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This work provides an in-depth analysis of the effects of different operating parameters on the non-thermal plasmabased dye removal from aqueous solutions at the laboratory scale. The non-thermal plasma treatment of dye solutions by electrical discharge, which involves the addition or removal of catalysts or feed gas, has made tremendous progress in the last 20 years. The majority of these studies aimed to shorten the duration of therapy and improve dye removal efficiency. It is now appropriate to combine the results of these studies to help current researchers understand the effects of different operational parameters related to dye removal and plasma generation. The purpose of this review is to advance the implementation of Non Thermal Plasma (NTP) for the removal of dye from aqueous solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research study, we developed a new rapid and simple HPLC quantitative approach for comprehensively measuring related substance impurities (LNGN N formyl; LNGN acetamide; LNGN N Boc; LNGN amino) in Linagliptin. The related substance impurities were studied by PDA detection at 225 nm after being separated on the Kromasil C18 column stationary phase. The isocratic mode elution and a flow velocity of 1.0 mL/min were performed with the 0.1% phosphoric acid having pH 2.5 and acetonitrile. The proposed approach was appropriately verified in agreement with the "International Conference on Harmonization". Linearity was demonstrated for values ranging from LOQ quantity ppm to 150% quantity ppm, with variance coefficients 0.99. The precision varied from 0.128 to 0.969% RSD and accuracy varied from 99.13% to 101.76% for four related substance impurities. The proposed approach was appropriately implemented in the quality control analysis of the linagliptin API. Stress testing on the linagliptin API is also part of this investigation. One degradant with a 10.273 min Rt was found during oxidative stress testing on linagliptin. Using LC-MS this peak was discovered to be an adduct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toward achieving control over the kerfing through macro abrasive waterjet submerged milling, there is a need (i) to understand the influence of the water column height on the kerf quality and (ii) to develop a model for the prediction of the kerf characteristics. This study performs detailed experimentation to assess the kerf quality enhancement in submerged milling relative to the in-air milling on Al-6061 alloy. From the modeling perspective, there are very limited efforts in developing a comprehensive model that includes both the jet flow dynamics and material removal models-this is the missing link. Toward this, a comprehensive model is proposed and validated for the prediction of kerf in in-air and submerged conditions by considering (i) jet dynamics and (ii) jet-material interaction. From the experimental results, it is observed that by adopting the submerged milling, the damaged region, top kerf width and edge radius got reduced by 20.3%, 13.53%, and 22.7%, respectively. However, this enhancement in the kerf quality is associated with a reduction in the centerline erosion depth (hmax) by 12.33% and a material removal rate by 24.52%. The material removal mechanism is more uniform and directed in the submerged milling, whereas in-air is random. The proposed model predicted the kerf cross-sectional profile in submerged milling and in-air with a mean absolute error of 60 µm and 57 µm, squared Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.97 and 0.99, and the hmax with a maximum error of 1.3% and 1.4%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light metal alloys are extensively used in automotive, aerospace, aircraft, and military sectors since their lightweight leads to reduced energy consumption, increased fuel efficiency, and better environmental protection. In the present situation, nanomaterials are the potential candidate for weight saving in the structural application and can meet stringent government norms. Nanomaterial was heat-treated in the furnace to about a certain temperature and time and then normalized for strengthening. The heat-treated nanomaterial undergoes different forging processes, namely, hot forging and cold forging, using a certain capacity's hydraulic press. Hence, in this work, an extensive study on the influence of the prestrain annealing, the corrosion rate on differently treated samples, and the effect of sensitization heat treatment on the nanomaterial was done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underwater sensor networks (USNs) play a key role for applications such as underwater defense, underwater imaging, internet of underwater things, underwater navigation and so on. In USNs, acoustic waves have been referred over the radio frequency (RF) waves or optical waves to communicate between sensor nodes, buoys, and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). The acoustic