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According to classical Christology, Christ's human will was always in conformity with and never contrary to the divine will. Call this notion 'volitional non-contrariety' (VNC). But theologians disagree over how to explain VNC. In this article, I consider four models of VNC: the Parameter Model, the Beatific Vision Model, the Molinist Model, and the Causal Model. I argue that the Causal Model, coupled with a compatibilist account of freedom, is the best way to understand VNC because libertarian accounts of Christ's human freedom inevitably fail to preserve some other element of classical Christology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tolls are levies with a limited base. This base is made up of drivers that pay user fees, in cash or via electronic transponder, in exchange for access to state-administered roads. In Illinois, every single toll is a function of three factors: vehicle characteristics, tollway entry point, and how far a driver goes on state-administered roads. It is commonly assumed that any toll violation, i.e., any failure to pay in full and in real-time, results in a traffic ticket, administrative fees and stateimposed sanctions. Such an assumption, however, is only partly true due to overly forgiving Illinois state policies. Examples of these overly forgiving policies include the state Traffic Ticket Exemption, the Video Tolling ("VToll") Subsidy and the 50 Percent Toll Rate Discount. In addition, depending upon drivers' usual method of payment, there also may be differential treatment of violations. The first possibility, which applies to most Illinois toll violators, is that some penalty will be imposed. The second possibility, which applies to toll violators with electronic payment transponders, is that there will be no consequences. So, what is the rationale for less-than-standard treatment of similarly situated toll violators' Perhaps it is that transponder users are presumed to want to pay tolls, in the absence of countervailing evidence, based on their past payment histories. Whereas cash users are not entitled to any such presumption due to a lack of verifiable payment histories. One result of such an overly forgiving policy, at least with respect to the VToll Subsidy, is that transponder users are given the benefit of the doubt and a $0.15 subsidy. Cash payers, conversely, are fully held to account and forced to offset the state's incidental losses. This difference in treatment, based on payment method, may need to be reevaluated. Although there are few valid reasons to provide any V-Toll Subsidy, as most violations arise from preventable human errors, transponder users still have a right to receive it up to five times per month. This translates into 60 times in a single fiscal year. If the potential cost of this subsidy is expressed in dollar terms, Illinois pays up to $9 per user. $9 per user may not seem like much, at least for a U.S. state, until it is placed into its proper context. For example, there were at least 4.5 million transponder users in Fiscal Year 2018. If each user received the maximum subsidy, it would cost $40,500,000. Such a costly subsidy must be justified, ideally using information that is readily available to the U.S. public. Especially if one considers Illinois's recent state budgetary issues, such as a general fund deficit of $7.8 billion at the end of Fiscal Year 2018.1 But, as of this writing, the state has not accurately computed the annual cost of its V-Toll Subsidy. Neither has the subsidy been justified on economic efficiency nor distributional grounds. Within this context, the Essay makes three contributions to U.S. local government law. It does so, initially, by computing the annual cost of the VToll Subsidy in Fiscal Year 2018. This Essay then goes beyond this computational work to show that overly forgiving state policies may have perverse incentives, which lead to modest, yet unjustified, losses. Lastly, it points out that even modest losses may prove to be significant in light of state budgetary issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Article is one in a series of papers that sets the record straight about the type, quality, and quantity of information that U.S. cities may employ, so as to make more informed policy decisions. It does so, specifically, by examining information that is collected by the City of Chicago: in order to gauge the uniformity, as well as the relative cost effectiveness, of the parking ticket appeals process. The Article has six (VI) parts. Part I is the introduction, which sets the stage for a preliminary examination of the parking ticket appeals process in Chicago. Part II describes the applicable law. Part III explains this Article's methodological approach, which employs percentage analysis to explain how parking tickets are distributed, how parking ticket appeals are distributed, and how frequently ticket recipients obtain relief in Chicago. Part IV outlines the Article's findings and positive analysis, which includes the fact that more advantaged zip codes have higher administrative costs and lower error rates than disadvantaged zip codes. Part V contains its key normative recommendations. Part VI is the conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cities across the country are adopting mandatory inclusionary zoning. Yet, consensus about the appropriate constitutional standard to measure the propriety of mandatory inclusionary zoning has not been fully reached. Under one doctrinal lens, inclusionary zoning is a valid land use regulation adopted to ensure a proper balance of housing within the jurisdiction. Under another doctrinal lens, challengers seek to characterize inclusionary zoning as an exaction, a discretionary condition subject to a heightened standard of review addressing the specific negative impact caused by an individual project on the supply of affordable housing in a jurisdiction. Drawing from the experience of Baltimore, Maryland's inclusionary zoning ordinance, this Article considers the impact that the uncertainty in the law may have had on the type of inclusionary zoning ordinance adopted by the city. This Article argues that the conversation about inclusionary zoning, land use regulation, and exactions has been formulated in the context of imagery about development that leaves places like Baltimore out. The imagery in these narratives is of an individual landowner powerless in the face of government overreach. The reality is different in those places where land developers are not powerless and instead are often politically influential repeat players. Thus, the real problem presented may be not how to craft doctrine to prevent cities from asking too much of developers, but instead to craft doctrine that ensures cities do not give away too much. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on efforts of the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) to encourage local economic development with the passage of the U.S. Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act (PAE). Topics discussed include PAE Act provide domestic private sector firms in banking and financial services industries, right to ignore most local zoning requirements, qualified immunity from a range of civil actions and the right to employ eminent domain and non-postal services such as money orders.

