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Nutrient availability is one of the most important factors controlling Arctic plant productivity. It is also sensitive to climate change, with increased nitrogen (N) mineralization arising from warmer soils and deeper snow. However, warming also tends to reduce snow cover duration, leading to antagonistic effects of climate change on mineralization. Furthermore, since snow melt is also a trigger for seasonal nutrient pulses, changes to snow melt timing may alter seasonal availability to plants. To investigate the impacts of environmental conditions on ecosystem nutrient availability and seasonal dynamics, we undertook regular, high-frequency measurements of soil extractable and plant N and phosphorus (P) concentrations along with winter and summer N and P mineralization rates along a sub-Arctic catchment representing a gradient in temperature, snow melt timing and vegetation composition. Our data show that a delay in snow melt timing of 11 days did not alter the seasonal dynamics of soil or leaf N and P concentrations. Net N mineralization, however, was highest at the warmest site and at the site with the most productive vegetation, while P was strongly immobilized at all sites, both in winter and summer. N:P ratios suggest that plants were generally P limited at all sites, probably due to strong P immobilization. Our data suggest that where warming and resulting vegetation change increase net N mineralization rates, in combination with strong P immobilization this may impose greater P limitation, possibly limiting the extent to which Arctic ecosystems can increase productivity under warming.

Mit der vorliegenden Ubersichtsarbeit soll ein umfassender klinischer Uberblick uber diffuse interstitielle Lungenerkrankungen, insbesondere solche, welche mit Erkrankungen aus dem rheumatischen Formenkreis assoziiert sind, gegeben werden. Interstitielle Lungenerkrankungen (ILE) umfassen eine auserst heterogene Gruppe von Erkrankungen mit unterschiedlichster und teilweise unbekannter Atiologie, wodurch eine exakte Klassifikation derselben schwierig ist. ILE werden in der klinischen Praxis selten angetroffen und bereiten oft diagnostische und differentialdiagnostische Schwierigkeiten. Die Diagnostik umfasst eine exakte Anamnese, die klinische Untersuchung, serologisch-immunologische und laborchemische Tests, die pulmonale Funktionsdiagnostik, die Thoraxradiologie inklusive hochauflosender Computertomographie (HRCT), die bronchioloalveolare Lavage (BAL) und lungenbioptische Verfahren. Die exakte Diagnostik von interstitiellen Lungenerkrankungen erfordert daher ein hohes Mas an interdisziplinarer Zusammenarbeit, um rechtzeitig therapeutische Masnahmen einleiten zu konnen.

This study, based on the phenomenological approach, was aimed at exploring the meaning of privacy for forensic psychiatric patients. The narratives of two such patients, diagnosed with schizophrenia and hospitalized on a forensic unit because of a killing offence, were analysed by means of qualitative content analysis. The study was conducted in a Swiss psychiatric clinic with forensic units. The results demonstrated that ‘privacy’ is not a question of luxury but a very basic human right. The ethical implications for nurses acting as key workers in such situations are highlighted. Recommendations for practice are detailed.

Hintergrund: Mangels spezialisierter schmerztherapeutischer Einrichtungen werden Schmerzpatienten an “normalen” Klinikabteilungen aufgenommen. Ein Drittel dieser Schmerzpatienten ist mit der Schmerztherapie wahrend des Krankenhausaufenthalts unzufrieden. Dies war Anlass, eine Diagnose- und Therapieroutine fur chronische Schmerzpatienten zu entwickeln und im Klinikalltag zu erproben.

We discuss the process $$e^ + e^ - \to Q\bar Q \to 3gluons \to 3jets$$ with attention to the kinematics and observability of the jets. We also show how to check the gluon spin through jet or hadron angular distributions. Gluon flavor can be checked by looking for quantum number correlations between opposite jets. We predict that correlations exist off resonance for\(e^ + e^ - \to q\bar q\), but not on resonance for\(Q\bar Q \to 3g\).

