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Buber's concepts of I-It and I-Thou are well known, yet his understandings of a dialogical process and dialogical knowing are less evident in the literature. This article briefly details a unique Buberian dialogical research methodology, devised for research into psychological and emotional abuse in families. Informed by Buber's premise that dialogue is the source of knowing, this methodology privileges the intersubjectivity between participant and researcher. It is operationalized in methods that highlight the dialogical process within the research interview, from which dialogical knowing may emerge. Analysis of the intersubjective process is based on the conceptualization of five poetic images that recur in Buber's work, as illustrated in the micro-analysis contained in this article. It suggests that a Buberian methodology offers deeper and more nuanced understandings of the subjective experiences of vulnerable participants and of theoretical knowledge about a sensitive topic. Practitioner points Buber's scholarship highlights the ideas of dialogical process and dialogical knowing A Buberian research methodology requires intersubjectivity to be privileged in analysis, before the consideration of subjective experience or theoretical knowledge Intersubjective analysis may be operationalized by a conceptualization of Buber's poetic images Dialogical moments may occur within the research interview, from which dialogical knowing may emerge

We studied the nature of incident response teams in seven Operations Centers of varying size and types including service providers, a Security Operations Center, a Data Center, and two military training Operations Centers. All responded to incidents by forming teams. We asked: what is the context of incident response work? how can we model incident response work? and what are the implications for tool developers? Activity theory guided our research throughout. Using an ethnographic approach to data collection, we shadowed 129 individuals for a total of 250 h of observations, conducted 38 interviews, and facilitated 11 meetings with executives of Operations Centers. We produced rich descriptions of the work of operators and a model of incident team formation called the Tailor-made Teams in Operations Centers (T-TOCs). We position our results relative to other ethnographic studies and standards in the industry, showing how incident team formation has changed over time. Today's incident response team is ad hoc, i.e., tailor-made to the circumstances, and responsive to changing circumstances. Our model draws parallels between the incident response work of teams and human cognition. We conclude by pointing out that tools for tailor-made teams are in their infancy.

The philosophy of Martin Buber, the author of the seminal text I and Thou, offers profound insights into the dialogical approach to family therapy and research, in particular the understanding of the moment-to-moment relational encounters between therapist and client, or researcher and participant. This paper provides an introduction to Buber's dialogical philosophy of relation as based on his extensive writing. It opens Buber's scholarship beyond the ideas of the I-It and I-Thou relationships, to explore a relational process involving an ongoing movement between I-It and I-Thou. The author's conceptualisation suggests that Buber's poetic terms reveal different layers of this dialogical process that may lead to intersubjective moments, those which offer dialogical knowing and the possibility of transformation. The author proposes that such an understanding may increase the therapist's and researcher's awareness, sensitivity and attunement to this dialogical process and to moments of dialogical knowing.

This paper focuses on the clinical practice of open dialogues in Finland and articulates some challenges and resonances for clinicians of this way of working. It is a collaborative paper based on a series of reflecting conversations in a North–South dialogue between four Finnish family therapists and an Australian family therapist. The paper begins with an overview of the context of open dialogues in Finland. It then introduces each individual Finnish therapist, followed by dyadic reflecting conversations about the work, before moving to a joint North–South dialogue where all voices join together in responding to each other's contributions. The clinical practice of open dialogues is revealed as ways of thinking, doing and being in relation to self, client, family, networks, and colleagues. Mutual understanding between all involved in the work emerges as a core theme. The paper offers the clinical wisdom of the Finnish therapists to those interested in adapting this way of working to the Australian and New Zealand context.

In the family therapy literature there is increasing interest in the dialogical approach, particularly as it becomes well-grounded in psychotherapy research. One embodiment is ‘open dialogues’, which has developed over a 30-year period in Western Lapland, Finland. This paper outlines my experience of visiting Keropudas Hospital in Tornio, Finland, the birthplace of open dialogues. It explores the seven theoretical principles of open dialogues, associated elements of clinical practice, and the therapist use of self. The author utilises these aspects to reflect on dialogical moments through words and images based on three conceptual themes, which illustrate the relevance of open dialogues for family therapy practitioners and their contexts.

The primary aim of the three Milan principles of hypothesising, circularity and neutrality was to proffer an effective methodology for interviewing families, with a secondary aim of casting off the stereotypical personal therapist qualities such as intuition, charisma and concern. The progression of the principles from the original Milan model through to contemporary approaches is intriguing. The following article consists of two sections. First it tracks the progression of the three principles through the Milan, post-Milan and postmodern approaches to family therapy. Given their recursive nature, they are revealed as responsive to developments in theory and practice, as well as the influence of the wider societal context. The second section of the article explores hypothesising, circularity and neutrality in the contemporary approach of dialogical family therapy. The relevance of the three principles to the therapeutic process, the therapeutic role and the therapeutic relationship is considered. Such an exploration does not seek definitive answers or ‘truths’, but seeks to conceptualise a vague ‘knowing’ that there is continual learning and growth in grappling with the tensions in this field, in remaining ever curious, in asking the questions …

