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16 results on '"Kawabata, K. S"'

1. Evidence for bipolar explosions in Type IIP supernovae.

Author

Nagao, T., Maeda, K., Mattila, S., Kuncarayakti, H., Kawabata, M., Taguchi, K., Nakaoka, T., Cikota, A., Bulla, M., Vasylyev, S. S., Gutiérrez, C. P., Yamanaka, M., Isogai, K., Uno, K., Ogawa, M., Inutsuka, S., Tsurumi, M., Imazawa, R., and Kawabata, K. S.

Subjects
BREWSTER'S angle, SUPERNOVAE, EXPLOSIONS, HYDROGEN, GEOMETRY
Abstract

Aims. Recent observations of core-collapse supernovae (SNe) suggest aspherical explosions. Globally, aspherical structures in SN explosions are thought to encode information regarding the underlying explosion mechanism. However, the exact explosion geometries from the inner cores to the outer envelopes are poorly understood. Methods. Here, we present photometric, spectroscopic, and polarimetric observations of the Type IIP SN 2021yja and discuss its explosion geometry in comparison to those of other Type IIP SNe that show large-scale aspherical structures in their hydrogen envelopes (SNe 2012aw, 2013ej and 2017gmr). Results. During the plateau phase, SNe 2012aw and 2021yja exhibit high continuum polarization characterized by two components with perpendicular polarization angles. This behavior can be interpreted as being due to a bipolar explosion, where the SN ejecta is composed of a polar (energetic) component and an equatorial (bulk) component. In such a bipolar explosion, an aspherical axis created by the polar ejecta would dominate at early phases, while the perpendicular axis along the equatorial ejecta would emerge at late phases after the photosphere in the polar ejecta has receded. Our interpretation of the explosions in SNe 2012aw and 2021yja as bipolar is also supported by other observational properties, including the time evolution of the line velocities and the line shapes in the nebular spectra. The polarization of other Type IIP SNe that show large-scale aspherical structures in the hydrogen envelope (SNe 2013ej and 2017gmr) is also consistent with the bipolar-explosion scenario, although this is not conclusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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2. An Asymmetric, Energetic Type Ic Supernova Viewed Off-Axis, and a Link to Gamma-Ray Bursts

Author

Mazzali, P. A., Kawabata, K. S., Maeda, K., Nomoto, K., Filippenko, A. V., Ramirez-Ruiz, E., Benetti, S., Pian, E., Deng, J., Tominaga, N., Ohyama, Y., Iye, M., Foley, R. J., Matheson, T., Wang, L., and Gal-Yam, A.

Subjects
Astrophysics
Abstract

Type Ic supernovae, the explosions following the core collapse of massive stars that have previously lost their hydrogen and helium envelopes, are particularly interesting because of the link with long-duration gamma-ray bursts. Although indications exist that these explosions are aspherical, direct evidence has still been missing. Late-time observations of SN 2003jd, a luminous Type Ic supernova, provide such evidence. Recent Subaru and Keck spectra reveal double-peaked profiles in the nebular lines of neutral oxygen and magnesium. These profiles are different from those of known Type Ic supernovae, with or without a gamma-ray burst, and they can be understood if SN 2003jd was an aspherical, axisymmetric explosion viewed from near the equatorial plane. If SN 2003jd was associated with a gamma-ray burst, we missed the burst as it was pointing away from us., Comment: To be published in Science on 27 May 2005. 14 pages, 4 figures

Published
2005
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3. Gamma-Ray Emission Concurrent with the Nova in the Symbiotic Binary V407 Cygni

Author

Abdo, A. A., Ackermann, M., Ajello, M., Atwood, W. B., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Barbiellini, G., Bastieri, D., Bechtol, K., Bellazzini, R., Berenji, B., Blandford, R. D., Bloom, E. D., Bonamente, E., Borgland, A. W., Bouvier, A., Brandt, T. J., Bregeon, J., Brez, A., Brigida, M., Bruel, P., Buehler, R., Burnett, T. H., Buson, S., Caliandro, G. A., Cameron, R. A., Caraveo, P. A., Carrigan, S., Casandjian, J. M., Cecchi, C., Celik, O., Charles, E., Chaty, S., Chekhtman, A., Cheung, C. C., Chiang, J., Ciprini, S., Claus, R., Cohen-Tanugi, J., Conrad, J., Corbel, S., Corbet, R., DeCesar, M. E., den Hartog, P. R., Dermer, C. D., de Palma, F., Digel, S. W., Donato, D., do Couto e Silva, E., Drell, P. S., Dubois, R., Dubus, G., Dumora, D., Favuzzi, C., Fegan, S. J., Ferrara, E. C, Fortin, P., Frailis, M., Fuhrmann, L., Fukazawa, Y., Funk, S., Fusco, P., Gargano, F., Gaspamini, D., Gehrels, N., Germani, S., Giglietto, N., Giordano, F., Giroletti, M., Glanzman, T., Godfrey, G., Grenier, I. A., Grondin, M.-H., Grove, J. E., Guiriec, S., Hadasch, D., Harding, A. K., Hayashida, M., Hays, E., Healey, S. E., Hill, A. B., Horan, D., Hughes, R. E., Itoh, R., Jean, P., Jóhannesson, G., Johnson, A. S., Johnson, R. P., Johnson, T. J., Johnson, W. N., Kamae, T., Katagiri, H., Kataoka, J., Kerr, M., Knödlseder, J., Koerding, E., Kuss, M., Lande, J., Latronico, L., Lee, S.-H., Lemoine-Goumard, M., Garde, Llena M., Longo, F., Loparco, F., Lott, B., Lovellette, M. N., Lubrano, P., Makeev, A., Mazziotta, M. N., McConville, W., McEnery, J. E., Mehault, J., Michelson, P. F., Mizuno, T., Moiseev, A. A., Monte, C., Monzani, M. E., Morselli, A., Moskalenko, I. V., Murgia, S., Nakamori, T., Naumann-Godo, M., Nestoras, I., Nolan, P. L., Norris, J. P., Nuss, E., Ohno, M., Ohsugi, T., Okumura, A., Omodei, N., Orlando, E., Ormes, J. F., Ozaki, M., Paneque, D., Panetta, J. H., Parent, D., Pelassa, V., Pepe, M., Pesce-Rollins, M., Piron, F., Porter, T. A, Raino, S., Rando, R., Ray, P. S., Razzano, M., Razzaque, S., Rea, N., Reimer, A., Reimer, O., Reposeur, T., Ripken, J., Ritz, S., Romani, R. W., Roth, M., Sadrozinski, H. F.-W., Sander, A., Saz Parkinson, P. M., Scargle, J. D., Schinzel, F. K., Sgrò, C., Shaw, M. S., Siskind, E. J., Smith, D. A., Smith, P. D., Sokolovsky, K. V., Spandre, G., Spinelli, P., Stawarz, L., Strickman, M. S., Suson, D. J., Takahashi, H., Takahashi, T., Tanaka, T., Tanaka, Y., Thayer, J. B., Thayer, J. G., Thompson, D. J., Tibaldo, L., Torres, D. F., Tosti, G., Tramacere, A., Uchiyama, Y., Usher, T. L, Vandenbroucke, J., Vasileiou, V., Vilchez, N., Vitale, V., Waite, A. P., Wallace, E., Wang, P., Winer, B. L, Wolff, M. T., Wood, K. S., Yang, Z., Ylinen, T., Ziegler, M., Maehara, H., Nishiyama, K., Kabashima, F., Bach, U., Bower, G. C., Falcone, A., Forster, J. R., Henden, A., Kawabata, K. S., Koubsky, P., Mukai, K., Nelson, T., Oates, S. R., Sakimoto, K., Sasada, M., Shenavrin, V. I., Shore, S. N., Skinner, G. K., Sokoloski, J., Stroh, M., Tatarnikov, A. M., Uemura, M., Wahlgren, G. M., and Yamanaka, M.

