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Formononetin (FNT) has limited application due to poor water solubility and substantial phase II metabolism. In the present study, we used phospholipid complex (PC) containing FNT and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT1A1) inhibitor piperine (PIP) to overcome FNT limitations. We characterized and compared both FNT-PC and FNT-PIP-PC complexes. Our data showed both groups improved FNT water solubility and oil-water partition coefficient. NMR, DSC, and SEM were performed to identify the interaction and the geometrical nature of complex. When compared, FNT-PIP-PC released more FNT in in vitro release and permeation through Caco-2 monolayer than FNT-PC and pure FNT. In vitro data was consistent with the in vivo pharmacokinetic profile that showed increased, Cmax and AUC(0-24) by 7.16 and 23.33-fold and 29.65 and 23.33-fold at 5 and 10 mg/kg in FNT-PIP-PC, compared to pure FNT. Additionally, co-treatment of PIP and FNT improved in vitro pharmacological action in dexamethasone-induced osteoporosis. Thus, our study showed addition of PIP in FNT-PC further increases FNT water solubility and protects it from phase II metabolism, leading to enhanced bioavailability with improved pharmacological activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbal slimming products (HSPs) contain multiple herbs used in weight loss. Phytoconstituents of several plant extracts show the inhibitory effects on the drug-metabolizing enzymes causing interaction when taken with other drugs. Atorvastatin (ATS) is used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. This study aimed to investigate the effect of HSPs on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ATS. ATS (10 mg/Kg) was administered alone or in combination with HSP1 (200 mg/Kg)/HSP2 (165 mg/Kg) orally in the SD rats for pharmacokinetics study. Hyperlipidemia was induced in Golden Syrian Hamster by feeding HFD (60% kcal). Furthermore, biochemical levels in serum, ROS, gene expression and lipid accumulation levels were examined in hamster liver tissue. HSPs have significantly enhanced the permeability and inhibited the metabolism of ATS by inhibiting the CYP3A4 isoenzyme confirmed by in vitro assay. Co-administration of HSPs with ATS enhanced the relative bioavailability of ATS.Concomitant administration of HSPs with ATS has significantly reduced the fat content, inflammatory cytokines, TG, VLDL, LDL levels, tissue MDA level, HMGCR and SREBP1c mRNA expression levels, lipid accumulation as well as collagen content and has increased the serum HDL level as well as tissue SOD, CAT, GHS and mRNA expression levels of LXRa and CYP7A1. The aforementioned outcomes indicated that coadministration of HSPs with ATS may lead to herb-drug interaction. Therefore, precaution should be taken and dose adjustment is required when administered simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raspberry Ketone (RK) and Resveratrol (RSV) are natural phenolic antioxidants and anti‐inflammatory agents. However, its combined pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics potentials are not reported. The study aims to assess the combined effect of RK with RSV to protect rats from carbon‐tetrachloride (CCl4) induced oxidative stress and NASH. The toxicant CCl4 was employed at a concentration of 1 mL/kg as a 1:1 (v/v) mixture with olive oil twice weekly for 6 weeks to induce liver toxicity. Animal treatment was followed for 2 weeks. Silymarin was used as a standard control drug to compare the hepatoprotective effect of RK and RSV. Hepatic histology, oxidative stress, MMP, reduced glutathione (GSH), plasma levels of SGOT, SGPT, and lipid profile (total cholesterol and triglycerides) were measured. Anti‐inflammation genes (IL‐10), and fibrotic genes (TGF‐β) were also examined in liver tissue. Oral administration of combined RK with RSV (50 + 50 mg/kg for 2 weeks) showed significantly more hepatoprotection by significantly decreasing elevated plasma markers and lipid profile than alone RK and RSV (100 mg/kg daily for 2 weeks). It also significantly alleviated the hepatic lipid peroxidation, restoring the activities of GSH levels in the liver. RT‐PCR and Immunoblotting studies confirmed that significantly upregulation of anti‐inflammation genes and protein expression (MMP‐9) ameliorated the disease. Pharmacokinetic studies confirmed more synergistic stability in simulated gastric‐intestinal fluids (FaSSGF, FaSSIF) and rat liver microsomes (CYP‐450, NADPH oxidation & glucuronidation. Moreover, coadministration of drugs augmented the relative bioavailability, Vd/F (L/Kg), and MRT0‐∞(h), which leads to more efficacy. This pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic reveals a new adjuvant therapy for the treatment of steatohepatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromogranin A (ChgA) is an acidic pro-protein found in neuroendocrine organs, pheochromocytoma chromaffin granules, and tumor cells. Proteolytic processing of ChgA gives rise to an array of biologically active peptides such as pancreastatin (PST), vasostatin, WE14, catestatin (CST), and serpinin, which have diverse roles in regulating cardiovascular functions and metabolism, as well as inflammation. Intricate tissue-specific role of ChgA-derived peptide activity in preclinical rodent models of metabolic syndrome reveals complex effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Indeed, ChgA-derived peptides, PST and CST, play a pivotal role in metabolic syndrome such as obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus. Additionally, supplementation