Search

Aim: Recent evidence suggests that arterial hypertension could be alternatively explained as a physiological adaptation response to water shortage, termed aestivation, which relies on complex multi-organ metabolic adjustments to prevent dehydration. Here, we tested the hypothesis that chronic water loss across diseased skin leads to similar adaptive water conservation responses as observed in experimental renal failure or high salt diet. Methods: We studied mice with keratinocyte-specific overexpression of IL-17A which develop severe psoriasis-like skin disease. We measured transepidermal water loss and solute and water excretion in the urine. We quantified glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by intravital microscopy, and energy and nitrogen pathways by metabolomics. We measured skin blood flow and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) in conjunction with renal resistive indices and arterial blood pressure. Results: Psoriatic animals lost large amounts of water across their defective cutaneous epithelial barrier. Metabolic adaptive water conservation included mobilization of nitrogen and energy from muscle to increase organic osmolyte production, solute-driven maximal anti-diuresis at normal GFR, increased metanephrine and angiotensin 2 levels, and cutaneous vasoconstriction to limit TEWL. Heat exposure led to cutaneous vasodilation and blood pressure normalization without parallel changes in renal resistive index, albeit at the expense of further increased TEWL. Conclusion: Severe cutaneous water loss predisposes psoriatic mice to lethal dehydration. In response to this dehydration stress, the mice activate aestivation-like water conservation motifs to maintain their body hydration status. The circulatory water conservation response explains their arterial hypertension. The nitrogen-dependency of the metabolic water conservation response explains their catabolic muscle wasting. © 2021 The Authors. Acta Physiologica published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Scandinavian Physiological Society.

Effect of aerosol particles on global warming, i. e. mainly cooling and, in certain situations, warming, is considered roughly in two aspects of “direct” and “indirect” influence on radiation balance in the atmosphere. Because of not simple relationships among nature of aerosol particle, such as size, chemical composition, etc., cloud microphysics, and atmospheric dynamical field, “correct” quantitative evaluation of the “indirect” effect is, in particular, difficult, and its result tends to have large uncertainty. To reduce this uncertainty partially, we are developing AGCTM (Aerosol Global scale Chemical Transport Model) which can explicitly describe source-receptor relations on various chemical species forming aerosol particles. By using the model, we have performed numerical simulation of transport/chemistry/deposition of aerosols and other chemical species during 20 Feb to 31 Mar in 2001 on the occasion of TRACE-P campaign. Performance of our AGCTM has been evaluated mainly by comparing the calculation results with TSP (Total Suspended Particulates) concentration at various observation sites all over China.

IntroductionThe evolution of Antarctica and the Antarctic Ocean is vital to understanding the growth and breakup of super continent Gondwana. The reconstruction models of Gondwana have been established by many authors using geophysical data set as well as geological data (e.g. Norton and Sclater, 1978). The area around Syowa Station, the Japanese Antarctic wintering Station in Lützow- Holm Bay, is considered to be a junction of Africa, India, Madagascar, and Antarctic continents from the reconstruction models of Gondwana. Therefore this area is a key to investigate the formation and fragmentation of Gondwana. However, the tectonic evolution is still speculative because geological evidence is limited to a few isolated outcrops and the coverage with geophysical surveys in this area is poor.Joint Japanese-German airborne geophysical surveys around Syowa Station had been conducted in January 2006 during the 47th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition to reveal tectonic evolution of the area around Syowa Station. The observation lines are shown in Figure 1.Data The airborne geophysical surveys had been made along almost N-S observation lines with spacing of about 20 km. Ice radar measurements had been carried out onshore area and ice thickness data are obtained. Bed rock topography are estimated using RAMP surface elevation data set. Magnetic and gravity measurements had been conducted both onshore and offshore areas. Magnetic anomalies are determined after correcting diurnal geomagnetic variations at Syowa Station. Precise positions of the aircraft are determined using DGPS techniques and free-air gravity anomalies are also obtained. Those data are girded and plotted using GMT software (Wessel and Smith, 1998).ResultsThe results of bed rock topography, gravity and magnetic anomalies are shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Characteristic features possibly related to the tectonic evolution from the results are summarized as followings.. Large negative gravity anomalies are observed along the Shirase Glacier (A in Figure 3) and those almost correspond to deep bed rock topography. Two sets of positive and negative gravity anomalies are shown along ocean-continental transition (B in Figure 3). However, magnetic anomalies along ocean-continental transition indicate only one set. NW-SE trending positive magnetic anomalies are observed between 40°E and 43°E near Antarctic continental margin (A in Figure 4). Those almost correspond to the transitional zone from Amphibolite to Granulite faces in the Lützow-Holm Complex. NE-SW trending magnetic anomalies in offshore area possibly indicate magnetic anomaly lineations (B in Figure 4). Positive magnetic anomalies surrounded by negative ones are observed around Cape Hinode (C in Figure 4). DiscussionLarge negative gravity anomalies and deep bed topography along the Shirase Glacier (A in Figure 4) possibly indicate major geological boundaries. It has been inferred that the peak metamorphic grade of the Lützow-Holm Complex progressively increases in a southwestern direction from amphibolite-facies to granulite-facies conditions and higher metamorphic grade are observed near the Shirase Glacier (Hiroi et al., 1983). Therefore large negative gravity anomalies and deep bed topography along the Shirase Glacier most likely delineate southwestern boundary of the Lützow-Holm Complex.Characteristic magnetic anomaly features around Cape Hinode (C in Figure 5) may indicate an allochthonous unit in the Lützow-Holm Complex. The main orogenic activities of the Lützow-Holm Complex took place during the Latest Proterozoic ro Early Paleozoic times. However, older rocks around 1000 Ma were documented at Cape Hinode within the Lützow-Holm Complex (Shiraishi et al., 1994). Magnetic anomaly data will provide new constraints for constructing tectonic evolution model in this area.NE-SW trending magnetic anomalies (B in Figure 5) possibly represent M sequence magnetic anomaly lineations. ENE-WSW and E-W magnetic anomaly lineation trends, possibly belonging to the Mesozoic magnetic anomaly lineation sequence, accompanied by the NW-SE and NNW-SSE trending fracture zones are deduced from vector magnetic anomalies just seaward of the continental slope of Antarctica to the east of Gunnerus Ridge (Nogi et al. 1996). NE-SW trending magnetic anomalies show similar strikes of magnetic anomalies from vector magnetic anomalies. Two sets of positive and negative gravity along ocean-continental transition (B in Figure 4) possibly reflect initial breakup conditions of Gondwana. Magnetic anomalies along ocean-continental transition do not show two sets of positive and negative magnetic anomalies. However, possible magnetic anomaly lineation trends in this area are almost parallel to the trends of gravity anomalies along ocean-continental transition and those imply that the direction of initial extension are normal to present coast line of Antarctica in this area. Two sets of positive and negative gravity along ocean-continental transition may suggest initial extension of Gondwana breakup.ConclusionsThe outline of ice thickness, bed rock topography, gravity and magnetic anomaly results in the area around Syowa Station are shown. Characteristic features from the results are indicated and discussed. These results provide new constraints on the tectonic evolution in the area a junction of Africa, India, Madagascar, and Antarctic continents of Gondwana. Further data analysis are carrying out and detailed discussion will be made based on those results.