Published
2010
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5. A change in the optical polarization associated with a γ-ray flare in the blazar 3C 279

Author

Abdo, A. A., Ackermann, M., Ajello, M., Axelsson, M., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Barbiellini, G., Bastieri, D., Baughman, B. M., Bechtol, K., Bellazzini, R., Berenji, B., Blandford, R. D., Bloom, E. D., Bock, D. C.-J., Bogart, J. R., Bonamente, E., Borgland, A. W., Bouvier, A., Bregeon, J., Brez, A., Brigida, M., Bruel, P., Burnett, T. H., Buson, S., Caliandro, G. A., Cameron, R. A., Caraveo, P. A., Casandjian, J. M., Cavazzuti, E., Cecchi, C., Çelik, Ö., Chekhtman, A., Cheung, C. C., Chiang, J., Ciprini, S., Claus, R., Cohen-Tanugi, J., Collmar, W., Cominsky, L. R., Conrad, J., Corbel, S., Corbet, R., Costamante, L., Cutini, S., Dermer, C. D., de Angelis, A., de Palma, F., Digel, S. W., do Couto e Silva, E., Drell, P. S., Dubois, R., Dumora, D., Farnier, C., Favuzzi, C., Fegan, S. J., Ferrara, E. C., Focke, W. B., Fortin, P., Frailis, M., Fuhrmann, L., Fukazawa, Y., Funk, S., Fusco, P., Gargano, F., Gasparrini, D., Gehrels, N., Germani, S., Giebels, B., Giglietto, N., Giommi, P., Giordano, F., Giroletti, M., Glanzman, T., Godfrey, G., Grenier, I. A., Grove, J. E., Guillemot, L., Guiriec, S., Hanabata, Y., Harding, A. K., Hayashida, M., Hays, E., Horan, D., Hughes, R. E., Iafrate, G., Itoh, R., Jackson, M. S., Jóhannesson, G., Johnson, A. S., Johnson, W. N., Kadler, M., Kamae, T., Katagiri, H., Kataoka, J., Kawai, N., Kerr, M., Knödlseder, J., Kocian, M. L., Kuss, M., Lande, J., Larsson, S., Latronico, L., Lemoine-Goumard, M., Longo, F., Loparco, F., Lott, B., Lovellette, M. N., Lubrano, P., Macquart, J., Madejski, G. M., Makeev, A., Max-Moerbeck, W., Mazziotta, M. N., McConville, W., McEnery, J. E., McGlynn, S., Meurer, C., Michelson, P. F., Mitthumsiri, W., Mizuno, T., Moiseev, A. A., Monte, C., Monzani, M. E., Morselli, A., Moskalenko, I. V., Murgia, S., Nestoras, I., Nolan, P. L., Norris, J. P., Nuss, E., Ohsugi, T., Okumura, A., Omodei, N., Orlando, E., Ormes, J. F., Paneque, D., Panetta, J. H., Parent, D., Pavlidou, V., Pearson, T. J., Pelassa, V., Pepe, M., Pesce-Rollins, M., Piron, F., Porter, T. A., Rainò, S., Rando, R., Razzano, M., Readhead, A., Reimer, A., Reimer, O., Reposeur, T., Reyes, L. C., Richards, J. L., Rochester, L. S., Rodriguez, A. Y., Roth, M., Ryde, F., Sadrozinski, H. F.-W., Sanchez, D., Sander, A., Saz Parkinson, P. M., Scargle, J. D., Sgrò, C., Shaw, M. S., Shrader, C., Siskind, E. J., Smith, D. A., Smith, P. D., Spandre, G., Spinelli, P., Stawarz, L., Stevenson, M., Strickman, M. S., Suson, D. J., Tajima, H., Takahashi, H., Takahashi, T., Tanaka, T., Taylor, G. B., Thayer, J. B., Thayer, J. G., Thompson, D. J., Tibaldo, L., Torres, D. F., Tosti, G., Tramacere, A., Uchiyama, Y., Usher, T. L., Vasileiou, V., Vilchez, N., Vitale, V., Waite, A. P., Wang, P., Wehrle, A. E., Winer, B. L., Wood, K. S., Ylinen, T., Zensus, J. A., Ziegler, M., Uemura, M., Ikejiri, Y., Kawabata, K. S., Kino, M., Sakimoto, K., Sasada, M., Sato, S., Yamanaka, M., Villata, M., Raiteri, C. M., Agudo, I., Aller, H. D., Aller, M. F., Angelakis, E., Arkharov, A. A., Bach, U., Benítez, E., Berdyugin, A., Blinov, D. A., Boettcher, M., Buemi, C. S., Chen, W. P., Dolci, M., Dultzin, D., Efimova, N. V., Gurwell, M. A., Gusbar, C., Gómez, J. L., Heidt, J., Hiriart, D., Hovatta, T., Jorstad, S. G., Konstantinova, T. S., Kopatskaya, E. N., Koptelova, E., Kurtanidze, O. M., Lahteenmaki, A., Larionov, V. M., Larionova, E. G., Leto, P., Lin, H. C., Lindfors, E., Marscher, A. P., McHardy, I. M., Melnichuk, D. A., Mommert, M., Nilsson, K., Di Paola, A., Reinthal, R., Richter, G. M., Roca-Sogorb, M., Roustazadeh, P., Sigua, L. A., Takalo, L. O., Tornikoski, M., Trigilio, C., Troitsky, I. S., Umana, G., Villforth, C., Grainge, K., Moderski, R., Nalewajko, K., and Sikora, M.

Published
2010
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6. An optical spectrum of the afterglow of a γ-ray burst at a redshift of z = 6.295

Author

Kawai, N., Kosugi, G., Aoki, K., Yamada, T., Totani, T., Ohta, K., Iye, M., Hattori, T., Aoki, W., Furusawa, H., Hurley, K., Kawabata, K. S., Kobayashi, N., Komiyama, Y., Mizumoto, Y., Nomoto, K., Noumaru, J., Ogasawara, R., Sato, R., Sekiguchi, K., Shirasaki, Y., Suzuki, M., Takata, T., Tamagawa, T., Terada, H., Watanabe, J., Yatsu, Y., and Yoshida, A.

