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Background: Orthodontic treatment involves moving teeth within the alveolar ridge. Bone remodeling is associated with the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Procedures such as corticotomy-assisted orthodontic therapy (CAOT) or periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics (PAOO) are intended to reduce bone density and negative stress on the grip side and therefore limit bone resorption during orthodontic movement or add bone substitute material so that the tooth does not cross the vestibular plate. Methods: The study was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. The study design was defined in the PICO format—Population (P): patients with full permanent dentition, both adolescents and adults; Intervention (I): orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances using additional supportive treatments such as CAOT or PAOO; Comparison (C): assessment of the impact of additional treatments during orthodontic treatment on the remodeling of the alveolar bone and the condition of the periodontium; Result (O): statistically significant/non-significant differences in the condition of the alveolar bone before and after orthodontic treatment. Search filters include the time of publication of the article, systematic reviews from the last five years, and publications that appeared in English. The information provided in the abstracts of systematic reviews that describe the effects of additional procedures during orthodontic treatment such as CAOT or PAOO on the health of periodontium was analyzed. Articles unrelated to the subject of the planned study and those in which tooth movement acceleration was analyzed were excluded. Results: Eight articles were selected in which a total number of 835 subjects took part. The changes in bone density and effects on periodontium were different after CAOT and PAOO. Conclusions: The validity of CAOT and PAOO procedures remains controversial. Better results are obtained when combined with tissue augmentation or thickening of the gingival phenotype rather than as stand-alone procedures, as their uses to protect periodontal tissues are limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The swift integration of 'Gummetal' into the orthodontic armamentarium can be attributed to its distinct advantages as an entirely new Ti-Nb-based beta titanium alloy. Developed by Toyota Central R&D Labs and publicly revealed in April 2003, this innovative material is rapidly reshaping orthodontic practices. Its sui generis properties allow its use as a potential substitute for the Multi-Loop Edgewise Archwire (MEAW) method. Three-dimensional orthodontic movement using this new alloy could eliminate the disadvantages of the MEAW method, such as its technical complexity and patient discomfort. In our comprehensive review of the current literature, we examined relevant publications sourced from the PUBMED database and explored one seminal work on Gummetal from the journal literature. Characteristic properties of Gummetal, such as its exceptional flexibility, superelasticity, and malleability (approximately 10 times greater than conventional metals), enable seamless formation of bends without posing challenges, thereby allowing precise control over orthodontic force application. Also worthy of mention are Gummetal's biocompatibility and non-toxic properties, along with its low coefficient of friction. The wire seems to be a relatively easy way to achieve good occlusion. Its usage does not require extensive experience in terms of manual skill, and it is not time consuming. Diligent usage of any prescribed plastics by the patient is crucial to prevent complications and ensure successful orthodontic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive orthodontic force can induce inflammatory tooth root resorption due to sustained high stresses within the periodontal ligament (PDL). This study aimed to analyze the PDL pressures during upper incisor retraction using the en masse method with TISAD. The finite element method (FEM) ensured consistent conditions across cases. The models included bone geometry, adjacent teeth, PDL, and orthodontic hardware, analyzed with LS-Dyna. The pressure ranged from 0.37 to 2.5 kPa across the dental arch, with the central incisors bearing 55% of the load. The pressure distribution remained consistent regardless of the force or hook height. The critical pressure (4.7 kPa) was exceeded at 600–650 g force, with notable pressure (3.88 kPa) on the palatal root wall of the right central incisor. Utilizing 0.017 × 0.025 SS archwires in MBT 0.018 brackets provided good torque control and reduced the root resorption risk when forces of 180–200 g per side were applied, maintaining light to moderate stress. Triple forces may initiate resorption, highlighting the importance of nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) for accurate oral cavity simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Incisor retraction is often a crucial phase in ongoing orthodontic treatment, with significant implications for alveolar remodeling mechanisms. There are two prevailing theories which seek to explain this. According to the first, teeth move with the bone, while according to the second, teeth move within the bone. This systematic review seeks to assess morphometric changes in the maxillary alveolar process resulting from incisor retraction following premolar extraction and to evaluate the potential for bone remodeling associated with orthodontic movement. Methods: The study was conducted following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. The following electronic databases were searched: PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. The databases were searched using the following keywords: "Bone remodeling and retraction of incisors", "Alveolar bone and incisor retraction", "Bone thickness and incisor retraction", and "Bone changes and orthodontic treatment". Search filters were utilized to identify relevant papers and articles written in English and published during the last 10 years. Based on the information provided in their abstracts, papers and articles were selected according to the following criteria: randomized