The article focuses on one of the primary sources of public pension inefficiencies such as defined-benefit pension plans with other fringe benefits on retirement. It mentions that the Pension Waiver Credits as the tax credit allocation with the need of the creation of a new state tax expenditure program. It also mentions that how U.S. states could implement the tax expenditure program in order to partially address the U.S. public pension crisis.

The article explores on the Chicago Public School (CPS) system which represents the reduction in the number of schools-aged children in Chicago, Illinois. It highlights several factors that lead to the decline number of school children which include race, income and location. It also presents several tables which shows the percentage and share of the CPS closings.

: Topotecan [()-9-dimethylaminomethyl(10-hydroxy-camptothecin), NSC 609699, SK&F 104864A], a semisynthetic analogue of the natural product camptothecin, is a cell cycle-specific drug that exerts antineoplastic activity through inhibition of topoisomerase I. Currently, topotecan is undergoing phase I and early phase II clinical trials. The dose-limiting toxicity for topotecan is myelosuppression. : Our purpose was to determine plasma concentrations and exposure times necessary for optimal clinical activity and tumor types that may be responsive in phase II clinical studies of topotecan. : A soft-agar cloning system assay was used to determine the in vitro effects of topotecan against cells from biopsy specimens of colorectal, breast, lung, ovarian, renal cell, and gastric cancers and cancers of unknown primary origin. We studied 141 freshly explanted tumor specimens, using 1-hour exposure to topotecan, and 80 were studied using continuous exposure. A decrease in tumor colony formation resulting from drug exposure was considered an in vitro response if survival of colonies was up to 50% of that in controls. : With 1-hour exposure, in vitro responses were seen in 10% and 25% of assessable tumor specimens at final topotecan concentrations of 1.0 and 10.0 μg/mL, respectively. With continuous exposures at concentrations of 0.1 and 1.0 μg/mL, in vitro response rates were 34% and 76%, respectively. Specific activity was seen against colorectal, breast, non-small-cell lung, ovarian, and renal cell cancers, with responses observed in 27%, 25%, 32%, 39%, and 83%, respectively, of assessable tumor specimens after continuous exposure to 0.1μg/mL topotecan. A subset of tumor specimens resistant to doxorubicin or fluorouracil was sensitive to topotecan, and the difference in sensitivity was statistically significant. In addition, some of the tumor specimens resistant to cyclophosphamide and etoposide were also sensitive to topotecan. : Topotecan appears to be active in vitro against a variety of human tumors, including a subgroup resistant in vitro to standard antineoplastic agents. If plasma levels of 0.1 μg/mL can be achieved for prolonged periods of time in ongoing clinical trials, topotecan should have substantial clinical activity. : Further clinical development of topotecan is warranted. [J Natl Cancer Inst 84:1816–1820, 1992] [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Topoisomerase inhibitors comprise an important group of agents that is used in cancer treatment. Because the development of resistance to cancer chemotherapeutic agents represents a major limitation of cancer chemotherapy, we investigated the mechanism of resistance by murine P388 leukemia to camptothecin (topoisomerase I inhibitor) or amsacrine (topoisomerase II inhibitor). The resistant cells contained reduced levels of topoisomerase activity and messenger RNA. The topoisomerase gene of these cells was rearranged (only in one allele) and hypermethylated. These topoisomerase gene alterations probably resulted in reduced transcription and, thus, enzyme production, which was correlated with resistance to the topoisomerase inhibitor. [J Natl Cancer Inst 81:1732–1735, 1989] [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]