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Objectives: Cancer diseases have been linked to a huge number of causes that led to deaths in this century along with cardiovascular and lung diseases. Most death-leading types of cancer are colon, lung, breast, and prostate cancers. Due to the remarkable properties of gold (Au) nanocarrier, they are used to deliver and improve tamoxifen (Tam) citrate activity in Caco-2 and MCF-7 cells. Materials and Methods: In this study, preparation of Au nanoparticles (NPs), zeta-potential and size, high resolution transient electron microscopy (HRTEM), high-performance liquid chromatography, ultraviolet-visible spectra, fluorescence microscopy, fourier infrared spectroscopy, and realtime cellular analysis xCELLigence technology were investigated. Results: The zeta-average size of the Tam- β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)-hyaluronic acid (HA)-chitosan (Chi)-Au nanocomposite is 82.02 nm with a negative zeta potential of -23.6. Furthermore, HRTEM images showed that, successful formulation of polymer shell around Au core and the Au NP shape is mostly spherical, triangle and irregular. Furthermore, the fluorescence microscope image showed proper cellular uptake of the Tam-βCD-HA-Chi-Au nanocomposite in MCF-7 and Caco-2 cells. Additionally, Tam-β-CD-HA-Chi-Au nanocomposite significantly improved the cytotoxic activity of Tam citrate on Caco-2 cells. IC50 value of Tam reduced from 8.55 µM to 5.32 µM, after 48 h of incubation time (p value <0.00001). Conclusion: This study showed that Tam-β-CD-HA-Chi-Au nanocomposite is a potential nanocarrier for delivering the drug to Caco-2 and MCF-7 cancer cells, since it has improved Tam citrate activity on colorectal cancer cells. After all, the developed formula showed more effect on Caco-2 than MCF-7. The prepared nanocomposite could be used to improve the cancer therapy in clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Granulation is a technique that convert fine powder particles to granules which form appropriate agglomerate. It’s main function is to improve the powders flow and compressibility properties as well as to prevent segregation of the blend components. Traditionally, there are three types of granulation methods namely dry granulation, wet granulation and direct compressing. But, each one of these traditional methods has different disadvantage which prompted the researchers to modify and find new technique to granulate the powder. Among the new granulation technique are steam granulation, melt granulation, moisture activated dry granulation, foam granulation, pneumatic dry granulation technology and thermal adhesion granulation. Choosing a technique depends on the knowledge of advantages and disadvantages of each technique and how appropriate it is to the characteristics of each ingredient. This review mainly focusses on new techniques in granulation technologies for granules production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we prepared the gold nanoparticles (AgNPs) and chitosan/gold nanocomposites (CAgNPs) with a slight modification of the Turkevich method. The prepared AgNPs and CAgNPs were characters by UV-Vis, IR spectroscopy and Zetasizer. We found that the prepared AgNPs and CAgNPs have max of 246 nm and 251 nm, respectively. IR spectroscopic studies revealed that the chitosan was present in the prepared CAgNPs. The zeta potential of AgNPs and CAgNPs sol was found to be -45 and -46 in the sodium citrate solution. Moreover, the size of AgNPs was found to be 20 nm with 0.694 polydispersity index and the size of CAgNPs was 46 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.432, respectively. Based on these results we conclude that, chitosan was deposited on the surfaces of CAgNPs and the size was increased when compared with AgNPs and the CAgNPs sol color was changed to violet whereas AgNPs was red colour due to shifting in the max. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]