clinical trials (RCTs), controlled clinical prospective trials (CCTs), and retrospective studies. Articles unrelated to the study's scope or failing to meet inclusion criteria were excluded. These generally comprised individual case reports, case series reports, literature reviews, experimental studies, studies with limited data (including conference abstracts and journal writings), studies involving an unrepresentative group of patients (less than 10 patients), studies concerning patients with syndromes, and animal experiments. The remaining articles which were deemed relevant underwent comprehensive reference review and such journals as the American Journal of Orthodontics, Dentofacial Orthopedics, International Orthodontics, Journal of Clinical Orthodontics, and Angle Orthodontist were manually searched. Results: Seven articles meeting the inclusion criteria articles were selected for final evaluation, with a total of 284 participants, including 233 women and 51 men. During the analysis of the results included in the publications, a lack of homogeneity was observed, rendering a reliable statistical analysis and heterogeneity assessment unobtainable. Noteworthy disparities in methodologies and measurements posed a risk of drawing inappropriate conclusions. Consequently, emphasis was placed on qualitative analysis, emphasizing the need for standardization in future studies of a similar nature, to enable valid and comparable analyses. Conclusions: The research findings incorporated in this review demonstrate that significant bone loss occurs because of incisor retraction, which diminishes distance between the bone surface and the root surface on the palatal aspect. The magnitude of this change may vary, contingent upon both the extent of incisor displacement and alterations in their inclination, thereby affecting the positioning of the root tips. This change is significantly higher in adults than in growing adolescents. The rationale behind this assertion lies in the widely recognized phenomenon of declining cellular activity with advancing age. The decrease in the speed and intensity of cellular changes may explain the diminished capacity for remodeling as patient age increases. There is ongoing discourse regarding alterations in the volume of bone on the labial aspect of the alveolar process. Further research is necessary to measure whether bone remodeling during orthodontic movement is contingent upon other factors, such as the speed and biomechanics of retraction, the level of applied orthodontic force, and the patient age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Understanding the anatomy of the incisive canal is crucial for effective diagnosis and treatment planning in clinical orthodontics. This is because, during orthodontic tooth movement, there is a risk of contact between the roots of the upper central incisors and the incisive canal. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the anatomical variability of the incisive canal using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), as well as to evaluate its correlation with age, sex, and the position of the maxillary central incisors. There are only a few studies on this topic. Materials and methods: We analysed CBCT data from 67 patients aged from 13 to 49 years. This study was conducted at the Wroclaw Medical University. Measurements were performed twice by two independent researchers, and intra-observer error and correlation were calculated. The mean difference between the first and second observations and between observers was also assessed. We examined the dimensions of the incisive canal and its relationship to the roots of the upper central incisors in relation to age and gender. Results: Our study results revealed a significant correlation between the width and length of the incisive canal. Males exhibited a significantly greater canal length at the lowest point of the incisive canal on the palatal wall. Additionally, males had wider canals compared to females. The analysis of canal width and distance between the most mesial point of the root and the line passing through the most anterior point of the incisive canal showed a negative correlation in all age groups of men. The analysis of incisal inclination and incisal canal inclination showed a very strong relationship, especially in the age group of 13 to 20 years. Several potential risk groups of contact between the roots of central incisors and the incisive canal have been identified based on their structure and the planned incisors' orthodontic movement. Conclusions and implications: Knowledge of the anatomy of the incisive canal and the use of 3D imaging in high-risk patients can prevent resorption of the incisor root by considering the individual anatomical conditions of the patient when planning orthodontic tooth movement. We recommend performing a CBCT scan before starting orthodontic treatment in the case of moderate and significant retraction of the incisors, or a significant change in their inclination due to the wide anatomical diversity of the incisive canal, especially in adult patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cephalometric analysis is an essential tool used in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and repeatability of new cephalometric points introduced in Tau angle analysis, in contrast to the gold standard, which is the analysis of the ANB angle. For this purpose, an attempt was made to assess the repeatability and reliability of the introduction of anthropometric points by evaluating both inter- and intraobserver parameters, as well as the agreement among the orthodontists participating in the study. Methods: Repeatability and reliability assessments for all six anthropometric points (N, A, B, T, M, G) used in the analysis of the ANB and Tau angles were conducted individually by 29 orthodontists. This assessment was performed in triplicate on the day of the study, on the day following the first study, and on the seventh day after the second study. Measurement errors for the ANB and Tau angles were evaluated using the Dahlberg formula and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Results: The orthodontists in the study measured sagittal discrepancy significantly more accurately using the ANB angle compared to the Tau angle (p < 0.001). The Dahlberg error for measuring the Tau angle was three times greater than that for the ANB angle (p < 0.001). Additionally, the ICC for the Tau angle was more than 3.5 times smaller than that for the ANB angle, while the R&R error for Tau measurement was more than three times greater than that for the ANB angle (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The results of ANB angle measurements exhibit fewer errors in comparison to Tau angle measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Root resorption is one of the complications of orthodontic treatment, and has a varied and unclear aetiology. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between upper incisor resorption and contact with the incisive canal and the risk of resorption during orthodontic treatment associated with upper incisor retraction and torque control. Search methods: According to PRISMA guidelines, the main research question was defined in PICO. Scientific databases MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for linking keywords: Resorption of roots incisive canal, Resorption of roots nasopalatine canal, Incisive canal retraction and Nasopalatine canal retraction. Selection criteria: No time filters were applied due to the significantly limited number of studies. Publications in the English language were selected. Based on the information provided in the abstracts, articles were selected according to the following criteria: controlled clinical prospective trials and case reports. No randomised clinical trials (RCTs) or controlled clinical prospective trials (CCTs) were found. Articles unrelated to the topic of the planned study were excluded. The literature was reviewed, and the following journals were searched: American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, International Orthodontics, Journal of Clinical Orthodontics, Angle Orthodontist, Progress in Orthodontics, Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research, Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics, European Journal of Orthodontics and Korean Journal of Orthodontics. Data collection and analysis: The articles were subjected to risk of bias and quality assessment using the ROBINS-I tool. Results: Four articles with a total of 164 participants were selected. In all studies, differences in root length were observed after contact with the incisive canal, which was statistically significant. Conclusions and implications: The contact of incisor roots with the incisive canal increases the risk of resorption of these roots. IC anatomy should be considered in orthodontic diagnosis using 3D imaging. The risk of resorption complications can be reduced by appropriate planning of the movement and extent of the incisor roots (torque control) and the possible use of incisor brackets with built-in greater angulation. Registration CRD42022354125. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver is an element that has been widely used in medicine. As a result of its remarkable properties, this metal is now extensively used in virtually all areas of dentistry. Its anti-caries and antibacterial properties are used in (but not limited to) periodontal therapy or during endodontic treatment. The addition of silver ions to materials, such as cements and substances used for fillings, proved to increase their flexural strength and surface microhardness. This element has also found use in orthodontics, e.g., as a material covering components of fixed braces or in implantology as one of the components of coatings applied to dental implants. The following systematic review aims to find and analyze available studies that evaluate silver according to cytotoxicity. For this purpose, information was gathered from three databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. This was followed by the Risk of Bias (RoB) analysis and the GRADE analysis of selected articles in which cytotoxicity was tested on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). A total of 387 articles were evaluated using required criteria, and, 13 papers were selected for final review. As all studies were evaluated to be of relatively good quality, it may be concluded that silver used in dentistry in low concentrations is free of significant cytotoxicity, and its use helps to improve the properties of the materials used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cephalometric analysis is an essential tool used in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. The main objectives of correct cephalometric analysis include resolving anteroposterior and vertical maxillary and mandibular base discrepancies. For a diagnostic tool to be of value, it should be precise, reliable and reproducible. Unfortunately, according to some studies, the accuracy of input and, therefore, the diagnostic reliability of some of the points and measurements may not be satisfactory. To this end, new cephalometric measurements are being developed with increased precision. In order to properly and definitively determine the usefulness of a given measurement in cephalometric diagnosis, it is necessary to carry out a critical evaluation of available studies. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the available scientific literature describing new landmarks and reference linear and angular measurements of 2D cephalometric analyses assessing the sagittal and vertical discrepancy in the position of jaw bases since the last systematic review in 2013. The secondary aim was to assess the accuracy and reliability of new anthropometric landmarks and reference planes in relation to those used previously, and their instability in relation to growth and orthodontic tooth movements. To carry out the intended plan, electronic databases such as PubMed, Scholar Google, Web of Science and Pro Quest were searched using specific keywords. Initially, a total of 1451 articles were retrieved. Then, duplicate articles in all databases were excluded from the resulting publications. The results showed that despite such a high number of articles published in peer-reviewed scientific journals, only 12 studies on new cephalometric analyses in the sagittal plane and 4 studies on new cephalometric analyses in the horizontal plane met the criteria and, as a result, were included in the review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are various methods of controlling the inclination of the incisors during retraction, but there is no evidence as to the advantages of some methods over others. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the effectiveness of the methods used to control torque during anterior teeth retraction. Methods: In accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, the main research question was defined in the PICO format [P: patients with complete permanent dentition; I: the maxillary incisor torque after (I) and before I retraction with straight-wire appliance and different modes of torque control; O: statistically significant differences in torque values of the upper incisors after orthodontic treatment]. The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched for keywords combining: retraction orthodontics, torque control orthodontics, torque orthodontics, inclination orthodontics, torque control retraction. The articles were subjected to risk of bias and quality analyses with the ROBINS-I protocol and the modified Newcastle–Ottawa QAS, respectively. Meta-analyses were performed with both fixed- and random-effects models. Results: 13 articles were selected in which total number of 580 subjects took part. In all studies, incisors were retroclined during retraction by 2.46° (mean difference), which was statistically significant. Considering the articles separately, the differences in torque between the study group and the control group were statistically significant in six articles. The Q statistic was 36.25 with p = 0.0003 and I2 = 66.9%, which indicated a high level of study heterogeneity. Conclusion: Both properly performed corticotomy and en-masse retraction using orthodontic microimplants seem to be the most effective and scientifically validated methods of torque control. Further high-quality research is needed to perform better quality analyses and draw more reliable conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polish Otorhinolaryngological Review / Polski Przegląd Otorynolaryngologiczny (Index Copernicus) is the property of Index Copernicus International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The physiopathology of the uvula is presented at the beginning. The division of diseases of this organ according to the Viennese clinician R. Coȅn, the behavior of the uvula in various diseases, especially syphilis, in malignant neoplasms are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archives of the History & Philosophy of Medicine / Archiwum Historii i Filozofii Medycyny is the property of Polskie Towarzystwo Historii Medycyny i Farmacji and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Modern Nursing & Health Care / Wspolczesne Pielegniarstwo i Ochrona Zdrowia is the property of Wydawnictwo Continuo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Students of medical faculties are the backbone of a well-educated medical team. First-year medicine students in the field of oral health have knowledge and pro-health behaviors acquired before the beginning of academic education. The level however does not always match scientific views. It is important that during studies they should systematically deepen and model. It is expected that appropriate, reliable and professional knowledge about oral health obtained during the academic training has modulated their own pro-health behaviors concerning the oral health of future doctors and their patients. The aim of the study was to assess the level of knowledge and pro-health behaviors concerning the oral cavity of first-year students of medicine. Materials and methods: The study covered 60 first-year medical students of the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences at the University of Zielona Góra. Students anonymously filled out a questionnaire containing questions about health knowledge and behaviors as well as a self-assessment of oral health. Results: Only 13.3% of the medical students knew that tooth decay is an infectious disease. At the same time, 95% indicated acid bacteria and carbohydrates as a cause of caries. When assessing the level of their own health-oriented knowledge in the field of dentistry, the vast majority considered it sufficient (over 61%) or too low (14%). It is worrying to submit responsibility for the oral health of the unit to the dentist -- 96.7% of respondents considered it. As many as 33.3% of respondents believed that the responsibility for removing plaque is borne by the dentist. The vast majority determined their oral hygiene as good, and only 3.4% as bad. Among students 65% recognized the need to change the toothbrush every month, and 90% when needed. Most students, 93.3%, knew that toothpaste with fluoride prevents the development of caries and that one of the hygienic procedures is cleansing the tongue. In the assessment of oral health, the vast majority indicated the range of 1-3 teeth treated for dental caries. At the same time, almost 70% admitted that they never had an endodontically treated tooth, with almost 80% stating that they had not had any tooth removed. Almost 18% of respondents did not report any signs of periodontal inflammation. The largest number of respondents after the analysis of their teeth would change the color -- 64%, slightly less the teeth position 21.5%, and for a change in the shape of the teeth indicated 6.1%. The most common source of pro-health knowledge was a dentist for the students and then mass media. Conclusions: The level of knowledge regarding oral health and healthy behaviors of first-year medical students requires raising thorough academic training. Attention should be paid to building systematic and cause--and--effect knowledge based on tooth and periodontal anatomy, bacterial etiology of caries, formation of odontogenic inflammatory foci and their impact on the development of focal diseases. Research has shown no causal relationship between the level of knowledge and pro-health behavior. The undergraduate education of future doctors should include shaping the correct dietetic and hygienic regimes. Developed attitudes