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Background: Esophageal cancer (EC) ranks number 8 in incidence among all cancers worldwide and was the 6th. most common cause of cancer mortality in 2020. In Kenya, EC is the fourth most common cancer. EC has uneven geographical, age and gender distribution and establishing local characteristics would contribute to the overall management. Objective: To describe the characteristics of Esophageal cancer among Kenyans. Design: Retrospective chart review. Setting(s): Institutions offering endoscopy services in Eldoret. Participants: Patients who had undergone upper gastrointestinal tract (GI) endoscopy between May 1993 and April 2003. Methods: Records of patients who underwent upper GI endoscopy between May 1993 and April 2003 in Eldoret were reviewed. Information on age, gender, endoscopic diagnosis, site of esophageal lesion, biopsy and histology report was abstracted. STATA statistical software was used for analysis. Means and proportions were calculated to describe the patients. Results: Of the 1,690 patients who underwent endoscopy, 199 (11.8%), mean age of 58.87 + 14.89 (18 - 91 years), 56.8% (113) males had lesions consistent with EC. Reasons for referral for endoscopy were: dysphagia; 127 (63.8%) and clinical diagnosis of cancer of esophagus; 40 (20.1%). Fifty three percent of the lesions were situated between 25 - 33 centimeters and 30.6 % between 34-42 centimeters of the esophagus. Biopsy reports were available for 158 patients, which showed squamous cell carcinoma in 99 (62.7%); and adenocarcinoma in 5 (3.2%) participants. Conclusion: Squamous cell carcinoma is the commonest histopathological type in these patients and mainly affects the lower 2/3 of the esophagus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind energy continues to stand out as a more established and mature technology to offset a large proportion of power. Efforts aimed at improving wind energy use to meet the energy demand in turbulent urban wind environment have been the main technical focus. In previous studies on wind resource and behavior in urban environment, different designs of horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) have been reviewed. This paper vividly captures the fact that wind resource has a great potential to be fully explored and developed in the urban environment. Varying ways of application and application techniques being applied for electrical generation, ventilation and pollution dispersion, onshore cooling and dehumidification of coastal urban cities, and economics and environmental benefits of applying wind energy in urban environments are summarized. Although many new ideas and solutions that factor technical, economical and environmental sustainability in urban areas are coming up every day, challenges in design are gradually being solved to take advantage of urban low and turbulent wind speed characteristics, installation space challenges, vibration and noise reduction, among others. Some of the unique solutions that have been and are being developed in the applications of wind energy technology in urban environments are also reported in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]