waves in underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) have a much lower bandwidth of up to a few kHz, resulting in a lower achievable data rate. Generally, the sensor nodes have been deployed on the beds of the oceans. So, it is very difficult to recharge or replace them, once the batteries of the sensor nodes are drain off. Hence, achievable data rate and energy efficiency (EE) has to be improved simultaneously in UASNs. In this paper, we have presented different non-orthogonal multiple access techniques to improve data rate and various energy harvesting techniques proposed for UASNs to improve the EE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stability study for dolutegravir bulk drug was performed and the degradation products formed were identified by chromatography (HPLC, LCMS) and spectroscopy (ESI-MS, FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR) techniques. Degradation of the drug in acidic and peroxide environment yielded one common major degradant f ((2,4-difluorophenyl) methanamine) with a mass peak at m/z = 182.44. In addition to this, five more minor degradation products (a, b, c, d and e) were formed. The structure interpretation showed that the drug degraded to its synthetic precursor and no extra structures were formed. Hence, it was suggested that drug dolutegravir should be kept away from acidic and oxygen rich conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saroglitazar is a newly approved oral hypoglycemic drug by FDA. Although the drug entered the market, there are no reports on its degradation products till date. To identify the degradation products of saroglitazar during the stability studies, a RP-HPLC method was developed and validated as per ICH guidelines. The samples were eluted using acetonitrile and phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 50:50 v/v) as a mobile phase over Kromasil 100- 5C18 (250×4.6 mm, 5μm) column. The analytes were monitored by UV detector at 294 nm with isocratic mode of elution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The stability studies were conducted under stressed conditions of acidic, basic, neutral (peroxide), photolytic studies at room temperature and thermal at 60oC for 48 hours. The stressed samples were analyzed for their degradation products by RP-HPLC. The degradant products obtained were characterized using UPLC with tandem mass spectroscopy (LC/MS/MS) and FTIR. Major degradation products were observed with m/z at 365, 247 and 294. The drug is found to be comparatively stable under photo and thermal stress. Peroxide stress has degraded the drug completely. The drug has to be stored away from oxidation during transport and storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing power demand, the need for innovative and novel methods to operate large interconnected power systems has increased. This reflects more complexity and therefore less secure than before. Hence, modern power systems are more prone to widespread failures. The device that has enhanced the safe and reliable operation of the network and has contributed to capacity augmentation is Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS). But this is very expensive and must be suitably sized and located to maximize the overall benefit to the system. The paper aims at determining the optimal location and size of the Static Var Compensator (SVC) by optimizing the multi-objective function formulated by different factors that define the system security, namely, voltage deviation, system overload and real power losses. The multi-objective optimization function has been optimized using a Modified Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm (MBFOA). The results are presented and analyzed for an IEEE-30 bus test system and compared with the popular Genetic Algorithm (GA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power system planners have come to rely on FACTS devices to overcome several operational limitations in terms of thermal stability, voltage stability, and other inherent limitations offered by the transmission lines. One important aspect that has always intrigued the power system planners and researches alike is in regard to the location and sizing of FACTS devices. This work aims to address this intriguing question by identifying the optimal location and size of the Static Var Compensator (SVC). The optimal location and size is proposed to be identified by optimizing the multi-objective function, formulated by different factors that define the system security, namely Voltage Deviation, System Overload, and Real Power Losses. The multi-objective optimization function has been optimized using a Modified Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm (MBFOA). The results are presented and analysed for an IEEE 30 bus test system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple and new colorimetric method was developed for the estimation of emtricitabine. The proposed colorimetric method is based on the diazotisation