based on professional knowledge will allow future physicians to promote proper health behaviors in the oral cavity of their friends and patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Modern Nursing & Health Care / Wspolczesne Pielegniarstwo i Ochrona Zdrowia is the property of Wydawnictwo Continuo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of the History & Philosophy of Medicine / Archiwum Historii i Filozofii Medycyny is the property of Polskie Towarzystwo Historii Medycyny i Farmacji and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A reform of the health care system in 1989-2000 began with the principal changes of the political and economic systems. The changes advanced slowly in the badly-organized health care system, which increased public dissatisfaction. Furthermore, the chronic underfunding of health care forbade the implementation of remedial measures. The principal role in the reform was the passing of the law on health care institutions (1991). The law had both advantages and disadvantages, but in a radical way began and accelerated work on further reformative activities. Work on the preparation of the substantive background to auton-omize the health care institutions (budgetary units) and on the draft of the law on general medical insurance continued. The law on health care institutions has led, for example, to the implementation of cost accounting in public health care institutions and the possibility of transferring some health care tasks to local authorities. The new law also provided foundations for further changes in the health care system, and till now it is the priority legislation for the operation of health care in Poland. As the reform of the health care system progressed the problems of the dehumanization of medicine increased. Sick patients in need of medical help were now perceived as elements of a complicated system ruled by scores and accounts. They became hostages of the health fund, which did not ensure full financing of health care benefits, and of health care personnel, who did not receive funds for non-standard treatments and therefore restricted access to health care services, in some cases even refusing to provide treatment. Unfortunately, the problem of dehumanization in medicine is still significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interest in pedodontics began in the early 20th century. In USA George Eastman was the first to propose the locating of dental clinics for children in schools. Despite the debacle of the project caused by the shortage of funds, his idea found followers. One of them was Ernst Jessen, who in Strasburg created the first free dental clinic for children in Europe. In Poland in 1912, in Cracow, on the initiative of Tomasz Janiszewski, DDS, the first dental ambu- latories for poor children were established. In 1916 the Town Den- tal Ambulatory for poor children in Cracow released a brochure which pointed out the need for preventing caries, and dental treat- ment, among their fundamental roles for general human health. In Zielona Góra the organization of the healthcare system after the second world war involved the implementation of the modi- fied Siemaszko model of healthcare based on public and free access to healthcare services for all people. Free dental healthcare for children was provided by dental clinics established to serve schools. Pedodontics was focused on planned treatment, fluoride prophylactics and health promotion in clinics operating in schools and preschools. Paediatric dentistry was supported by developing orthodontic clinics. They dealt with orthodontic prophylaxis in preschools, and offered treatment using mobile dental braces in town, regional and provincial clinics. Pedodontics developed in times when the need for dental health- care among the public was great and unsatisfied, and despite a serious shortage of dentists, the range of offered dental procedures continued to extend. Because of the lack of appropri- ate financing dentists worked in difficult conditions and were unable to satisfy the needs of town residents. Dental healthcare was organised according to the three-tier reference system of medical care institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archives of the History & Philosophy of Medicine / Archiwum Historii i Filozofii Medycyny is the property of Polskie Towarzystwo Historii Medycyny i Farmacji and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pomeranian Journal of Life Sciences is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of the History & Philosophy of Medicine / Archiwum Historii i Filozofii Medycyny is the property of Polskie Towarzystwo Historii Medycyny i Farmacji and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of the History & Philosophy of Medicine / Archiwum Historii i Filozofii Medycyny is the property of Polskie Towarzystwo Historii Medycyny i Farmacji and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pomeranian Journal of Life Sciences is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The beginnings of the settlement in the Parsęta valley date back to the 5th and 6th centuries. The first years of Kołobrzeg were associated with salt brewing, which for many years was a source of income for the inhabitants. In the early nineteenth century, the foundations of the sea bathing plant the use of mud began. The paper present the role of Dr. Moses Behrend in the development of the spa. The role of Kołobrzeg as a health resort in the early 20th century was significant. The development of the spa after the World War II and after the political transformation in 1989 was briefly analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of physical medicine and balneoclimatology on the human body, especially on the respiratory tract is presented at the beginning. Types of treatments used in spa balneotherapy are presented. The criteria for selecting patients for physical treatment are analyzed. The problem of cooperation of an otolaryngologist specialist and a specialist in physical medicine and balneotherapy is discussed. The unique form of treatment in Polish spas several dozen years ago - Science and Research Centers of Polish spas is introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]