Published
2006

7. Multimessenger observations of a flaring blazar coincident with high-energy neutrino IceCube-170922A

Author

Aartsen, M. G., Ackermann, M., Adams, J., Aguilar, J. A., Ahlers, M., Ahrens, M., Al Samarai, I., Altmann, D., Andeen, K., Anderson, T., Ansseau, I., Anton, G., Argüelles, C., Auffenberg, J., Axani, S., Bagherpour, H., Bai, X., Barron, J. P., Barwick, S. W. Baum V., Bay, R., Beatty, J. J., Becker Tjus, J., Becker, K. -H., Benzvi, S., Berley, D., Bernardini, E., Besson, D. Z., Binder, G., Bindig, D., Blaufuss, E., Blot, S., Bohm, C., Börner, M., Bos, F., Böser, S., Botner, O., Bourbeau, E., Bourbeau, J., Bradascio, F., Braun, J., Brenzke, M., Bretz, H. -P., Bron, S., Brostean-Kaiser, J., Burgman, A., Busse, R. S., Carver, T., Cheung, E., Chirkin, D., Christov, A., Clark, K., Classen, L., Coenders, S., Collin, G. H., Conrad, J. M., Coppin, P., Correa, P., Cowen, D. F., Cross, R., Dave, P., Day, M., de André, J. P. A. M., De Clercq, C., Delaunay, J. J., Dembinski, H., De Ridder, S., Desiati, P., de Vries, K. D., de Wasseige, G., de With, M., Deyoung, T., Díaz-Vélez, J. C., di Lorenzo, V., Dujmovic, H., Dumm, J. P., Dunkman, M., Dvorak, E., Eberhardt, B., Ehrhardt, T., Eichmann, B., Eller, P., Evenson, P. A., Fahey, S., Fazely, A. R., Felde, J., Filimonov, K., Finley, C., Flis, S., Franckowiak, A., Friedman, E., Fritz, A., Gaisser, T. K., Gallagher, J., Gerhardt, L., Ghorbani, K., Glauch, T., Glüsenkamp, T., Goldschmidt, A., Gonzalez, J. G., Grant, D., Griffith, Z., Haack, C., Hallgren, A., Halzen, F., Hanson, K., Hebecker, D., Heereman, D., Helbing, K., Hellauer, R., Hickford, S., Hignight, J., Hill, G. C., Hoffman, K. D., Hoffmann, R., Hoinka, T., Hokanson-Fasig, B., Hoshina, K., Huang, F., Huber, M., Hultqvist, K., Hünnefeld, M., Hussain, R., In, S., Iovine, N., Ishihara, A., Jacobi, E., Japaridze, G. S., Jeong, M., Jero, K., Jones, B. J. P., Kalaczynski, P., Kang, W., Kappes, A., Kappesser, D., Karg, T., Karle, A., Katz, U., Kauer, M., Keivani, A., Kelley, J. L., Kheirandish, A., Kim, J., Kim, M., Kintscher, T., Kiryluk, J., Kittler, T., Klein, S. R., Koirala, R., Kolanoski, H., Köpke, L., Kopper, C., Kopper, S., Koschinsky, J. P., Koskinen, D. J., Kowalski, M., Krings, K., Kroll, M., Krückl, G., Kunwar, S., Kurahashi, N., Kuwabara, T., Kyriacou, A., Labare, M., Lanfranchi, J. L., Larson, M. J., Lauber, F., Leonard, K., Lesiak-Bzdak, M., Leuermann, M., Liu, Q. R., Lozano Mariscal, C. J., Lu, L., Lünemann, J., Luszczak, W., Madsen, J., Maggi, G., Mahn, K. B. M., Mancina, S., Maruyama, R., Mase, K., Maunu, R., Meagher, K., Medici, M., Meier, M., Menne, T., Merino, G., Meures, T., Miarecki, S., Micallef, J., Momenté, G., Montaruli, T., Moore, R. W., S, Morse, R., Moulai, M., Nahnhauer, R., Nakarmi, P., Naumann, U., Neer, G., Niederhausen, H., Nowicki, S. C., Nygren, D. R., Obertacke Pollmann, A., Olivas, A., O'Murchadha, A., O'Sullivan, E., Palczewski, T., Pandya, H., Pankova, D. V., Peiffer, P., Pepper, J. A., Pérez de los Heros, C., Pieloth, D., Pinat, E., Plum, M., Price, P. B., Przybylski, G. T., Raab, C., Rädel, L., Rameez, M., Rauch, L., Rawlins, K., Rea, I. C., Reimann, R., Relethford, B., Relich, M., Resconi, E., Rhode, W., Richman, M., Robertson, S., Rongen, M., Rott, C., Ruhe, T., Ryckbosch, D., Rysewyk, D., Safa, I., Sälzer, T., Sanchez Herrera, S. E., Sandrock, A., Sandroos, J., Santander, M., Sarkar, S., Satalecka, K., Schlunder, P., Schmidt, T., Schneider, A., Schoenen, S., Schöneberg, S., Schumacher, L., Sclafani, S., Seckel, D., Seunarine, S., Soedingrekso, J., Soldin, D., Song, M., Spiczak, G. M., Spiering, C., Stachurska, J., Stamatikos, M., Stanev, T., Stasik, A., Stein, R., Stettner, J., Steuer, A., Stezelberger, T., Stokstad, R. G., Stößl, A., Strotjohann, N. L., Stuttard, T., Sullivan, G. W., Sutherland, M., Taboada, I., Tatar, J., Tenholt, F., Ter-Antonyan, S., Terliuk, A., Tilav, S., Toale, P. A., Tobin, M. N., Toennis, C., Toscano, S., Tosi, D., Tselengidou, M., Tung, C. F., Turcati, A., Turley, C. F., Ty, B., Unger, E., Usner, M., Vandenbroucke, J., Van Driessche, W., van Eijk, D., van Eijndhoven, N., Vanheule, S., van Santen, J., Vogel, E., Vraeghe, M., Walck, C., Wallace, A., Wallraff, M., Wandler, F. D., Wandkowsky, N., Waza, A., Weaver, C., Weiss, M. J., Wendt, C., Werthebach, J., Westerhoff, S., Whelan, B. J., Whitehorn, N., Wiebe, K., Wiebusch, C. H., Wille, L., Williams, D. R., Wills, L., Wolf, M., Wood, J., Wood, T. R., Woschnagg, K., D. L., Xu, X. W., Xu, Xu, Y., Yanez, J. P., Yodh, G., Yoshida, S., Yuan, T., Fermi-LAT, Collaboration, Abdollahi, S., Ajello, M., Angioni, R., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Barbiellini, G., Bastieri, D., Bechtol, K., Bellazzini, R., Berenji, B., Bissaldi, E., Blandford, R. D., Bonino, R., Bottacini, E., Bregeon, J., Bruel, P., Buehler, R., Burnett, T. H., Burns, E., Buson, S., Cameron, R. A., Caputo, R., Caraveo, P. A., Cavazzuti, E., Charles, E., Chen, S., Cheung, C. C., Chiang, J., Chiaro, G., Ciprini, S., Cohen-Tanugi, J., Conrad, J., Costantin, D., Cutini, S., D'Ammando, F., de Palma, F., Digel, S. W., Di Lalla, N., Di Mauro, M., Di Venere, L., Domínguez, A., Favuzzi, C., Fukazawa, Y., Funk, S., Fusco, P., Gargano, F., Gasparrini, D., Giglietto, N., Giomi, M., Giommi, P., Giordano, F., Giroletti, M., Glanzman, T., Green, D., Grenier, I. A., Grondin, M. -H., Guiriec, S., Harding, A. K., Hayashida, M., Hays, E., Hewitt, J. W., Horan, D., Jóhannesson, G., Kadler, M., Kensei, S., Kocevski, D., Krauss, F., Kreter, M., Kuss, M., La Mura, G., Larsson, S., Latronico, L., Lemoine-Goumard, M., Li, J., Longo, F., Loparco, F., Lovellette, M. N., Lubrano, P., Magill, J. D., Maldera, S., Malyshev, D., Manfreda, A., Mazziotta, M. N., Mcenery, J. E., Meyer, M., Michelson, P. F., Mizuno, T., Monzani, M. E., Morselli, A., Moskalenko, I. V., Negro, M., Nuss, E., Ojha, R., Omodei, N., Orienti, M., Orlando, E., Palatiello, M., Paliya, V. S., Perkins, J. S., Persic, M., Pesce-Rollins, M., Piron, F., Porter, T. A., Principe, G., Rainò, S., Rando, R., Rani, B., Razzano, M., Razzaque, S., Reimer, A., Reimer, O., Renault-Tinacci, N., Ritz, S., Rochester, L. S., Saz Parkinson, P. M., Sgrò, C., Siskind, E. J., Spandre, G., Spinelli, P., Suson, D. J., Tajima, H., Takahashi, M., Tanaka, Y., Thayer, J. B., Thompson, D. J., Tibaldo, L., Torres, D. F., Torresi, E., Tosti, G., Troja, E., Valverde, J., Vianello, G., Vogel, M., Wood, K., Wood, M., Zaharijas, G., Magic, Collaboration, Ahnen, M. L., Ansoldi, S., Antonelli, L. A., Arcaro, C., Baack, D., Babić, A., Banerjee, B., Bangale, P., Barres de Almeida, U., Barrio, J. A., Becerra González, J., Bednarek, W., Berti, A., Bhattacharyya, W., Biland, A., Blanch, O., Bonnoli, G., Carosi, A., Carosi, R., Ceribella, G., Chatterjee, A., Colak, S. M., Colin, P., Colombo, E., Contreras, J. L., Cortina, J., Covino, S., Cumani, P., Da Vela, P., Dazzi, F., De Angelis, A., De Lotto, B., Delfino, M., Delgado, J., Di Pierro, F., Dominis Prester, D., Dorner, D., Doro, M., Einecke, S., Elsaesser, D., Fallah Ramazani, V., Fernández-Barral, A., Fidalgo, D., Foffano, L., Pfrang, K., Fonseca, M. V., Font, L., Franceschini, A., Fruck, C., Galindo, D., Gallozzi, S., García López, R. J., Garczarczyk, M., Gaug, M., Giammaria, P., Godinović, N., Gora, D., Guberman, D., Hadasch, D., Hahn, A., Hassan, T., Herrera, J., Hose, J., Hrupec, D., Inoue, S., Ishio, K., Konno, Y., Kubo, H., Kushida, J., Lelas, D., Lindfors, E., Lombardi, S., López, M., Maggio, C., Majumdar, P., Makariev, M., Maneva, G., Manganaro, M., Mannheim, K., Maraschi, L., Mariotti, M., Martínez, M., Masuda, S., Mazin, D., Minev, M., J. M., M, Mirzoyan, R., Moralejo, A., Moreno, V., Moretti, E., Nagayoshi, T., Neustroev, V., Niedzwiecki, A., Nievas Rosillo, M., Nigro, C., Nilsson, K., Ninci, D., Nishijima, K., Noda, K., Nogués, L., Paiano, S., Palacio, J., Paneque, D., Paoletti, R., Paredes, J. M., Pedaletti, G., Peresano, M., Prada Moroni, P. G., Prandini, E., Puljak, I., Rodriguez Garcia, J., Reichardt, I., Ribó, M., Rico, J., Righi, C., Rugliancich, A., Saito, T., Schweizer, T., Sitarek, J., Šnidaric ́, I., Sobczynska, D., Stamerra, A., Strzys, M., Surić, T., Tavecchio, F., Temnikov, P., Terzić, T., Teshima, M., Torres-Albà, N., Treves, A., Tsujimoto, S., Vanzo, G., Vazquez Acosta, M., Vovk, I., Ward, J. E., Will, M., Zaric ́, D., Agile, Team, Lucarelli, F., Tavani, M., Piano, G., Donnarumma, I., Pittori, C., Verrecchia, F., Bulgarelli, A., Caraveo, P., Cattaneo, P. W., Colafrancesco, S., Costa, E., Di Cocco, G., Ferrari, A., Gianotti, F., Giuliani, A., Lipari, P., Mereghetti, S., Pacciani, L., Paoletti, F., Parmiggiani, N., Pellizzoni, A., Picozza, P., Pilia, M., Rappoldi, A., Trois, A., Vercellone, S., Vittorini, V., ASAS-SN, Team, Stanek, A. Franckowiak K. Z., Kochanek, C. S., Beacom, J. F., Thompson, T. A., Holoien, T. W. -S., Dong, S., Prieto, J. L., Shappee, B. J., Holmbo, S., Hawc, Collaboration, Abeysekara, A. U., Albert, A., Alfaro, R., Alvarez, C., Arceo, R., Arteaga-Velázquez, J. C., Avila Rojas, D., Ayala Solares, H. A., Becerril, A., Belmont-Moreno, E., Bernal, A., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Capistrán, T., Carramiñana, A., Casanova, S., Castillo, M., Cotti, U., Cotzomi, J., Coutiño de León, S., De León, C., De la Fuente, E., Diaz Hernandez, R., Dichiara, S., Dingus, B. L., Duvernois, M. A., Ellsworth, R. W., Engel, K., Fiorino, D. W., Fleischhack, H., Fraija, N., García-González, J. A., Garfias, F., González