of amine group present in emtricitabine, followed by colour complex formation using β-naphthol reagent. Parameters affecting the reaction were studied and conditions were optimized. The absorption maximum for the colour complex was observed at 559 nm. Linearity was obtained in the concentration range of 100-500 μg/ml for emtricitabine colour complex. The developed method was optimised and validated. The method was successfully applied for the estimation of emtricitabine in bulk and in tablets. This is the first method reported for colorimetric estimation of emtricitabine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three dimensional quantitative structure activity relationships(3D-QSAR) of a series of previously synthesized 1-(1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-yl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-3-substituted-2-propanol analogs(TDFPP) as antifungal against candida albicans, were studied using kNN(K nearest neighbour) protocol. This was in order to explore the selectivity requirements for fungicidal activity against C. albicans among these congeners. Theoretical active conformers for these TDFPP were generated. The best kNN model(N=44, q2= 0.8650, r2= 0.86504) showed contribution of the steric and electrostatic fields. The models were also external validated using 6 compounds(test set) not included in the model generation process. The statistical parameters from model indicate that the data are well fitted and have predictive ability. Moreover, the resulting contours and isosurface maps provide useful guidance for designing highly active ligands. The model is not only able to predict the activity of new compounds but also explains the important region in the molecules in the quantitative manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-photon emission computerized tomography for myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is a non-invasive technique. MPI is performed by subjecting the patient to exercise or by using a pharmacological stress agent. Regadenoson is a selective A2A adenosine receptor agonist used when MPI with exercise is contraindicated. It binds to the A2A receptor and stimulates adenylate cyclase, resulting in increased cAMP, which phosphorylates protein kinase A thereby opening the ATP-dependant potassium channels leading to hyperpolarization in the coronary vascular smooth muscle. After a single bolus dose of regadenoson 400 μg, a peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of 13.6 ng/mL is attained in 1-4 min, with a terminal half-life of 2 h. It has a quick onset, short duration sufficient enough for hyperemic response, with comparable efficacy to adenosine, but with fewer side-effects. The adverse effects of this drug are dyspnea, headache, flushing, chest pain and atrioventricular block. Regadenoson is used for MPI in patients with co-morbid conditions like mild-to-moderate reactive airway disease, obstructive lung disease and renal impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: To study the effects of heparin and low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH) on potassium and sodium levels in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and stroke. Materials and Methods: Sixty patients were recruited with 30 patients each receiving heparin and enoxaparin. Patients with CVD and stroke receiving heparin and LMWH were compared for their demographic profi le and laboratory data, and this was analyzed by descriptive statistics. Risk factors associated with the development of hyperkalemia were analyzed using multiple logistic regression model. Results: There was an increase in potassium levels and decrease in sodium levels compared with baseline in both the groups. The difference between the groups with respect to sodium and potassium levels was not statistically significant. On analysis, the risk factors for development of hyperkalemia were baseline potassium levels, serum creatinine, and creatinine clearance. The change in sodium and potassium levels on the fifth day of therapy was increased with LMWH compared with heparin, although not statistically significant. Conclusions: The clinician should anticipate hyperkalemia especially in patients with renal impairment receiving these drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study has been to assess the efficacy of duloxetine, a selective inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake, in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in women. Materials and Methods: The study included 50 women aged above 18 years with a predominant symptom of stress urinary incontinence (SUI). The case definition included a predominant symptom of SUI with a weekly incontinence episode frequency (IEF) of seven or greater and a positive cough stress test. All the patients received duloxetine 20 mg twice daily for 12 weeks. The primary outcome variables included the IEF and improvement in quality of life. Paired Student's 't' test was used to analyze changes in