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The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into prosthodontics has significantly improved diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning precision. This research evaluates the efficacy of four prominent object detection algorithms--YOLOv7, YOLOv8, AdaBoost, and RCNN--in identifying dental implants from radiographic images. Using a custom dataset containing over 5000 images collected from dental clinics, the study conducts a thorough assessment of each algorithm's performance. The proposed approach involves data processing and model training. This comparative analysis provides valuable insights into the performance characteristics of each algorithm, particularly regarding dental implant identification. Such insights can assist prosthodontists in making informed decisions regarding algorithm selection for clinical implementation, ultimately enhancing patient care and treatment outcomes in the field of dental prosthetics. Findings suggest that YOLOv7 and YOLOv8 excel in both speed and accuracy of dental implant identification, with AdaBoost also performing admirably, although with slightly slower processing times. However, RCNN, despite its precise localization capabilities, demonstrates relatively slower processing speeds. Evaluation metrics unveil varying levels of accuracy among the models, ranging from 77% to 92%. Furthermore, these findings contribute to the ongoing advancements in AI-assisted dental care, promising improved efficiency and precision in treatment planning and execution for better patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mangroves are the shrubs or trees growing in coastal saline or brackish water. The ecological study has practical applications in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management, city planning community health economic, basic & applied science & human social interaction. Mangrove ecosystems are highly productive but extremely sensitive and fragile. The present study deals with quantitative estimation, density, abundance and diversity index of mangroves located in western coastal region of Maharashtra, the Palghar district which is also a part of Konkan tract or Konkan coast. In the study area of Palghar coastline, out of 16 recorded species, 13 species are true mangrove from 4 genera & 8 families are observed. The flora from family Acanthaceae, Primulaceae, Fabaceae, Convolvulaceae, Combretaceae, Rhizophoraceae, Salvadoraceae, Aizoaceae, Lythraceae, Amaranthaceae are recorded as mangroves and their associates at 5 marshy locations of Palghar coastlines. Due to anthropogenic activity, industrialization & tourisms, sewage water and non-degradable wastes like plastic wrappers, plastic bottles get deposited in the marshy areas which is the reason why the mangrove are degraded. The covered upline areas with plastic suffocate the roots, even the pneumatophores and plants die due to suffocation. Until the adaptation for the plastic-coated marshy lands has not been developed in mangrove plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Forensic odontology is a branch which deals with proper handling and examination of dental evidence, and the proper evaluation and presentation of dental findings. It uses the skills of a dentist in personal identification during mass calamities, sexual assault and child abuse to name a few. The need to estimate the age of living individuals is becoming more frequent because of increasing number of crime rates by and against minors, increase in the number of immigrants without acceptable identification documents and the falsification of data to be prevented from being sentenced to a punishment. Teeth are bestowed with features of hardness and resilience against external factors such as chemicals, putrefaction and fire explosives making them a durable source of age determination. Dental age estimation has proven to be equivalent to the skeletal methods of age estimation. Further dentist's play a significant role in assessing the grievousness of the injuries sustained to the oral cavity. Hence it become a dentist's moral responsibility to act effectively in legal matters of such nature. Here we present a case suspected of sexual assault where age estimation and assessment of grievousness of injuries faced by the victim are evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ocular health is significant as undetected and untreated eye conditions can lead to vision loss and blindness. Usually, dentists, dental assisting staff, and patients undergoing frequent dental corrections are likely affected by eye injuries. Methods: This survey aimed to evaluate eye safety protocols in the dental fraternity. A prevalidated questionnaire was given to practicing graduate and postgraduate dentists to obtain details of the eye safety protocol they adopted. Results: A total of 150 dentists approached; only 125 chose to participate in the survey and answered our questionnaire. Although most dentists used eye protection for themselves, primarily personal eyeglasses and face shields, eye injury was quite common in them. Conclusion: Data from this study revealed that the use of eye safety practices among the respondents could be improved. Clinicians should be aware that they are responsible for providing adequate eye protection for themselves and their assisting staff and patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hookah smoking has been on raise all over the world, including India, especially among youngsters. There is growing evidence suggesting the high school children experimenting this form of tobacco. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics, behavior, and perceptions related to hookah smoking among the hookah smokers in Mumbai. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 200 randomly selected young adults between the age group of 15–35 years in Mumbai who visited different dental clinics. The questionnaire was distributed as Google Forms online in the month of November and December 2019 and those who submitted completed responses were included in the study. Results: Only 114 participants returned with the completed forms in the time period of 2 months. The results showed that the majority of participants were between 20 and 24 age, comprising 58% who were having the habit of hookah smoking. Among which 24% females, 76% males had history of hookah habit. Eight percent of males started smoking hookah from very young age. Males (29.89%) shared one hookah pot with four members. Forty percent of the participants stated that they are interested to smoke again because of hookah flavor. Conclusion: Easy availability of newer forms of smoking at online markets could play a role in promoting the use of hookah among youngsters. Most products are being sold without any warnings, and there is no means to control the selling of the products to minors. Educational intervention is urgently needed to create awareness among youth about the harmful effects of hookah smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: In 1985, Tyndall and Matteson first described the air cells that occur in the root of zygomatic arch and in the articular eminence of the temporal bone but do not extend beyond the zygomaticotemporal suture. Aims: The aim is to study the prevalence and patterns of pneumatized articular tubercle (PAT) retrospectively using two different imaging modalities, i.e., digital panoramic radiography and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Subjects and Methods: Total 3000 panoramic radiographs belonging to 1291 females and 1709 males and CBCT scans of 200 patients belonging to 62 females and 138 males were studied retrospectively and investigated for radiographic features of pneumatized articular tubercle. Results: Prevalence found by using panoramic radiography is 1.96% and by using CBCT is 12.5%. Conclusions: This research scrutinizes the prevalence of pneumatized articular tubercle and establishes the prevalence of the same among the studied population, using panoramic radiography and CBCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gardner's syndrome is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by the presence of colonic polyposis, osteomas, and a multitude of soft-tissue tumors. Dental anomalies are present in estimated 30% of all affected individuals of Gardner's syndrome, so dental professionals play an important role in determining the early signs of the syndrome. The intestinal polyps have a 100% risk of undergoing malignant transformation if not treated thus, early diagnosis and regular surveillance are important. In this report, we describe classical presentation of Gardner's syndrome in a patient who presented with bilateral swellings on palate along with multiple impacted teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The patency of the pharyngeal airway has a far-reaching impact on craniofacial development. Conversely, the position of the maxillofacial skeletal components in certain disorders may lead to a compromised airway. Therefore, the evaluation of the airway is an essential step in treatment planning. Objectives. The basic aim of this study was to measure the pharyngeal air space volume in the patients with maxillofacial skeletal abnormalities (like Class II, Class III malocclusion, TMJ Ankylosis, Condylar abnormalities and Syndromic cases) and those without any skeletal abnormalities. The objectives were to assess the Linear, Cross-sectional, and Volumetric dimensions of the pharyngeal airway in patients with and without maxillofacial skeletal abnormalities. (Study and Control group) Materials and methods. The Study group included 49 patients with maxillofacial Skeletal abnormalities like Class II and Class III malocclusion, Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis, Condylar abnormalities, Syndromic cases. 49 Control group patients did not present with any skeletal abnormalities. The Linear, Cross-sectional, and Volumetric dimensions of the pharyngeal airway in the Study group and Control group were calculated and compared within the groups. Statistical Analysis: Unpaired t -test, ANOVA test and Tukey's Post Hoc analysis test were for the data analysis of the above study. Outcomes. The Anteroposterior dimension of the airway at the Superiormost level was found to be significantly greater in Class II (p-value-0.039), Class III (p-value-0.002), and Control groups (p-value <0.001) when compared with the TMJ Ankylosis group. The Volume and Cross-sectional area of the airway at the most constricted level of the airway was found to be significantly greater in Class III (p-value <0.001) and Control group (p-value 0.013, 0.003) respectively when compared with the TMJ Ankylosis group. Conclusions. The pharyngeal airway was narrowest anteroposteriorly at all three levels (Superior-most, Most constricted, and Inferior-most levels) in the TMJ Ankylosis group and widest in the Class III group. The least cross-sectional area was found in the TMJ Ankylosis group whereas the greatest was found in the Class III group. The airway volume in the TMJ Ankylosis group and Class II group is significantly lesser than that of the Control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are a number of systemic diseases causing bony lesions throughout the body. Secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) which is associated with chronic renal failure is one such disorder resulting in a variety of bony changes. Secondary HPT develops when the parathyroid hormone is continuously produced in response to chronic low levels of serum calcium, a situation usually associated with the chronic renal disease. Here we present a case of secondary HPT causing bony changes in maxilla and mandible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral leprosy, a granulomatous disease is classified under the term oro-facial granulomatosis which comprises a group of diseases characterized by noncaseating granulomas affecting the soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial region. The most common clinical presentation of oro-facial granulomatous conditions is persistent swelling of one or both lips. Due to its rare incidence and clinical findings overlapping with other granulomatous conditions such as sarcoidosis, Crohn's disease, and cheilitis granulomatosa; it is practically difficult for a dental surgeon to easily diagnose this condition. This study presents a case of leprosy causing macrocheilia as the only clinical presentation and diagnosed initially as Miescher's cheilitis based on exclusion criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cleidocranial dysplasia is a heritable skeletal dysplasia and one of the most common features of this syndrome is multiple impacted supernumerary teeth. Cone-beam computed tomography, the most recent advancement in maxillofacial imaging, provides the clinician to view the morphology of the skull and the dentition in all three dimensions and help in treatment planning for the patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with MPDS that has become chronic may present a frustrating medical situation, which may include persistent aggravation of pain, long term medication, repeated health care visits and an ongoing dependency on the health care system. Number of