Muñoz, A., González, M. M., Goodman, J. A., Hampel-Arias, Z., Harding, J. P., Hernandez, S., Hona, B., Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, F., Hui, C. M., Hüntemeyer, P., Iriarte, A., Jardin-Blicq, A., Joshi, V., Kaufmann, S., Kunde, G. J., Lara, A., Lauer, R. J., Lee, W. H., Lennarz, D., León Vargas, H., Linnemann, J. T., Longinotti, A. L., Luis-Raya, G., Luna-García, R., Malone, K., Marinelli, S. S., Martinez, O., Martinez-Castellanos, I., Martínez-Castro, J., Martínez-Huerta, H., Matthews, J. A., Miranda-Romagnoli, P., Moreno, E., Mostafá, M., Nayerhoda, A., Nellen, L., Newbold, M., Nisa, M. U., Noriega-Papaqui, R., Pelayo, R., Pretz, J., Pérez-Pérez, E. G., Ren, Z., Rho, C. D., Rivière, C., Rosa-González, D., Rosenberg, M., Ruiz-Velasco, E., Salesa Greus, F., Sandoval, A., Schneider, M., Schoorlemmer, H., Sinnis, G., Smith, A. J., Springer, R. W., Surajbali, P., Tibolla, O., Tollefson, K., Torres, I., Villaseñor, L., Weisgarber, T., Werner, F., Yapici, T., Gaurang, Y., Zepeda, A., Zhou, H., Álvarez, J. D., Collaboration, H. E. S. S., Abdalla, H., Angüner, E. O., Armand, C., Backes, M., Becherini, Y., Berge, D., Böttcher, M., Boisson, C., Bolmont, J., Bonnefoy, S., Bordas, P., Brun, F., Büchele, M., Bulik, T., Caroff, S., Cerruti, M., Chakraborty, N., Chandra, S., Chen, A., Davids, I. D., Deil, C., Devin, J., Djannati-Ataï, A., Egberts, K., Emery, G., Eschbach, S., Fiasson, A., Fontaine, G., Füßling, M., Gallant, Y. A., Gaté, F., Giavitto, G., Glawion, D., Glicenstein, J. F., Gottschall, D., Haupt, M., Henri, G., Hinton, J. A., Hoischen, C., Holch, T. L., Huber, D., Jamrozy, M., Jankowsky, D., Jankowsky, F., Jouvin, L., Jung-Richardt, I., Kerszberg, D., Khélifi, B., King, J., Klepser, S., Kluz ́niak, W., Komin, Nu., Kraus, M., Lefaucheur, J., Lemière, A., Lenain, J. -P., Leser, E., Lohse, T., López-Coto, R., Lorentz, M., Lypova, I., Marandon, V., Guillem Martí-Devesa, G., Maurin, G., Mitchell, A. M. W., Moderski, R., Mohamed, M., Mohrmann, L., Moulin, E., Murach, T., de Naurois, M., Niederwanger, F., Niemiec, J., Oakes, L., O'Brien, P., Ohm, S., Ostrowski, M., Oya, I., Panter, M., Parsons, R. D., Perennes, C., Piel, Q., Pita, S., Poireau, V., Priyana Noel, A., Prokoph, H., Pühlhofer, G., Quirrenbach, A., Raab, S., Rauth, R., Renaud, M., Rieger, F., Rinchiuso, L., Romoli, C., Rowell, G., Rudak, B., Sasaki, D. A., Sanchez, M., Schlickeiser, R., Schüssler, F., Schulz, A., Schwanke, U., Seglar-Arroyo, M., Shafi, N., Simoni, R., Sol, H., Stegmann, C., Steppa, C., Tavernier, T., Taylor, A. M., Tiziani, D., Trichard, C., Tsirou, M., van Eldik, C., van Rensburg, C., van Soelen, B., Veh, J., Vincent, P., Voisin, F., Wagner, S. J., Wagner, R. M., Wierzcholska, A., Zanin, R., Zdziarski, A. A., Zech, A., Ziegler, A., Zorn, J., Żywucka, N., Integral, Team, Savchenko, V., Ferrigno, C., Bazzano, A., Diehl, R., Kuulkers, E., Laurent, P., Natalucci, L., Panessa, F., Rodi, J., Ubertini, P., Kanata Kiso and Subaru Observing Teams, Morokuma, T., Ohta, K., Tanaka, Y. T., Mori, H., Yamanaka, M., Kawabata, K. S., Utsumi, Y., Nakaoka, T., Kawabata, M., Nagashima, H., Yoshida, M., Matsuoka, Y., Itoh, R., Kapteyn, Team, Keel, W., Liverpool Telescope Team, Copperwheat, C., Steele, I., Swift/nustar, Team, Cenko, S. B., Evans, P. A., Fox, D. B., Kennea, J. A., Marshall, F. E., Osborne, J. P., Tohuvavohu, A., Veritas, Collaboration, Archer, A., Benbow, W., Bird, R., Brill, A., Brose, R., Buchovecky, M., Buckley, J. H., Bugaev, V., Christiansen, J. L., Connolly, M. P., Cui, W., Daniel, M. K., Errando, M., Falcone, A., Feng, Q., Finley, J. P., Fortson, L., Furniss, A., Gueta, O., Hütten, M., Hervet, O., Hughes, G., Humensky, T. B., Johnson, C. A., Kaaret, P., Kar, P., Kelley-Hoskins, N., Kertzman, M., Kieda, D., Krause, M., Krennrich, F., Kumar, S., Lang, M. J., Lin, T. T. Y., Maier, G., Mcarthur, S., Moriarty, P., Mukherjee, R., Nieto, D., O'Brien, S., Ong, R. A., Otte, A. N., Park, N., Petrashyk, A., Pohl, M., Popkow, A., Pueschel, S. E., Quinn, J., Ragan, K., Reynolds, P. T., Richards, G. T., Roache, E., Rulten, C., Sadeh, I., Scott, S. S., Sembroski, G. H., Shahinyan, K., Sushch, I., Trépanier, S., Tyler, J., Vassiliev, V. V., Wakely, S. P., Weinstein, A., Wells, R. M., Wilcox, P., Wilhelm, A., Williams, D. A., Zitzer, B., Vla/b, Team, Tetarenko, A. J., Kimball, A. E., Miller-Jones, J. C. A., Sivakoff, G. R., Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Laboratory for Nuclear Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics, ITA, High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), Faculty of Science, API Other Research (FNWI), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier (LUPM), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet (LLR), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP/Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Univers et Théories (LUTH (UMR_8102)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE (UMR_7585)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan (CENBG), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département d'Astrophysique (ex SAP) (DAP), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, IceCube, Fermi-LAT, Kapteyn, Liverpool Telescope, Subaru, Swift NuSTAR, VERITAS, VLA/17B-403, MAGIC, AGILE, ASAS-SN, HAWC, H.E.S.S., INTEGRAL, Kanata, Kiso, Aartsen, M. G., Ackermann, M., Adams, J., Aguilar, J. A., Ahlers, M., Ahrens, M., Al Samarai, I., Altmann, D., Andeen, K., Anderson, T., Ansseau, I., Anton, G., Argüelles, C., Auffenberg, J., Axani, S., Bagherpour, H., Bai, X., Barron, J. P., Barwick, S. W., Baum, V., Bay, R., Beatty, J. J., Becker Tjus, J., Becker, K. -H., Benzvi, S., Berley, D., Bernardini, E., Besson, D. Z., Binder, G., Bindig, D., Blaufuss, E., Blot, S., Bohm, C., Börner, M., Bos, F., Böser, S., Botner, O., Bourbeau, E., Bourbeau, J., Bradascio, F., Braun, J., Brenzke, M., Bretz, H. -P., Bron, S., Brostean-Kaiser, J., Burgman, A., Busse, R. S., Carver, T., Cheung, E., Chirkin, D., Christov, A., Clark, K., Classen, L., Coenders, S., Collin, G. H., Conrad, J. M., Coppin, P., Correa, P., Cowen, D. F., Cross, R., Dave, P., Day, M., de André, J. P. A. M., De Clercq, C., Delaunay, J. J., Dembinski, H., De Ridder, S., Desiati, P., de Vries, K. D., de Wasseige, G., de With, M., Deyoung, T., Díaz-Vélez, J. C., Di Lorenzo, V., Dujmovic, H., Dumm, J. P., Dunkman, M., Dvorak, E., Eberhardt, B., Ehrhardt, T., Eichmann, B., Eller, P., Evenson, P. A., Fahey, S., Fazely, A. R., Felde, J., Filimonov, K., Finley, C., Flis, S., Franckowiak, A., Friedman, E., Fritz, A., Gaisser, T. K., Gallagher, J., Gerhardt, L., Ghorbani, K., Glauch, T., Glüsenkamp, T., Goldschmidt, A., Gonzalez, J. G., Grant, D., Griffith, Z., Haack, C., Hallgren, A., Halzen, F., Hanson, K., Hebecker, D., Heereman, D., Helbing, K., Hellauer, R., Hickford, S., Hignight, J., Hill, G. C., Hoffman, K. D., Hoffmann, R., Hoinka, T., Hokanson-Fasig, B., Hoshina, K., Huang, F., Huber, M., Hultqvist, K., Hünnefeld, M., Hussain, R., In, S., Iovine, N., Ishihara, A., Jacobi, E., Japaridze, G. S., Jeong, M., Jero, K., Jones, B. J. P., Kalaczynski, P., Kang, W., Kappes, A., Kappesser, D., Karg, T., Karle, A., Katz, U., Kauer, M., Keivani, A., Kelley, J. L., Kheirandish, A., Kim, J., Kim, M., Kintscher, T., Kiryluk, J., Kittler, T., Klein, S. R., Koirala, R., Kolanoski, H., Köpke, L., Kopper, C., Kopper, S., Koschinsky, J. P., Koskinen, D. J., Kowalski, M., Krings, K., Kroll, M., Krückl, G., Kunwar, S., Kurahashi, N., Kuwabara, T., Kyriacou, A., Labare, M., Lanfranchi, J. L., Larson, M. J., Lauber, F., Leonard, K., Lesiak-Bzdak, M., Leuermann, M., Liu, Q. R., Lozano Mariscal, C. J., Lu, L., Lünemann, J., Luszczak, W., Madsen, J., Maggi, G., Mahn, K. B. M., Mancina, S., Maruyama, R., Mase, K., Maunu, R., Meagher, K., Medici, M., Meier, M., Menne, T., Merino, G., Meures, T., Miarecki, S., Micallef, J., Momenté, G., Montaruli, T., Moore, R. W., Morse, R., Moulai, M., Nahnhauer, R., Nakarmi, P., Naumann, U., Neer, G., Niederhausen, H., Nowicki, S. C., Nygren, D. R., Obertacke Pollmann, A., Olivas, A., O’Murchadha, A., O’Sullivan, E., Palczewski, T., Pandya, H., Pankova, D. V., Peiffer, P., Pepper, J. A., Pérez de los Heros, C., Pieloth, D., Pinat, E., Plum, M., Price, P. B., Przybylski, G. T., Raab, C., Rädel, L., Rameez, M., Rauch, L., Rawlins, K., Rea, I. C., Reimann, R., Relethford, B., Relich, M., Resconi, E., Rhode, W., Richman, M., Robertson, S., Rongen, M., Rott, C., Ruhe, T., Ryckbosch, D., Rysewyk, D., Safa, I., Sälzer, T., Sanchez Herrera, S. E., Sandrock, A., Sandroos, J., Santander, M., Sarkar, S., Satalecka, K., Schlunder, P., Schmidt, T., Schneider, A., Schoenen, S., Schöneberg, S., Schumacher, L., Sclafani, S., Seckel, D., Seunarine, S., Soedingrekso, J., Soldin, D., Song, M., Spiczak, G. M., Spiering, C., Stachurska, J., Stamatikos, M., Stanev, T., Stasik, A., Stein, R., Stettner, J., Steuer, A., Stezelberger, T., Stokstad, R. G., Stößl, A., Strotjohann, N. L., Stuttard, T., Sullivan, G. W., Sutherland, M., Taboada, I., Tatar, J., Tenholt, F., Ter-Antonyan, S., Terliuk, A., Tilav, S., Toale, P. A., Tobin, M. N., Toennis, C., Toscano, S., Tosi, D., Tselengidou, M., Tung, C. F., Turcati, A., Turley, C. F., Ty, B., Unger, E., Usner, M., Vandenbroucke, J., Van Driessche, W., van Eijk, D., van Eijndhoven, N., Vanheule, S., van