IEF. Results: The improvement with duloxetine treatment was found in 40 out of 50 patients. Remaining 10 patients did not show any improvement with duloxetine and discontinued the treatment. In 40 patients, the mean baseline IEF was 12.5/week. At the end of three months treatment, IEF was six/week. This shows a statistically significant reduction in the IEF. Also, there was a good improvement in quality of life with 65% of patients in the "very much better" and "much better" categories according to PGI-I scale. In the remaining 10 patients, there was no significant improvement after one month of treatment and patients underwent surgery. Conclusions: The findings support duloxetine as a potential treatment for women with stress urinary incontinence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To study the effect of nebivolol 5 mg once daily versus (S)-atenolol 25 mg once daily in patients with essential hypertension. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted at RLJH and Research Centre which included 30 patients in each group with essential hypertension. The sex, age, presenting illness, and family history of the patients were recorded. Investigations such as blood sugar, urine analysis, kidney function test, lipid profile, and ECG were performed before starting the treatment. Any adverse effects during the treatment were noted. Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded at baseline and during follow-up. One group received nebivolol 5 mg once daily and other group (S)atenolol 25 mg once daily. Patients were followed-up every 15 days for 3 months. Results: Nebivolol group had 18 males and 12 females with mean age 50.6 ± 9.5 years, (S)-atenolol had 16 males and 14 females with mean age 54.4 ± 9 years. Patients receiving nebivolol and (S)-atenolol showed a significant fall (P <∙0001) in systolic (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate at the end of first, second, and third month when compared to baseline. The difference in fall in SBP and DBP was insignificant between the groups, but fall in heart rate was significant (P <∙0001). Adverse effects such as headache, dizziness, and fatigue were reported with both drugs. Conclusion: Reduction of blood pressure with nebivolol and (S)atenolol was similar, but fall in blood pressure from baseline was highly significant in both groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new, simple, sensitive, and reliable method is presented for the rapid spectrophotometric determination of trace amounts of iron(III) using leuco Xylene cyanol FF. The method is based on the oxidation of leuco Xylene cyanol FF (LXCFF) to its blue form of xylene cyanol FF by iron(III) in sulfuric acid medium (pH 2.0–3.0), the absorbance of the formed dye is measured in an acetate buffer medium (pH2.8–4.4) at 615 nm. The method obeys Beer's law over a concentration range of 0.15–0.9 μg mL-1 iron, having a molar absorptivity of 5.6×104 L mol-1 cm-1 and a Sandell's sensitivity of 0.0001 μg cm-2. The optimum reaction conditions and other analytical parameters have been evaluated. The developed method has been successfully applied to the determination of iron in water, soil, industrial effluent, plant material, pharmaceutical preparations, synthetic mixtures, and aluminum alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new, simple, highly sensitive and rapid spectrophotometric method has been described for the determination of platinum(IV). The method is based on the oxidation of leuco xylene cyanol FF (LXCFF) to its blue form of xylene cyanol FF by platinum(IV) in sulfuric acid medium (pH 1.0–2.5), the formed dye shows an absorption maximum at 620 nm in acetate buffer medium (pH 3.0–4.5). The method obeys Beer's law over a concentration range of 0.3 to 2.6 µg mL–1 platinum, having molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity of 5.1×104 L mol–1 cm–1 and 0.0038 µg cm–2, respectively. The optimum reaction conditions and other analytical parameters have been evaluated. The developed method has been successfully applied to the determination of platinum in pharmaceutical preparations, soil, natural water, plant material, platinum-containing catalyst, and synthetic alloy samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present investigation aims to predict the pharmacokinetic aspects and assessing the anti-Alzheimer's activity using both molecular docking platform and ex vivo pharmacological studies on muscle contraction. Materials and Methods: 2-Methyl Anthraquinone (MAQ) and Quinizarine (QNZ) were isolated from Rubia cordifolia L., and evaluated for absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity. Molecular docking was performed with the help of Mcule software on five drug targets acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE), cyclin-dependent kinase5 (CDK5), glycogen synthase kinase 3ß (GSK3ß), monoamine oxidase (MAO-B), and ß-secretase enzyme (BACE). The pharmacological activity was screened by recording the muscle contractions of chick