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Background: Many recommendations regarding peritonitis prevention in international consensus guidelines are opinion-based rather than evidence-based. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter insertion technique, timing of gastrostomy placement, and use of prophylactic antibiotics prior to dental, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary procedures on the risk of peritonitis in pediatric patients on PD. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of pediatric patients on maintenance PD using data from the SCOPE collaborative from 2011 to 2022. Data pertaining to laparoscopic PD catheter insertion (vs. open), gastrostomy placement after PD catheter insertion (vs. before/concurrent), and no prophylactic antibiotics (vs. yes) were obtained. Multivariable generalized linear mixed modeling was used to assess the relationship between each exposure and occurrence of peritonitis. Results: There was no significant association between PD catheter insertion technique and development of peritonitis (aOR = 2.50, 95% CI 0.64–9.80, p = 0.19). Patients who had a gastrostomy placed after PD catheter insertion had higher rates of peritonitis, but the difference was not statistically significant (aOR = 3.19, 95% CI 0.90–11.28, p = 0.07). Most patients received prophylactic antibiotics prior to procedures, but there was no significant association between prophylactic antibiotic use and peritonitis (aOR = 1.74, 95% CI 0.23–13.11, p = 0.59). Conclusions: PD catheter insertion technique does not appear to have a significant impact on peritonitis risk. Timing of gastrostomy placement may have some impact on peritonitis risk. Further study must be done to clarify the effect of prophylactic antibiotics on peritonitis risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Initiation of continuous kidney replacement therapy (CKRT) greater than 20% fluid overload is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. We aimed to reduce the number of patients initiated on CKRT greater than 20% fluid overload by 50% in one year by implementation of a quality improvement initiative. Methods: This is a prospective quality improvement study set in a pediatric ICU of an urban children's hospital of patients initiated on CKRT over 2 years. The intervention included creation of an electronic health record order for daily calculation of net percent fluid overload, incorporation into daily rounds, and education programs tailored to physicians and bedside nursing. We measured adherence with the new order set, percent fluid overload at CKRT initiation, days on CKRT, timing of first nephrology consultation, and death prior to discharge. Results: A total of 32% of patients were initiated on CKRT greater than 20% fluid overload pre-initiative and 9% post-initiative, a 72% reduction over 13 months. Patients initiated on CKRT greater than 20% fluid overload had median CKRT course of 8 (IQR 4–14) vs. 22 days (IQR 13.5–62). Conclusion: Creating a system using EHR with education may reduce initiation of CKRT after development of severe fluid overload. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is the preferred chronic dialysis modality amongst pediatric patients. Peritonitis is a devastating complication of PD. Adult data demonstrates early onset peritonitis (EP) is associated with higher rates of subsequent peritonitis and technique failure. Limited data exists regarding EP in the pediatric population, here defined as peritonitis occurring within 60 days of catheter insertion. Methods: PD catheter insertion practices and EP episodes were examined from the Standardizing Care to Improve Outcomes in Pediatric End Stage Renal Disease (SCOPE) collaborative database. Results: There were 98 episodes of EP amongst 1106 PD catheters inserted. Multivariable analysis demonstrated a significant association between early use of the PD catheter and EP (P = 0.001). Age less than 1 year at the time of catheter insertion (P < 0.001), first catheter placed (P < 0.001) for the patient, use of a plastic adapter (P = 0.003), placement of sutures at the exit site (ES) (P = 0.032), and dressing change prior to 7 days post-operatively (P < 0.001) were all significantly associated with early PD catheter use. Concurrent placement of a hemodialysis catheter was associated with a decreased risk for early PD catheter use (P = 0.010). Conclusions: In this large cohort of pediatric PD recipients, 8.4% of PD catheters were associated with the development of EP. The finding of an association between early use of the PD catheter and EP represents a potentially modifiable risk factor to reduce infection rates within this patient population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Continuous kidney replacement therapy (CKRT) is a mainstay of therapy for management of severe acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill pediatric patients. There is limited data on the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) after discharge in this population. Methods: This is a single-center, retrospective cohort study of all pediatric patients ages 0–17 years who received CKRT from 2013 to 2017. The study excluded patients with pre-existing CKD, those who died prior to discharge, and those who