Santen, J., Vogel, E., Vraeghe, M., Walck, C., Wallace, A., Wallraff, M., Wandler, F. D., Wandkowsky, N., Waza, A., Weaver, C., Weiss, M. J., Wendt, C., Werthebach, J., Westerhoff, S., Whelan, B. J., Whitehorn, N., Wiebe, K., Wiebusch, C. H., Wille, L., Williams, D. R., Wills, L., Wolf, M., Wood, J., Wood, T. R., Woschnagg, K., Xu, D. L., Xu, X. W., Xu, Y., Yanez, J. P., Yodh, G., Yoshida, S., Yuan, T., Abdollahi, S., Ajello, M., Angioni, R., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Barbiellini, G., Bastieri, D., Bechtol, K., Bellazzini, R., Berenji, B., Bissaldi, E., Blandford, R. D., Bonino, R., Bottacini, E., Bregeon, J., Bruel, P., Buehler, R., Burnett, T. H., Burns, E., Buson, S., Cameron, R. A., Caputo, R., Caraveo, P. A., Cavazzuti, E., Charles, E., Chen, S., Cheung, C. C., Chiang, J., Chiaro, G., Ciprini, S., Cohen-Tanugi, J., Conrad, J., Costantin, D., Cutini, S., D’Ammando, F., de Palma, F., Digel, S. W., Di Lalla, N., Di Mauro, M., Di Venere, L., Domínguez, A., Favuzzi, C., Fukazawa, Y., Funk, S., Fusco, P., Gargano, F., Gasparrini, D., Giglietto, N., Giomi, M., Giommi, P., Giordano, F., Giroletti, M., Glanzman, T., Green, D., Grenier, I. A., Grondin, M. -H., Guiriec, S., Harding, A. K., Hayashida, M., Hays, E., Hewitt, J. W., Horan, D., Jóhannesson, G., Kadler, M., Kensei, S., Kocevski, D., Krauss, F., Kreter, M., Kuss, M., La Mura, G., Larsson, S., Latronico, L., Lemoine-Goumard, M., Li, J., Longo, F., Loparco, F., Lovellette, M. N., Lubrano, P., Magill, J. D., Maldera, S., Malyshev, D., Manfreda, A., Mazziotta, M. N., Mcenery, J. E., Meyer, M., Michelson, P. F., Mizuno, T., Monzani, M. E., Morselli, A., Moskalenko, I. V., Negro, M., Nuss, E., Ojha, R., Omodei, N., Orienti, M., Orlando, E., Palatiello, M., Paliya, V. S., Perkins, J. S., Persic, M., Pesce-Rollins, M., Piron, F., Porter, T. A., Principe, G., Rainò, S., Rando, R., Rani, B., Razzano, M., Razzaque, S., Reimer, A., Reimer, O., Renault-Tinacci, N., Ritz, S., Rochester, L. S., Saz Parkinson, P. M., Sgrò, C., Siskind, E. J., Spandre, G., Spinelli, P., Suson, D. J., Tajima, H., Takahashi, M., Tanaka, Y., Thayer, J. B., Thompson, D. J., Tibaldo, L., Torres, D. F., Torresi, E., Tosti, G., Troja, E., Valverde, J., Vianello, G., Vogel, M., Wood, K., Wood, M., Zaharijas, G., Ahnen, M. L., Ansoldi, S., Antonelli, L. A., Arcaro, C., Baack, D., Babić, A., Banerjee, B., Bangale, P., Barres de Almeida, U., Barrio, J. A., Becerra González, J., Bednarek, W., Berti, A., Bhattacharyya, W., Biland, A., Blanch, O., Bonnoli, G., Carosi, A., Carosi, R., Ceribella, G., Chatterjee, A., Colak, S. M., Colin, P., Colombo, E., Contreras, J. L., Cortina, J., Covino, S., Cumani, P., Da Vela, P., Dazzi, F., De Angelis, A., De Lotto, B., Delfino, M., Delgado, J., Di Pierro, F., Dominis Prester, D., Dorner, D., Doro, M., Einecke, S., Elsaesser, D., Fallah Ramazani, V., Fernández-Barral, A., Fidalgo, D., Foffano, L., Pfrang, K., Fonseca, M. V., Font, L., Franceschini, A., Fruck, C., Galindo, D., Gallozzi, S., García López, R. J., Garczarczyk, M., Gaug, M., Giammaria, P., Godinović, N., Gora, D., Guberman, D., Hadasch, D., Hahn, A., Hassan, T., Herrera, J., Hose, J., Hrupec, D., Inoue, S., Ishio, K., Konno, Y., Kubo, H., Kushida, J., Lelas, D., Lindfors, E., Lombardi, S., López, M., Maggio, C., Majumdar, P., Makariev, M., Maneva, G., Manganaro, M., Mannheim, K., Maraschi, L., Mariotti, M., Martínez, M., Masuda, S., Mazin, D., Minev, M., M, J. M., Mirzoyan, R., Moralejo, A., Moreno, V., Moretti, E., Nagayoshi, T., Neustroev, V., Niedzwiecki, A., Nievas, Rosillo, M., Nigro, Nilsson, K., Ninci, D., Nishijima, K., Noda, K., Nogués, L., Paiano, S., Palacio, J., Paneque, D., Paoletti, R., Paredes, J. M., Pedaletti, G., Peresano, M., Prada Moroni, P. G., Prandini, E., Puljak, I., Rodriguez Garcia, J., Reichardt, I., Ribó, M., Rico, J., Righi, C., Rugliancich, A., Saito, T., Schweizer, T., Sitarek, J., Šnidarić, I., Sobczynska, D., Stamerra, A., Strzys, M., Surić, T., Tavecchio, F., Temnikov, P., Terzić, T., Teshima, M., Torres-Albà, N., Treves, A., Tsujimoto, S., Vanzo, G., Vazquez Acosta, M., Vovk, I., Ward, J. E., Will, M., Zarić, D., Lucarelli, F., Tavani, M., Piano, G., Donnarumma, I., Pittori, C., Verrecchia, F., Bulgarelli, A., Caraveo, P., Cattaneo, P. W., Colafrancesco, S., Costa, E., Di Cocco, G., Ferrari, A., Gianotti, F., Giuliani, A., Lipari, P., Mereghetti, S., Pacciani, L., Paoletti, F., Parmiggiani, N., Pellizzoni, A., Picozza, P., Pilia, M., Rappoldi, A., Trois, A., Vercellone, S., Vittorini, V., Stanek, K. Z., Kochanek, C. S., Beacom, J. F., Thompson, T. A., Holoien, T. W. -S., Dong, S., Prieto, J. L., Shappee, B. J., Holmbo, S., Abeysekara, A. U., Albert, A., Alfaro, R., Alvarez, C., Arceo, R., Arteaga-Velázquez, J. C., Avila Rojas, D., Ayala Solares, H. A., Becerril, A., Belmont-Moreno, E., Bernal, A., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Capistrán, T., Carramiñana, A., Casanova, S., Castillo, M., Cotti, U., Cotzomi, J., Coutiño de León, S., De León, C., De la Fuente, E., Diaz Hernandez, R., Dichiara, S., Dingus, B. L., Duvernois, M. A., Ellsworth, R. W., Engel, K., Fiorino, D. W., Fleischhack, H., Fraija, N., García-González, J. A., Garfias, F., González Muñoz, A., González, M. M., Goodman, J. A., Hampel-Arias, Z., Harding, J. P., Hernandez, S., Hona, B., Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, F., Hui, C. M., Hüntemeyer, P., Iriarte, A., Jardin-Blicq, A., Joshi, V., Kaufmann, S., Kunde, G. J., Lara, A., Lauer, R. J., Lee, W. H., Lennarz, D., León Vargas, H., Linnemann, J. T., Longinotti, A. L., Luis-Raya, G., Luna-García, R., Malone, K., Marinelli, S. S., Martinez, O., Martinez-Castellanos, I., Martínez-Castro, J., Martínez-Huerta, H., Matthews, J. A., Miranda-Romagnoli, P., Moreno, E., Mostafá, M., Nayerhoda, A., Nellen, L., Newbold, M., Nisa, M. U., Noriega-Papaqui, R., Pelayo, R., Pretz, J., Pérez-Pérez, E. G., Ren, Z., Rho, C. D., Rivière, C., Rosa-González, D., Rosenberg, M., Ruiz-Velasco, E., Salesa Greus, F., Sandoval, A., Schneider, M., Schoorlemmer, H., Sinnis, G., Smith, A. J., Springer, R. W., Surajbali, P., Tibolla, O., Tollefson, K., Torres, I., Villaseñor, L., Weisgarber, T., Werner, F., Yapici, T., Gaurang, Y., Zepeda, A., Zhou, H., Álvarez, J. D., Abdalla, H., Angüner, E. O., Armand, C., Backes, M., Becherini, Y., Berge, D., Böttcher, M., Boisson, C., Bolmont, J., Bonnefoy, S., Bordas, P., Brun, F., Büchele, M., Bulik, T., Caroff, S., Cerruti, M., Chakraborty, N., Chandra, S., Chen, A., Davids, I. D., Deil, C., Devin, J., Djannati-Ataï, A., Egberts, K., Emery, G., Eschbach, S., Fiasson, A., Fontaine, G., Füßling, M., Gallant, Y. A., Gaté, F., Giavitto, G., Glawion, D., Glicenstein, J. F., Gottschall, D., Haupt, M., Henri, G., Hinton, J. A., Hoischen, C., Holch, T. L., Huber, D., Jamrozy, M., Jankowsky, D., Jankowsky, F., Jouvin, L., Jung-Richardt, I., Kerszberg, D., Khélifi, B., King, J., Klepser, S., Kluźniak, W., Komin, Nu., Kraus, M., Lefaucheur, J., Lemière, A., Lenain, J. -P., Leser, E., Lohse, T., López-Coto, R., Lorentz, M., Lypova, I., Marandon, V., Guillem Martí-Devesa, G., Maurin, G., Mitchell, A. M. W., Moderski, R., Mohamed, M., Mohrmann, L., Moulin, E., Murach, T., de Naurois, M., Niederwanger, F., Niemiec, J., Oakes, L., O’Brien, P., Ohm, S., Ostrowski, M., Oya, I., Panter, M., Parsons, R. D., Perennes, C., Piel, Q., Pita, S., Poireau, V., Priyana Noel, A., Prokoph, H., Pühlhofer, G., Quirrenbach, A., Raab, S., Rauth, R., Renaud, M., Rieger, F., Rinchiuso, L., Romoli, C., Rowell, G., Rudak, B., Sanchez, D. A., Sasaki, M., Schlickeiser, R., Schüssler, F., Schulz, A., Schwanke, U., Seglar-Arroyo, M., Shafi, N., Simoni, R., Sol, H., Stegmann, C., Steppa, C., Tavernier, T., Taylor, A. M., Tiziani, D., Trichard, C., Tsirou, M., van Eldik, C., van Rensburg, C., van Soelen, B., Veh, J., Vincent, P., Voisin, F., Wagner, S. J., Wagner, R. M., Wierzcholska, A., Zanin, R., Zdziarski, A. A., Zech, A., Ziegler, A., Zorn, J., Żywucka, N., Savchenko, V., Ferrigno, C., Bazzano, A., Diehl, R., Kuulkers, E., Laurent, P., Natalucci, L., Panessa, F., Rodi, J., Ubertini, P., Morokuma, T., Ohta, K., Tanaka, Y. T., Mori, H., Yamanaka, M., Kawabata, K. S., Utsumi, Y., Nakaoka, T., Kawabata, M., Nagashima, H., Yoshida, M., Matsuoka, Y., Itoh, R., Keel, W., Copperwheat, C., Steele, I., Cenko, S. B., Evans, P. A., Fox, D. B., Kennea, J. A., Marshall, F. E., Osborne, J. P., Tohuvavohu, A., Archer, A., Benbow, W., Bird, R., Brill, A., Brose, R., Buchovecky, M., Buckley, J. H., Bugaev, V., Christiansen, J. L., Connolly, M. P., Cui, W., Daniel, M. K., Errando, M., Falcone, A., Feng, Q., Finley, J. P., Fortson, L., Furniss, A., Gueta, O., Hütten, M., Hervet, O., Hughes, G., Humensky, T. B., Johnson, C. A., Kaaret, P., Kar, P., Kelley-Hoskins, N., Kertzman, M., Kieda, D., Krause, M., Krennrich, F., Kumar, S., Lang, M. J., Lin, T. T. Y., Maier, G., Mcarthur, S., Moriarty, P., Mukherjee, R., Nieto, D., O’Brien, S., Ong, R. A., Otte, A. N., Park, N., Petrashyk, A., Pohl, M., Popkow, A., Pueschel, E., Quinn, J., Ragan, K., Reynolds, P. T., Richards, G. T., Roache, E., Rulten, C., Sadeh, I., Scott, S. S., Sembroski, G. H., Shahinyan, K., Sushch, I., Trépanier, S., Tyler, J., Vassiliev, V. V., Wakely, S. P., Weinstein, A., Wells, R. M., Wilcox, P., Wilhelm, A., Williams, D. A., Zitzer, B., Tetarenko, A. J., Kimball, A. E., Miller-Jones, J. C. A., Sivakoff, G. R., Physics, Elementary Particle Physics, Vriendenkring VUB, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Współautorami artykułu są członkowie różnych grup badawczych w liczbie 875, Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, and PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)