of specific peptide in ChgA-KO mice have an opposing effect on physiological functions, such as PST supplementation reduces insulin sensitivity and enhances inflammatory response. In contrast, CST supplementation enhances insulin sensitivity and reduces inflammatory response. In this review, we focus on the tissue-specific role of PST and CST as therapeutic targets in regulating carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, along with the associated risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abiraterone acetate (ABRTA) is clinically beneficial in management of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (PC-3). With highlighted low solubility and permeability, orally hampered treatment of ABRTA necessitate high dose to achieve therapeutic efficacy. To triumph these challenges, we aimed to develop intestinal lymphatic transport facilitating lipid-based delivery to enhance bioavailability. ABRTA-containing self-nano emulsified drug delivery (ABRTA-SNEDDS) was statistically optimized by D-optimal design using design expert. Optimized formulation was characterized for particle size, thermodynamic stability, in vitro release, in vivo bioavailability, intestinal lymphatic transport, in vitro cytotoxic effect, anti-metastatic activity, and apoptosis study. Moreover, hemolysis and histopathology studies have been performed to assess pre-clinical safety. Nano-sized particles and successful saturated drug loading were obtained for optimized formulation. In vitro release upto 98.61 ± 3.20% reveal effective release of formulation at intestinal pH 6.8. ABRTA-SNEDDS formulation shows enhanced in vivo exposure of Abiraterone (2.5-fold) than ABRTA suspension in Sprague–Dawley rats. In vitro efficacy in PC-3 cell line indicates 3.69-fold higher therapeutic potential of nano drug delivery system. Hemolysis and histopathology study indicates no significant toxicities to red blood cells and tissues, respectively. Apparently, an opportunistic strategy to increasing bioavailability of ABRTA via intestinal lymphatic transport will create a viable platform in rapidly evolving chemotherapy. Enhanced translational utility of delivery was also supported through in vitro therapeutic efficacy and safety assessments. Abiraterone acetate is a prostate cancer drug, impeded with low bioavailability. ABRTA loaded in self nano emulsifying drug delivery enhanced its bioavailability. Intestinal lymphatic transport played role in enhanced bioavailability of ABRTA. ABRTA-SNEDDS enhanced in vitro cytotoxic activity of ABRTA. ABRTA-SNEDDS found safe in preclinical safety evaluations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is an age-related disease, and its progression is accompanied by hyperglycaemia, cardiac dysfunction, and myocardial structural and functional abnormalities. Cissus quadrangularis, a traditional medicinal plant, contains polyphenols, flavonoids, phytosterols, carbohydrates and ascorbic acid. It is used to treat osteoporosis, asthma, haemorrhoids and menstrual disorders. Objective: In the current research, we have investigated the effect of ethanolic extract of C. quadrangularis (EECQ) against a high-fat diet (HFD)/streptozotocin-induced DCM by estimating cardiac biomarkers, inflammatory markers and Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Rats were fed with an HFD for 12 weeks, followed by single-shot low-dose streptozotocin (35 mg/kg; i.p.). The treatment was performed by EECQ (200 mg/kg/day, orally) for six weeks. The extract EECQ improves glucose, insulin tolerance tests and hypercholesteremia. DCM is characterized by cardiac dysfunction, cardiac biomarkers CKMB and LDH, which were attenuated by the EECQ treatment. The hypertrophic biomarker ANP, BNP expression and cardiomyocyte surface area were decreased by EECQ. Moreover, EECQ also alleviated the biomarkers Angiotensin II and renin level. EECQ also reduced oxidative stress, ROS production and cardiac inflammation. Thus, these findings suggested that EECQ could be used as a possible therapeutic regiment to treat DCM. Cissus quadrangularis ameliorates hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipidaemia. Cissus quadrangularis mitigates cardiac dysfunction. Cissus quadrangularis decreases RAAS activation, thereby down-regulates ANP, BNP expression. Cissus quadrangularis alleviates ROS propagated oxidative stress and apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'One drug- one target' to 'multiple drug- multiple targets' paradigm shifted to produce combination therapies, have found great outcomes to overcome multiple drug resistance (MDR). MDR is a significant barrier to the delivery of taxane-based anticancer medicines such as docetaxel, paclitaxel, and cabazitaxel. Due to MDR induced by drug efflux transporters, clinical application of these medications is impeded. To date, nanoformulations such as liposomes, micelles, polymeric nanoparticles, and gold nanoparticles have been investigated to deliver taxanes alone and in combination to reverse drug resistance. Despite the fact that various groups have already looked into taxane nano formulations in the literature, there isn't much in the way of polypharmacology and advanced nanoformulations with a focus on MDR. In this overview, we briefly covered the insights regarding MDR, difficulties related to current pharmaceutical products of taxanes, combination therapies of taxanes to combat MDR, all of which can be used to delve into cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advancement in biotechnology provided a notable expansion of peptide and protein therapeutics, used as