had insufficient follow-up data. Patients were followed after hospital discharge and electronic health record data was collected and analyzed to assess for incidence of and risk factors for kidney sequelae. Results: A total of 42 patients were followed at a median time of 27 months (IQR 17.2, 39.8). Of these, 26.2% had evidence of CKD and 19% were at risk for CKD. Lower eGFR at hospital discharge was associated with increased odds of kidney sequelae (aOR 0.985; 95% CI 0.972, 0.996). Ages 0– < 1 and 12–17 were not significantly different (aOR 0.235, 95% CI 0.024, 1.718) and had the highest incidence of kidney sequelae (50% and 77%, respectively). Ages 1–5 and 6–11 had a decreased odds of kidney sequelae compared to the 12–17 year age group (aOR 0.098; 95% CI 0.009, 0.703 and aOR 0.035; 95% CI 0.001, 0.39, respectively). Only 54.8% of patients (n = 23) were seen in the nephrology clinic after discharge. Conclusions: Patients who receive CKRT for AKI have a significant risk of CKD, while follow-up with a pediatric nephrologist in these high-risk patients is sub-optimal. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adenovirus infection has been associated with the development of hemorrhagic cystitis in bone marrow transplant recipients. However, limited information exists regarding adenovirus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis in solid organ transplantation, especially in renal transplant recipients. In most cases, the disease is self-limited. However, some patients may have a protracted course. Although no particular antiviral agent has been identified as the gold standard of therapy, cidofovir has been found to be effective in a number of bone marrow transplant recipients. In this study, we report a five-yr-old boy who presented with adenovirus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis 68 days after renal transplant and was successfully treated with reduction of immunosuppression and an intermediate dose of intravenous cidofovir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are a leading cause of hospitalizations and mortality among patients receiving hemodialysis (HD) therapy, especially those with a central venous catheter (CVC) for dialysis access. The use of chlorhexidine impregnated catheter caps (ClearGuard) has been associated with a decrease in the rate of HD catheter-related BSIs (CA-BSIs) in adults; similar data have not been published for children. Methods: We compared CA-BSI data from participating centers within the Standardizing Care to Improve Outcomes in Pediatric Endstage Kidney Disease (SCOPE) collaborative based on the center's use of ClearGuard caps for patients with HD catheter access. Centers were characterized as ClearGuard (CG) or non-ClearGuard (NCG) centers, with CA-BSI data pre- and post-CG implementation reviewed. All positive blood cultures in participating centers were reported to the SCOPE collaborative and adjudicated by an infectious disease physician. Results: Data were available from 1786 SCOPE enrollment forms completed January 2016–January 2022. January 2020 served as the implementation date for analyzing CG versus NCG center data, with this being the time when the last CG center underwent implementation. Post January 2020, there was a greater decrease in the rate of HD CA-BSI in CG centers versus NCG centers, with a decrease from 1.18 to 0.23 and 0.41 episodes per 100 patient months for the CG and NCG centers, respectively (p = 0.002). Conclusions: Routine use of ClearGuard caps in pediatric dialysis centers was associated with a reduction of HD CA-BSI rates in pediatric HD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Survival to hospital discharge in neonates born with kidney failure has not been previously described. Methods: This was a retrospective, observational analysis of the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database from 2005 to 2019. Primary outcome was survival at discharge; secondary outcomes were hospital and ICU length of stay (LOS). Univariate analysis was performed to describe the population by birth weight (BW) and characterize survival; multivariable generalized liner mixed modeling assuming a binomial distribution and logit link was performed to identify mortality risk factors. Results: Of 213 neonates born with kidney failure (median BW 2714 g; GA 35 weeks; 68% male), 4 (1.9%) did not receive dialysis or peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter placement, 152 (72.9%) received PD only, 49 (23.4%) received PD plus extracorporeal dialysis (ECD), and 8 (3.4%) were treated with an undocumented dialysis modality. Median age at dialysis initiation was 7 days; median hospital LOS and ICU LOS were 84 and 69 days, respectively. One-hundred and sixty-two patients (76%) survived to discharge. Non-survivors (n = 51) were more likely to have received ECD and mechanical ventilation, and had a longer duration of mechanical ventilation. Every day of mechanical ventilation increased the mortality odds by 2% (n = 189; adjusted OR 1.02; 1.01, 1.03); in addition, the odds of mortality were 2 times higher in those who received ECD vs. only PD (adjusted OR 2.25; 1.04, 4.86). Conclusions: Survival to initial hospital discharge occurs in the majority of neonates born with kidney failure. Predictors of increased mortality included longer duration of mechanical ventilation, as well as the requirement for ECD. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In its first 3 years, the Standardizing Care to Improve Outcomes in Pediatric End Stage Renal Disease (SCOPE) Collaborative demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the likelihood of compliance with a standardized follow-up care bundle and a significant reduction in peritonitis. We sought to determine if compliance with care bundles and low peritonitis rates could be sustained in centers continuously participating for 84 months. Methods: Centers that participated from collaborative launch through the 84-month study period and provided pre-launch peritonitis rates were included. Children on maintenance peritoneal dialysis were eligible for enrollment. Changes in bundle compliance were assessed using a logistic regression model or a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM). Changes in average annualized peritonitis rates over time were modeled using GLMMs. Results: Nineteen centers contributed 1055 patients with 1268 catheters and 17,247 follow-up encounters. The likelihood of follow-up compliance increased significantly over the study period (OR 1.05 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03, 1.07; p < 0.001). Centers achieved ≥ 80% follow-up bundle compliance by 28 months and maintained a mean compliance of 84% between 28 and 84 months post-launch. Average monthly peritonitis rates decreased from 0.53 (95% CI 0.37, 0.70) infections per patient-year pre-launch to 0.30 (95% CI 0.23, 0.43) at 84 months post-launch, p < 0.001. Conclusions: Centers participating in the SCOPE Collaborative for 84 months achieved and maintained a high level of compliance with a standardized follow-up care bundle and demonstrated a significant and continued reduction in average monthly peritonitis rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:: Post-infectious glomerulonephritis (PIGN) is an immune complex-mediated glomerular injury that typically resolves. Dominant C3 deposition is characteristic of PIGN, but with the emergence of C3 glomerulonephritis (C3GN) as a distinct entity, it is unclear how the pathologic similarities between PIGN and C3GN should be reconciled. Therefore, nephrologists and nephropathologists need additional guidance at the time of biopsy. Methods: We studied 23 pediatric and young adult patients diagnosed with PIGN. Patients were divided into two groups, one with co-dominance between C3 and immunoglobulins and the other meeting proposed diagnostic criteria for C3GN. Clinical and pathological features were compared. Results: No clinical and/or pathological features could distinguish between those with C3-co-dominant deposits and those with C3 dominance. Nearly all patients in both groups regained their baseline renal function without clinical intervention. Conclusions: Although the identification of abnormalities of the alternative pathway of complement is characteristic of C3GN, testing is not widely available and the turnaround time often exceeds 1 month. Our study found that PIGN with either codominant or dominant C3 deposition in a cohort of young patients has excellent short-term outcomes. Close clinical observation for persistent abnormalities, such as hypocomplementemia, prolonged hematuria or proteinuria, is recommended to single out patients that may harbor intrinsic complement abnormalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pauci-immune glomerulonephritis (GN) represents a severe form of glomerular injury and is the most common cause of crescentic GN in adults. To date, the clinicopathologic features of pauci-immune GN are not well characterized in the pediatric population. Methods: Twenty-six biopsies from 21 pediatric patients with pauci-immune GN were identified retrospectively from the pathology archives of the University of Chicago (biopsy incidence 5 % among pediatric patients). Results: There was distinct female predominance (2.5:1) among the patient cohort. Serologic studies identified anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) in 85 % of patients, and 80 % had systemic manifestations of vasculitis. The median estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at presentation was 43 ml/min/1.73 m. Based on a previously proposed classification of ANCA-associated GN, we identified a spectrum of injury, including crescentic ( n = 9), focal ( n = 7), mixed ( n = 5) and sclerotic GN ( n = 5). Necrotizing arteritis was identified in a minority of patients ( n = 3). The majority of those patients for whom data were available had been treated with cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids, with or without rituximab. Of the 21 pediatric patients, 58 % had developed chronic kidney disease at follow-up (eGFR <90 ml/min/1.73 m), of whom 85 % of those had crescentic, mixed or sclerotic GN. Conclusion: Pediatric patients with pauci-immune GN are similar to their adult counterparts in terms of clinical manifestations and histopathologic findings. Among the 21 patients in our study, those with focal GN had the best outcomes while patients with crescentic, mixed or sclerotic GN overwhelmingly had a poor long-term outcome for kidney function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]