Subjects
High energy, Kanata, Swift/NuSTAR, Astrophysics, Blazar, blazar: emission, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Coincidence, Multidisciplinary, Blazar, Neutrino, High Energy Physics - Experiment, neutrino, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), ASAS-SN, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, HESS - Abteilung Hofmann, Computer Science::Databases, Physics, HAWC - Abteilung Hinton, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), COSMIC cancer database, Multidisciplinary, Supernova, gamma ray: emission, VERITAS, Neutrino, Kapteyn, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, General Science & Technology, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, IceCube Collaboration, jet: relativistic, AGILE, Coincident, Subaru, 0103 physical sciences, Kiso, supernova, neutrino event IceCube-170922A, gamma-ray blazar TXS 0506+056, quasar, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, ta115, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, INTEGRAL, background, Liverpool Telescope, VLA/17B-403 teams, MAGIC, messenger, flux, gamma ray: VHE, 13. Climate action, general, Diffuse flux, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Fermi-LAT, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], HAWC, H.E.S.S
Abstract

INTRODUCTION Neutrinos are tracers of cosmic-ray acceleration: electrically neutral and traveling at nearly the speed of light, they can escape the densest environments and may be traced back to their source of origin. High-energy neutrinos are expected to be produced in blazars: intense extragalactic radio, optical, x-ray, and, in some cases, γ-ray sources characterized by relativistic jets of plasma pointing close to our line of sight. Blazars are among the most powerful objects in the Universe and are widely speculated to be sources of high-energy cosmic rays. These cosmic rays generate high-energy neutrinos and γ-rays, which are produced when the cosmic rays accelerated in the jet interact with nearby gas or photons. On 22 September 2017, the cubic-kilometer IceCube Neutrino Observatory detected a ~290-TeV neutrino from a direction consistent with the flaring γ-ray blazar TXS 0506+056. We report the details of this observation and the results of a multiwavelength follow-up campaign. RATIONALE Multimessenger astronomy aims for globally coordinated observations of cosmic rays, neutrinos, gravitational waves, and electromagnetic radiation across a broad range of wavelengths. The combination is expected to yield crucial information on the mechanisms energizing the most powerful astrophysical sources. That the production of neutrinos is accompanied by electromagnetic radiation from the source favors the chances of a multiwavelength identification. In particular, a measured association of high-energy neutrinos with a flaring source of γ-rays would elucidate the mechanisms and conditions for acceleration of the highest-energy cosmic rays. The discovery of an extraterrestrial diffuse flux of high-energy neutrinos, announced by IceCube in 2013, has characteristic properties that hint at contributions from extragalactic sources, although the individual sources remain as yet unidentified. Continuously monitoring the entire sky for astrophysical neutrinos, IceCube provides real-time triggers for observatories around the world measuring γ-rays, x-rays, optical, radio, and gravitational waves, allowing for the potential identification of even rapidly fading sources. RESULTS A high-energy neutrino-induced muon track was detected on 22 September 2017, automatically generating an alert that was distributed worldwide within 1 min of detection and prompted follow-up searches by telescopes over a broad range of wavelengths. On 28 September 2017, the Fermi Large Area Telescope Collaboration reported that the direction of the neutrino was coincident with a cataloged γ-ray source, 0.1° from the neutrino direction. The source, a blazar known as TXS 0506+056 at a measured redshift of 0.34, was in a flaring state at the time with enhanced γ-ray activity in the GeV range. Follow-up observations by imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, notably the Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC) telescopes, revealed periods where the detected γ-ray flux from the blazar reached energies up to 400 GeV. Measurements of the source have also been completed at x-ray, optical, and radio wavelengths. We have investigated models associating neutrino and γ-ray production and find that correlation of the neutrino with the flare of TXS 0506+056 is statistically significant at the level of 3 standard deviations (sigma). On the basis of the redshift of TXS 0506+056, we derive constraints for the muon-neutrino luminosity for this source and find them to be similar to the luminosity observed in γ-rays. CONCLUSION The energies of the γ-rays and the neutrino indicate that blazar jets may accelerate cosmic rays to at least several PeV. The observed association of a high-energy neutrino with a blazar during a period of enhanced γ-ray emission suggests that blazars may indeed be one of the long-sought sources of very-high-energy cosmic rays, and hence responsible for a sizable fraction of the cosmic neutrino flux observed by IceCube.