ileum. Results: The selected compounds were following Lipinski rule of five and the in silico studies have shown that the compounds possess drug likeliness, appreciated absorption, distribution, admired bioavailability, acceptable toxicity profile, and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. The multi-target screening of AChE, CDK5, MAOB, GSK3ß, and BACE for MAQ and QNZ showed greater binding energy of -9.9, -10, -10.5, -9.4, and 8.2 kcal/mol and -9.6, -9.1, -9.9, -8.9, and 7.8 kcal/mol, respectively. The ex vivo studies have shown to possess synergistic effect in increasing the muscle contractility response of MAQ and QNZ with acetylcholine. Conclusion: The in silico parameters have shown good pharmacokinetic profile of the isolated compounds. The binding energy and affinity of amino acids with ligands have similar behavior in the ex vivo studies. It is suggested that the isolated compounds have promising anti-Alzheimer's activity. Further studies are required to confirm the possibility of anti-Alzheimer's activity of the selected compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Therapy related AML (t- AML) accounts for 10-20% of all cases of AML. Cytotoxic agents implicated are alkylating agents, topoisomerase II inhibitors and rarely anti metabolites and anti tubulin agents. A growing incidence of therapy related acute promyelocytic leukemia (t-APL) has been reported over the last few decades in malignant and non malignant conditions. To the best of our knowledge this is the first t-APL case report to be reported in NSGCT post etoposide based therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents several cases of patients who were given tacrolimus ointment to treat their localized vilitigo. The patients received Psoralen Ultra-Violet A (PUVA) phototherapy, cancer chemotherapy, immunosuppressants and corticosteroids. A majority of the patients showed response to the treatment. They demonstrated an improvement in their vitiligo area scoring index (VASI) scores.

In recent years, magnesium-based alloys and composites have great attention in automobile, structural, and biomedical industries due to their desirable characteristics such as lower density, low elastic modulus, high specific strength, better damping properties, and excellent castability. The pure magnesium was used as a matrix material and reinforced with fly ash fillers of different compositions with a weight percentage of 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% to compare with the pure magnesium. The three different weights (wt%) of fly ash/Mg samples were prepared using the bottom pouring stir casting method. Fabricated samples sliding wear characteristics and mechanical behaviour (ASTM standard) were studied. Wear, tensile, and hardness results portray that 7.5 wt% fly ash composites possess better elongation and hardness and good wear resistance. The tensile strength values were improved by 42% in sample 4 compared with pure Mg. Hardness values were also improved by 21% in sample 4 compared with pure Mg. The wear rate and coefficient of friction are also reduced by the increased weight percentage of fly ash reinforcement. SEM images display casted pure magnesium's morphology and wear-tested samples' worn surface characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel stability indicating reverse phase liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous estimation of Losartan Potassium, Ramipril and Hydrochlorothiazide in bulk and Pharmaceutical formulations by using reverse phase Kromasil 100-5 C18 column [250mm x 4.6mm].The mobile phase (Methanol: phosphate buffer-pH 4.0) in the ratio of 70:30% v/v was pumped at a flow rate of 0.8ml/min and the column effluents were monitored at 233nm using Variable Wavelength UV detector. Linearity was obtained in the concentration range of 100-500 µg/ml for Losartan Potassium, 10-50 µg/ml for Ramipril and 20-100µg/ml for Hydrochlorothiazide. The established method was statistically validated according to the ICH Q2B guidelines and the percentage relative standard deviation for precision, robustness and ruggedness was found to be less than 2% indicating high degree of precision and robustness. The percentage recovery for the accuracy was found to be 100.76%, 96% and 98% for Losartan Potassium, Ramipril, and Hydrochlorothiazide respectively which were within the specified limits of recovery. Assay for the marketed formulation proved that 100.76% of Losartan Potassium and 96% of Ramipril and 98.22% of Hydrochlorothiazide. The proposed analytical method was observed for various stress condition and it was proved that more stable even under acidic, alkaline, peroxide and thermal degradation conditions. Hence due to its simplicity, rapidity, precision, accuracy and stability the developed HPLC method can be applied for the estimation of Losartan Potassium, Ramipril and Hydrochlorothiazide in pure and marketed formulations by a modern analyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]