antigens, vaccines, hormones. It has a prodigious potential to treat a broad spectrum of diseases such as cancer, metabolic disorders, bone disorders, and so forth. Protein and peptide therapeutics are administered parenterally due to their poor bioavailability and stability, restricting their use. Hence, research focuses on the oral delivery of peptides and proteins for the ease of self‐administration. In the present review, we first address the main obstacles in the oral delivery system in addition to approaches used to enhance the stability and bioavailability of peptide/protein. We describe the physiochemical parameters of the peptides and proteins influencing bioavailability in the systemic circulation. It encounters, many barriers affecting its stability, such as poor cellular membrane permeability at the GIT site, enzymatic degradation (various proteases), and first‐pass hepatic metabolism. Then describe the current approaches to overcome the challenges mentioned above by the use of absorption enhancers or carriers, structural modification, formulation and advance technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trans-Resveratrol (T-RES) is a compound with wide therapeutic applications that shows low bioavailability and distribution across blood-brain barrier. The purpose of our study was to develop T-RES loaded mixed micelle (T-RES-MM) for its enhanced systemic availability and targeting to the brain. T-RES-MMs were formulated using Pluronic F-127 (PF-127) and d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) by using film hydration process. Formulations were characterized for size of particles, zeta potential, drug efficiency of entrapment, drug loading, and hemolytic study. Further in vivo pharmacokinetic and brain distribution study carried out in Sprague Dawley rats. The nano ranged size for drug-loaded mixed micelles was 21.55 ± 2.15 nm for optimized formulation with PF-127:TPGS (4:1). Formulation with maximum drug loading and entrapment efficiency of 8.4 ± 0.37% and 94.37 ± 1.01% respectively were further used for in vivo study. Percent hemolysis by micelles at all concentrations indicates the biocompatibility and safety for administration by i.v. route. The AUC0-t for T-RES-MM was 460.98 ± 158.99 h*ng/ml while for T-RES it was 276.27 ± 174.05 h*ng/ml. Drug targeting index suggests successful targeting of T-RES to the brain. Overall findings conclude in prepared T-RES-MM exhibit superiority of formulation as compared to T-RES solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PSTi8 is a pancreastatin inhibitory peptide that is effective in the treatment of diabetic models. This study investigates the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of PSTi8 in Sprague Dawley rats, for the first time. In vitro and in vivo PK studies were performed to evaluate the solubility, stability in plasma and liver microsomes, plasma protein binding, blood–plasma partitioning, bioavailability, dose proportionality, and gender difference in PK. Samples were analyzed using the validated LC-MS/MS method. The solubility of PSTi8 was found to be 9.30 and 25.75 mg/mL in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids, respectively. The protein binding of PSTi8 was estimated as >69% in rat plasma. PSTi8 showed high stability in rat plasma and liver microsomes and the blood–plasma partitioning was >2. The bioavailability of PSTi8 after intraperitoneal and subcutaneous administration was found to be 95.00 ± 12.15 and 78.47 ± 17.72%, respectively, in rats. PSTi8 showed non-linear PK in dose proportionality studies, and has no gender difference in the PK behavior in rats. The high bioavailability of PSTi8 can be due to high water solubility and plasma protein binding, low clearance and volume of distribution. Our in vitro and in vivo findings support the development of PSTi8 as an antidiabetic agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • LC-MS/MS method has been developed and validated for the first time for S012-1332. • Absolute oral bioavailability of S012-1332 was 7.04% in rats. • In vitro findings show low solubility, high metabolism, moderate protein binding. • Stable in plasma and biorelevant media and highly permeable. Abstract S012-1332 is the first DNA ligase I inhibitor that demonstrated in vivo anti-breast cancer activity. The present study aimed to assess the in vivo pharmacokinetics of S012-1332 in rats and interpret them with in vitro findings. A sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry bioanalytical method was developed and validated to determine S012-1332. Following oral administration, the absolute bioavailability was 7.04%. The absorption was prolonged which can be explained by low solubility in simulated gastric fluid and several folds higher solubility in simulated intestinal fluid. The effective permeability across the intestinal membrane in in situ single pass perfusion study for S012-1332 was 5.58 ± 1.83 * 10−5 cm/sec compared to 5.99 ± 0.65 * 10−5 cm/sec for carbamazepine, with no significant difference, indicating S012-1332 has high permeability. It was rapidly partitioning into plasma in blood, where it was stable. Plasma protein binding was moderate which may have attributed to the rapid distribution out of the vascular compartment. The pharmacokinetics of S012-1332 was characterized by extensive clearance as seen with rat liver and intestinal microsomes. In vitro results elucidate the in vivo pharmacokinetic data. These findings provide crucial information for further development of S012-1332 as anti-breast cancer agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]