Published
2018
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8. On the observational behaviour of the highly polarized Type IIn supernova SN 2017hcc.

Author

Kumar, Brajesh, Eswaraiah, Chakali, Singh, Avinash, Sahu, D K, Anupama, G C, Kawabata, K S, Yamanaka, Masayuki, Otsubo, Ikki, Pandey, S B, Nakaoka, Tatsuya, Kawabata, Miho, Aryan, Amar, and Akitaya, Hiroshi

Subjects
SUPERNOVAE, BREWSTER'S angle, BEHAVIOR
Abstract

We present the results based on photometric (Swift UVOT), broad-band polarimetric (V and R bands) and optical spectroscopic observations of the Type IIn supernova (SN) 2017hcc. Our study is supplemented with spectropolarimetric data available in literature for this event. The post-peak light-curve evolution is slow (∼0.2 mag 100 d−1 in b band). The spectrum of ∼+27 d shows a blue continuum with narrow emission lines, typical of a Type IIn SN. Archival polarization data along with the Gaia DR2 distances have been utilized to evaluate the interstellar polarization (ISP) towards the SN direction which is found to be P ISP = 0.17 ± 0.02 per cent and θISP = 140° ± 3°. To extract the intrinsic polarization of SN 2017hcc, both the observed and the literature polarization measurements were corrected for ISP. We noticed a significant decline of ∼3.5 per cent (V band) in the intrinsic level of polarization spanning a period of ∼2 months. In contrast, the intrinsic polarization angles remain nearly constant at all epochs. Our study indicates a substantial variation in the degree of asymmetry in either the ejecta and/or the surrounding medium of SN 2017hcc. We also estimate a mass-loss rate of |$\dot{M}$|  = 0.12 M⊙ yr−1 (for v |$\mathrm{ w}$|  = 20 km s−1) which suggests that the progenitor of SN 2017hcc is most likely a luminous blue variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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9. Broad-band polarimetric investigation of the Type II-plateau supernova 2013ej.

Author

Kumar, Brajesh, Pandey, S. B., Eswaraiah, C., and Kawabata, K. S.