established local and systemic factors as etiology of MPDS has been known so it is not surprising therefore that the treatment modalities are equally diverse, varied and ineffective. Even the most optimistic and positive clinician is forced to accept that there is no significantly curative treatment modality to manage this complex problem. In our study an attempt is made to evaluate the efficacy of Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and conventional therapy in the management of MPDS. Use of broad spectrum antibiotics in the dental setting has increased for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes in an alarming fashion. This is leading to the development of resistance to drugs and has become inefficient in curing infections. Studies throughout the world have shown that the prescription of antimicrobials by dentists is more prophylactic rather than treating a disease. Therefore, the inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics by dental practitioners is playing a significant role in the emergence of resistant microbial strains. Materials and method – 60 patients were selected randomly after complete radiographic evaluation into 4 Groups of 15 each. Group A was given Conventional treatment, Group B TENS, Group C Combined Conventional and TENS treatment while Group D was Placebo group. All 4 groups were analysed under 4 parameters of VAS measurement, interincisal mouth opening, muscle tenderness and clicking. Results – In group A, 86% cases showed complete relief of pain sensation with the use of conventional therapy. In group B, 60% cases showed complete relief of pain sensation, while the group C i.e. combined therapy showed maximum relief from pain of 93%. group D patient did not show any relief. Conclusion - It can be concluded from this study that both conventional therapy and TENS therapy were effective in relieving the pain sensation in MPDS patients, Combined therapy was more effective in providing the faster relief from pain sensation compared to conventional therapy and TENS therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is a Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), which has diverse manifestations. Extra-nodal NHL is extremely rare entity. Diagnosis, staging and treatment plan of the patient depends on the clinical findings and radiographic investigations. Positron emission tomography computed tomography (PET CT) scan helps in localization of the lesion and also for posttreatment restaging. Here we are presenting a case report of a 21-year-old patient with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. This case report highlights the importance of imaging for localization of the lesion and posttreatment evaluation of the lesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mucoceles are defined as chronic, cystic lesions in the paranasal sinuses. When the mucocele content becomes infected, the lesion is defined as mucopyocele. Most mucoceles are located in the frontal and anterior ethmoid sinuses and normally they involve the frontal-ethmoid complex, expanding to the superior-medial region of the orbit, leading to ocular disorders; maxillary sinus presentation is rare. In the present article, the authors described a rare case of mucopyocele in the maxillary sinus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benign Cementoblastoma is an odontogenic neoplasm of cementoblasts, also known as true cementoma. Cementoblastoma rarely affects the deciduous teeth and its occurrence on the left side is much more uncommon. This case report is of a 13 year-old patient who presented with cementoblastoma associated with a deciduous second molar in the mandible. The objective of this case report is to add one more case of this rare odontogenic tumor to the academic literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant disease of the bone marrow in which hematopoietic stem cells fail to differentiate. Overproliferation of these abnormal cells results in suppression of the normal components of the bone marrow. Aleukemic leukemia is a type of leukemia in which abnormal (or leukemic) cells are absent in the peripheral blood. We put forth a unique case of aleukemic leukemia presenting as gingival enlargement, that was diagnosed by immunophenotyping and flow cytometery as acute monoblastic leukemia (AML FAB 5a). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its location, intra-masseteric venous malformation often mistaken for a parotid swelling and clinical examination alone frequently underestimates the deep extension of the lesion and rarely gives accurate pre-operative diagnosis. But once it is diagnosed, the feasibility of the treatment and the plan of approach depend on accurate delineation of the extent, size and location of the lesion. Therefore, complimentary radiographic studies are essential for its management. In this case report, typical features of venous malformation within the masseter muscle, including clinical findings (turkey wattle sign) and imaging are presented. Ultrasonography and CT scan were non-contributory in the diagnosis, while on MRI, masseteric venous malformations have a typical appearance that allowed early identification, patient education and its management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes and obesity are now regarded as global epidemics. Researchers coined the term "diabesity" to describe the relationship between these two diseases as obesity and diabetes rates rise simultaneously. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, heart disease, and numerous types of cancer are all made more likely by obesity. Diabetes and obesity are two examples of complex diseases that are influenced by both hereditary and environmental factors. Due to the lack of knowledge regarding the underlying pathophysiology of obesity and diabetes, additional research is needed before pharmacological and surgical treatments can be used. Therefore, it is essential to use animal models of diabetes and/or obesity to advance our understanding of these conditions as well as to find and create efficient treatments for them. Zebrafish is a desirable model system for studying metabolic diseases due to functional conservation in lipid metabolism, adipose biology, pancreas structure, and glucose homeostasis. Finding new approaches to prevent and treat human diseases like diabetes and obesity is a good fit for it. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using zebrafish as a model to study the pathologies associated with obesity and diabetes. It focuses on studies that have used zebrafish as a model for these diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]