PEOPLE OFTEN REFER TO MY ACCOUNTS of the lives of two of modern India's "founding fathers," M. K. Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, as "biographies."1 However, I do not see myself as a biographer, or these works as biographies, in the accepted sense of tracking and interpreting a life from the cradle to the grave, and, more problematically, of taking the individual as the only intellectual and analytical center of the argument. Readers who look for that sort of account of the life of these two men will find areas of their lives dealt with in passing rather than in depth, precisely because they do not illuminate the core problems that I investigate. (To take an obvious example, those who want a detailed and sensational account of Nehru's relationship with the wife of the last British viceroy will be disappointed. Quite apart from the constraints of historical evidence, what seems to me more significant than its precise physical character is her role as a sounding board and confidante, mostly in lengthy letters, over the early years of independence and most of his prime ministership, and what this tells us about his isolated position and his major concerns.) I see myself not as a biographer but as a historian of a time and region-South Asia from the late nineteenth to the late twentieth centuries-who uses the medium of

The subject of this essay is Jawaharlal Nehru, one of the last great Victorians in the British Empire. Born in 1889, he died just over forty years ago, in May 1964, having been his country's first ...

Three studies were conducted to ascertain how quickly people form an opinion about web page visual appeal. In the first study, participants twice rated the visual appeal of web homepages presented for 500 ms each. The second study replicated the first, but participants also rated each web page on seven specific design dimensions. Visual appeal was found to be closely related to most of these. Study 3 again replicated the 500 ms condition as well as adding a 50 ms condition using the same stimuli to determine whether the first impression may be interpreted as a 'mere exposure effect' (Zajonc 1980). Throughout, visual appeal ratings were highly correlated from one phase to the next as were the correlations between the 50 ms and 500 ms conditions. Thus, visual appeal can be assessed within 50 ms, suggesting that web designers have about 50 ms to make a good first impression.

A new process, evaporative precipitation into aqueous solution (EPAS) has been developed to coat poorly water soluble drugs, in this case carbamazepine, with hydrophilic stabilizers to enhance dissolution rates. A heated organic solution of the drug in dichloromethane is sprayed though a fine nozzle into a heated aqueous solution. The rapid evaporation of the organic solvent produces high supersaturation and rapid precipitation of the drug in the form of a colloidal suspension that is stabilized by a variety of low molecular weight and polymeric surfactants. The stabilizer adsorbs to the drug surface and prevents particle growth and crystallization during the spray process. The suspensions are dried by spray drying or ultra-rapid freezing. The high dissolution rates are a consequence of the following advantages of the EPAS process: a small primary particle size, a hydrophilic coating on the particles that enhances wetting, and low crystallinity.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of micronization technique on performance and stability of the model drug formulated in a suspension-based pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI). The model drug, triamcinolone acetonide (TAA), was subjected to ball milling or air-jet milling prior to formulation of the pMDI. The dose delivery characteristics of the emitted aerosol cloud were monitored for the ball-milled, air-jet-milled, and unmicronized TAA pMDI formulations prior to and after storage at 25 and 40 degrees C. Cascade impaction was used to determine the aerodynamic particle size distribution of the emitted dose. Both micronization techniques reduced the drug particle size distribution and the polydispersity of the drug particles to a similar extent, but the ball-milling technique reduced the crystallinity of the drug to a greater degree compared to the air-jet-milling technique. The air-jet-milled and unmicronized TAA pMDI displayed similar aerodynamic particle size distributions of the emitted aerosol and respirable fractions over the storage period. The ball-milled TAA resulted in a pMDI formulation with the smallest aerodynamically sized particles and the highest respirable fraction compared to the air-jet-milled or unmicronized TAA pMDI formulations. The micronization techniques significantly influenced the dose delivery characteristics as a result of different initial particle size distributions, amorphous contents, and surface energies.

(1993). The Significance of Gandhi Today. South African Historical Journal: Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 229-233.

This study examined the floristic variation at 20 sites of sclerophyllous shrubland (kwongan) occurring on lateritic soils in the central wheatbelt of south-western Australia. The results show that this kwongan is as floristically rich and varied as the kwongan in the northern and southern sandplain areas of the south-west. Six sequential groups of sites can be identified along the rainfall gradient present over the study area; 29 species are selected as indicators of the floristic groups. The distribution of many of the remaining 426 species suggests a continuum of floristic change along the rainfall gradient. One hundred and forty-five species were only recorded once and thus contributed to the high species richness of the sites and the low level of floristic uniformity between the stands. There were significant trends in the proportions of lifeforms with respect to the rainfall gradient. Evidence of the response of the plants to an obvious environmental gradient and the increased understanding of this complex vegetation type will provide conservation managers with some rationale for setting priorities for reserve acquisition and management.

Kwongan is an important vegetation type in southwestern Australia. It occurs in small patches throughout Tutanning Nature Reserve. Eleven patches, totalling 64 ha, were found to contain 315 vascular plant species: over half the total species recorded for the whole reserve. The patches were floristically heterotoneous (cf. Westhoff & van der Maarel 1973) but could be grouped according to three major soil types. The richest kwongan was on pockets of shallow duplex soil occurring midway down the landscape profile. Species richness appears to decline only slightly with increasing time since fire. Presence of emergent Banksia attenuata at one site did not influence the overall speciesrichness of that area.

Excerpt Since the days of hippocrates, depression has been recognized as a distinctive psychobiologic mode. Engel (1) said that depression, developmentally, is the latter of two basic biologic reac...