Subjects
POLARIMETRY, SUPERNOVAE, ASTRONOMICAL observations, LIGHT curves, MILKY Way
Abstract

We present results based on follow-up observations of the Type II-plateau supernova (II-P SN) 2013ej at six epochs spanning a total duration of ~37 d. The RC-band linear polarimetric observations were carried out between the end of the plateau and the beginning of the nebular phase, as demarcated in the photometric light-curve. The contribution arising from interstellar polarization (ISP) was constrained using two approaches, namely based on observations of foreground stars lying within a 5-arcmin and a 10° radius of the SN location, and by investigating the extinction arising from the MilkyWay and host galaxy in the direction of the SN. Our analysis revealed that in general the intrinsic polarization of the SN was higher than the polarization values for the foreground stars and exhibited an increasing trend during our observations. After correcting for the ISP of ~0.6 percent, the maximum intrinsic polarization of SN 2013ej was found to be 2.14 ± 0.57 per cent. Such a strong polarization has rarely been seen in II-P SNe. If this procedure is justified (i.e. the 'polarization bias' effect is indeed negligible) the polarization could be caused by the asymmetry of the inner ejecta of the SN, because the ISP towards the SN location is estimated to be, at most, 0.6 per cent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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10. Nebular phase observations of the Type-Ib supernova iPTF13bvn favour a binary progenitor.

Author

Kuncarayakti, H., Maeda, K., Bersten, M. C., Folatelli, G., Morrell, N., Hsiao, E. Y., González-Gaitán, S., Anderson, J. P., Hamuy, M., de Jaeger, T., Gutiérrez, C. P., and Kawabata, K. S.

Subjects
TYPE I supernovae, STAR observations, SUPERGIANT stars, NEBULAE, ASTRONOMICAL spectroscopy, ASTRONOMICAL photometry
Abstract

Aims. We present and analyse late-time observations of the Type-Ib supernova with possible pre-supernova progenitor detection, iPTF13bvn, which were done ∼300 days after the explosion. We discuss them in the context of constraints on the supernova's progenitor. Previous studies have proposed two possible natures for the progenitor of the supernova, i.e. a massive Wolf-Rayet star or a lower-mass star in a close binary system. Methods. Our observations show that the supernova has entered the nebular phase, with the spectrum dominated by Mg I]λλ4571, [O I]λλ6300, 6364, and [Ca II]λλ7291, 7324 emission lines. We measured the emission line fluxes to estimate the core oxygen mass and compared the [O I]/[Ca II] line ratio with other supernovae. Results. The core oxygen mass of the supernova progenitor was estimated to be ≲0.7 M☉, which implies initial progenitor mass that does not exceed -15-17 M☉. Since the derived mass is too low for a single star to become a Wolf-Rayet star, this result lends more support to the binary nature of the progenitor star of iPTF13bvn. The comparison of [O I]/[Ca II] line ratio with other supernovae also shows that iPTF13bvn appears to be in close association with the lower mass progenitors of stripped-envelope and Type-II supernovae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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11. Radio to gamma-ray variability study of blazar S5 0716+714.

Author

Rani, B., Krichbaum, T. P., Fuhrmann, L., Böttcher, M., Lott, B., Aller, H. D., Aller, M. F., Angelakis, E., Bach, U., Bastieri, D., Falcone, A. D., Fukazawa, Y., Gabanyi, K. E., Gupta, A. C., Gurwell, M., Itoh, R., Kawabata, K. S., Krips, M., Lähteenmäki, A. A., and Liu, X.

Subjects
BL Lacertae objects, SPECTRAL energy distribution, FREQUENCIES of oscillating systems, ASTRONOMY, ASTROPHYSICS
Abstract

We present the results of a series of radio, optical, X-ray, and γ-ray observations of the BL Lac object S50716+714 carried out between April 2007 and January 2011. The multifrequency observations were obtained using several ground- and space-based facilities. The intense optical monitoring of the source reveals faster repetitive variations superimposed on a long-term variability trend on a time scale of ~350 days. Episodes of fast variability recur on time scales of ~60-70 days. The intense and simultaneous activity at optical and γ-ray frequencies favors the synchrotron self-Compton mechanism for the production of the high-energy emission. Two major low-peaking radio flares were observed during this high optical/γ-ray activity period. The radio flares are characterized by a rising and a decaying stage and agrees with the formation of a shock and its evolution. We found that the evolution of the radio flares requires a geometrical variation in addition to intrinsic variations of the source. Different estimates yield robust and self-consistent lower limits of δ ⩾ 20 and equipartition magnetic field Beq ⩾ 0.36 G. Causality arguments constrain the size of emission region ϴ ⩽ 0.004 mas. We found a significant correlation between flux variations at radio frequencies with those at optical and γ-rays. The optical/GeV flux variations lead the radio variability by ~65 days. The longer time delays between low-peaking radio outbursts and optical flares imply that optical flares are the precursors of radio ones. An orphan X-ray flare challenges the simple, one-zone emission models, rendering them too simple. Here we also describe the spectral energy distribution modeling of the source from simultaneous data taken through different activity periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2013
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12. SN 2005cs in M51 – I. The first month of evolution of a subluminous SN II plateau.

Author

Pastorello, A., Sauer, D., Taubenberger, S., Mazzali, P. A., Nomoto, K., Kawabata, K. S., Benetti, S., Elias-Rosa, N., Harutyunyan, A., Navasardyan, H., Zampieri, L., Iijima, T., Botticella, M. T., Di Rico, G., Del Principe, M., Dolci, M., Gagliardi, S., Ragni, M., and Valentini, G.

Subjects
SUPERNOVAE, SPECTRUM analysis, STELLAR evolution, GALACTIC X-ray sources, CATACLYSMIC variable stars, GALAXIES
Abstract

Early-time optical observations of supernova (SN) 2005cs in the Whirlpool Galaxy (M51) are reported. Photometric data suggest that SN 2005cs is a moderately underluminous Type II plateau SN (SN IIP). The SN was unusually blue at early epochs ( about three days after explosion) which indicates very high continuum temperatures. The spectra show relatively narrow P Cygni features, suggesting ejecta velocities lower than observed in more typical SNe IIP. The earliest spectra show weak absorption features in the blue wing of the He i 5876-Å absorption component and, less clearly, of Hβ and Hα. Based on spectral modelling, two different interpretations can be proposed: these features may either be due to high-velocity H and He i components, or (more likely) be produced by different ions (N ii, Si ii). Analogies with the low-luminosity, 56Ni-poor, low-velocity SNe IIP are also discussed. While a more extended spectral coverage is necessary in order to determine accurately the properties of the progenitor star, published estimates of the progenitor mass seem not to be consistent with stellar evolution models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2006
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13. Late-Phase Observations of a Super-Chandrasekhar SN Ia.

Author

Yamanaka, M., Kawabata, K. S., Maeda, K., Tanaka, M., Yoshida, M., Hattori, T., Nomoto, K., Komatsu, T., and Okushima, T.

Abstract

A super-Chandrasekhar (SC) supernova (SN) has an extremely high luminosity and a slow decline rate of the light curve in the early-phase. We present late-phase observations of the SC SN 2009dc. We find that the optical luminosity a year after maximum is much fainter than that expected from its early luminosity. We attempt to fit the analytic light curve model to the observations using Arnett's rule. The model successfully explains the light curves until 120 days. This suggests that the extremely high luminosity originates from the 56Ni decay. We suggest that the late-phase decline would be caused by dust formation. The existence of strong carbon features in early-phase spectra would support this scenario. We also find a blend of [Ca ii] and [Ni ii] in its late-phase spectrum. This indicates that the calcium is distributed in the inner layer along with nickel and iron. We conclude that the mixing may occur in the inner parts of the ejecta. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2011
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14. Optical and Near-Infrared Observations of Classical Nova V1723 Aql.

Author

Nagashima, M., Arai, A., Isogai, M., Arasaki, T., Kitao, E., Taguchi, G., Ikeda, Y., Kawakita, H., Yamanaka, M., Itoh, R., Sasada, M., Okushima, T., Uemura, M., Kawabata, K. S., Worters, H. L., and Smits, D. P.

Abstract

Optical and near-infrared observations of novae give us useful information for understanding the diversity of nova eruptions. Classical nova V1723 Aql was discovered by F. Kabashima and K. Nishiyama on 2010 September 11. We have conducted photometric and spectroscopic observations of V1723 Aql in both optical and near-infrared (NIR) wavelength regions since its discovery. The V-band decline time by 2 mag after the maximum, t2, was ~12 d. The apparent Fe II emission lines were also seen in the optical spectra. The Rc- and Ic-band light curves exhibited rapid declines (0.16 mag d−1 in Rc) 20 days after the visual maximum, while the NIR (J, H, and Ks) showed slow decline rates (~0.07 mag d−1). This rapid reddening suggests that dust particles formed during the very early phase of the expansion in V1723 Aql. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2011
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