MAP and increased HR during induced hypotension as compared with the baseline values (P.05). No differences in MAP and HR during baseline and induced hypotension were observed between the 2 groups. Decreased MMSE scores were not observed in any of the patients.Cerebral oxygen saturation and postoperative cognitive function were not impaired during nitroglycerin- and nicardipine-induced hypotension in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery.

For a super clean steel, the oxygen content should be restricted to a very low level, and controlled during the melt state. The oxide behavior in an Al killed stainless steel melt were observed by analysing the forces exerted. New parameter, homogenization number (H number), was introduced to generalize the forces. Quantitative analysis of the removal of oxides was conducted, and a homogenization number was used to predict whether the oxides would be separated from the melt or mixed with the melt. It was also shown that the H number could possibly be used to estimate the capacity of oxide-absorption at the top slag.

This study empirically investigates the effect of mobile app types, and the moderating effects of gender and age on mobile apps usage through actual user experience and behaviour log data, as captured by metered software on 7,374 panellists comprised of mobile phone users in the United States in 2013. The apps usage variable is examined from both the width i.e., reach and depth i.e., time and frequency intensity aspects to capture the multiplicity of mobile apps usage behaviour. The results of this study demonstrated that all of the mobile apps usage dimensions reach, time usage intensity and frequency usage intensity were significantly affected by the type of mobile app, with the exception of specific mobile apps in each dimension, by utilising multiple regression with dummy variables. Furthermore, the effect of the mobile app type on its usage was mostly moderated by age alone.