Die cellulare (mittels Migrations-inhibitionstest, MT) und humorale (mittels Immunfluorescenztechnik) Immunreaktion gegen Nebennieren-Antigene wurde bei 19 Patienten mit idiopathischer Nebennierenrindeninsuffizienz (INI) und 19 Kontrollpersonen untersucht. Bei 12 Patienten konnte eine ausgepragte Hemmung der Migration mononuclearer Zellen (MM) in Gegenwart von NN-Mikrosomen beobachtet werden; dagegen lag bei 18 der 19 Kontrollpersonen die MM im Normbereich. Zusatzlich konnten bei 11 (53%) der Patienten Nebennierenrinden-Antikorper (NNR-AK) festgestellt werden. In einer weiteren Untersuchungsreihe wurden NN-Mikrosomen mit NNR-AK vorinkubiert, im MT eingesetzt und die erhaltenen Migrationsindices mit denen durch NN-Mikrosomen allein erzielten verglichen. Bei 6 der 10 NNR-AK positiven Patienten konnte eine Hemmung der MM mit NN-Mikrosomen durch spezifische AK blockiert werden. Bei den NNR-AK negativen Patienten war kein einheitlicher Trend zu einer negativen oder positiven Beeinflussung der MM nachweisbar. Eine Blockierung der cellularen Immunreaktion durch spezifische Antikorper in diesem System erscheint wahrscheinlich. Mogliche Mechanismen, die dazu fuhren konnten, sowie die Bedeutung der NNR-AK werden diskutiert.

We discuss the forward-backward asymmetry and the polarization (mean helicity) of the quark, antiquark and gluon ine−e+→γ,\(e^ - e^ + \to \gamma , {\rm Z}^0 \to q\bar qg\), and of the inclusively produced hadrons (baryons or vector mesons) belonging to the most energetic jet. In the energy range of present interest we find substantial asymmetries (up to 30%) and polarizations (up to 15%), with partons (predominantly antiquarks) of positive helicity emitted preferentially in the forward direction.

Durch Gleichgewichtsuntersuchungen im System CaO−P2O5−H2O bei 40°, insbesondere Rontgen- und Elektronenmikroaufnahmen, wird fur das neutrale und alkalische Gebiet die ausschliesliche Existenz der Bodenkorper CaHPO4·2 H2O, Hydroxylapatit und Ca(OH)2 nachgewiesen. Ein einfaches Verfahren der Reindarstellung des Hydroxylapatits wird angegeben und begrundet, sowie elektronenoptische Abbildung gut ausgebildeter Kristalle gezeigt. Sein Loslichkeitsprodukt wird bestimmt, seine Entstehung durch Hydrolyse des sekundaren Phosphates und sein Verhalten beim Gluhen naher untersucht.

We have studied the problem of obtaining the rotation matrix elements dN(θ) = 〈N|e−iθJ2|N〉, where |N〉 refer to a particular degenerate class of basis vectors of a symmetry group G which embraces the rotations SU(2)J as a subgroup. For G = SO(v), SU(v), and SU(ν)⊗SU(ν), we prove that these particular representation functions are proportional to the Gegenbauer polynomials CN12(ν−2)(cosθ),CN12(ν−1)(cosθ), and CN12ν(cosθ), respectively. The reduction of such functions into one another according to the formula CN′λ′=ΣNaNCNλ has been solved in generality for complex values of N and corresponds to the reduction of Regge poles of G into Regge poles of one of its subgroups. The reduction formula for functions of the second type EN′λ′=ΣNbNENλ has also been derived; here one simply meets an infinite series.

Among the conventional renormalizable scalar fields only ~3 or ~0 ~ interactions are amenable to standard perturbation treatment. One could envisage making progress in relativistic quantum field theory by extending these interactions to ~o~-interactions, where 2 takes on real or even complex values. We shall therefore propose a perturbation theory for homogeneous interactions ~ . We call these interactions homogeneous because they give rise in the massless case to Green's functions which are homogeneous functions of space-time. The term dilational covariant may be used synonymously for homogeneous. We shall derive formulae for the Green's functions in perturbation theory which arc valid for all the complex values of 2. By the generalization of the field theory from the positive integer points 2 = 2, 3, 4 to complex values of ~ one obtains an interpolation of field theories and an analytic representation for the n-point Green's functions in the degree of homogeneity 2. The Green's functions in the 2g-th-order perturbation theory occur for N ~ 4 as Sommerfeld-Watson-type spectral transforms. These transforms in the degree of homogeneity have remarkable properties. For example, they allow one to sum N-th-order perturbation graphs of the ~a or ~o 4 interactions into one expression under Mellin-Barnes integrals: the usual Feynman-diagram perturbation contributions for polynomial theories occur as simple poles under these integrals. This work is demonstrated in detail in the fourth-order of perturbation theory at the end of this paper. All the secondand the third-order perturbation contributions can be written down for all complex values of ~ explicitly. I t can be seen that all the N-th-order perturbation contributions with N ~ 4 are functions of harmonic ratios of propagators; this is true also for the ~3 or ~4 interactions. Similar techniques may be used for interactions with spin (see ref. (1)). I t should be noted that several authors (L2) have proposed Green's functions similar in form under the requirement of conformal covariance. The ~ Green's functions resemble those Green's functions found by SVMANZlK in ref. (~). The Green's functions in the