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Given the phenomenon of "financing is difficult and expensive" for MSEs, this paper empirically investigated the influencing mechanism of the credit demand side characteristics on the financing constraints of MSEs based on the information conveyance perspective. The conclusions show that MSEs in China are severely suffering from financing constraints and 57.17% and 50.00% of MSEs with credit demand have not applied for loans from formal and informal financing channels, respectively. In terms of enterprise characteristics, MSEs have low asset size, short establishment history, weak profitability, and lack of tools such as fixed assets, complete financial management system, professional technicians, and private brands to convey risk information to financing institutions, which are key factors resulting in their financing constraints. In terms of owner characteristics, young owners lack financing experience and convey higher risk information to financing institutions; therefore, owners' age negatively influences the financing constraints of MSEs. These findings suggest that banks can use big data credit technology as a tool to obtain risk information about MSEs, and the government should implement diversified interventions to improve the information environment in financial markets. These findings provide empirical evidence for banks and governments to address the financing constraints of MSEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Credit rationing hindered the development of MSEs. Big data credit technology creates a great opportunity to address this issue. Then, how does big data credit technology affect and to what extent can it alleviate the credit rationing of MSEs? Based on the bounded rationality economic man hypothesis, the evolutionary game model of banks and MSEs under the traditional mode and big data credit technology are constructed, respectively, in this paper, and the evolutionary trajectory of bank-enterprise credit strategies under the two modes are comparatively analyzed. The results show that it is hard to alleviate the credit rationing of MSEs under the traditional mode. However, under big data credit technology, when the overall credit level of MSEs is high, the credit rationing of MSEs will be effectively alleviated. When the overall credit level of MSEs is too low, it is difficult to determine whether big data credit technology can alleviate the credit rationing of MSEs. In order to verify the feasibility of big data credit technology in alleviating the credit rationing of MSEs, a simulation experiment is conducted to compare the differences in the credit rationing of MSEs with different credit levels under the two credit modes. We found that the credit rationing of MSEs is always lower under big data credit technology than under the traditional mode. Therefore, big data credit technology can effectively alleviate the credit rationing of MSEs under any circumstances. The research provides theoretical support for banks to apply big data credit technology to achieve a win-win situation for both parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the strategic behaviour in 'technology make-or-buy decisions' in the real economy, this study develops a Cournot competition model with endogenous technological level, by comparing the technology acquisition cost of technologically backward firms under different technology acquisition strategies, we theoretically analysed the 'anti-extortion' mechanism of indigenous innovation by technologically backward firms, and the relationship between indigenous innovation and technology imports is empirically tested by using the data of Chinese industrial enterprises above designated size. We show that indigenous innovation can significantly enhance a firm's bargaining power, and the technology acquisition strategy of simultaneous technology imports and indigenous innovation can not only reduce the technology imports cost but also reduce the indigenous innovation cost. Therefore, only by indigenous innovation based on technology imports, can firms enhance their market competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discontinuity generally induces the characteristic of strong nonlinear and singularity for vibro-impact systems. Chaos in a vibro-impact system under harmonic and white noise excitations is investigated. Based on dynamical theory and Melnikov method, the homoclinic orbits are studied and the critical value of onset of Smale chaos is given analytically. Additively, this analytical results are verified by numerical simulations, including Phase diagram, Poincare section and safe basins. The results reveals that the conclusion via Melnikov method is the necessary condition for onset of chaos motion, and the necessary and sufficient condition for the erosion of safe basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to reflect the long memory property of the financial assets,and eliminate financial arbitrage in fractional Brownian motion environment,the asset price changes behavior of the gap options is depicted with bifractional Brownian motion. It is assumed that asset price process follows stochastic differential equations driven by bifractional Brownian motion, and the interest rate satisfied the Vasicek model, using the stochastic analysis theory for bifractional Brownian motion and the method of actuarial mathematics, the mathematical model of financial market was built. And the pricing formula of gap option under bifractional stochastic interest rate was obtained. The result of the gap option pricing formula in fractional Brownian motion environment is extended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ruthenium polypyridine complexes comprising sulfoxide ligands show dramatic photochromic behavior based on phototriggered S→O and O→S isomerization. Quantum yields of isomerization can be large, indicating that the excited-state bond-breaking and bond-making reactions are efficient. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy reveals both adiabatic and non-adiabatic isomerization mechanisms. Incorporation of these complexes within polymer matrices leads to macroscopic bending of the polymer in an example of a direct transduction of photonic energy to mechanical energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complex [Ru(bpy)2(bpSO)](PF6)2, where bpy is 2,2'-bipydine and bpSO is l,2-bis(phenylsulfinyl)ethane, exhibits three distinct isomers which are accessible upon metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) irradiation. This complex and its parent, [Ru(bpy)2(bpte)](PF6)2, where bpte is 1,2-bis(phenylthio)ethane, have been synthesized and characterized by UV--visible spectroscopy, NMR, X-ray crystallography, and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. A novel method of 2-color Pump-Repump-Probe spectroscopy has been employed to investigate all three isomers of the bis-sulfoxide complex This method allows for observation of the isomerization dynamics of sequential isomerizations of each sulfoxide from MLCT irradiation of the S,S-bonded complex to ultimately form the 0,0-bonded metastable complex. One-dimensional (l-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) (COSY, NOESY, and TOCSY) 'H NMR data show the thioether and ground state S,S-bonded sulfoxide complexes to be rigorously C2 symmetric and are consistent with the crystal structures. Transient absorption spectroscopy reveals that the S,S to S,0 isomerization occurs with an observed time constant of 56.8 (±7.4) ps. The S,0 to 0,0 isomerization time constant was found to be 59 (±4) ps by pump-repump-probe spectroscopy. The composite S,S- to 0,0-isomer quantum yield is 0.42. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the features of credit markets is that borrowers are sometimes rationed in the amount that they can borrow, which differentiates them from other markets. Small and micro enterprises (SMEs) are more likely to be eliminated than large and medium-sized enterprises under credit rationing. However, SMEs play a significant role in employment creation and growth of gross domestic products in developing countries. So, it is of great significance to study the reasons why SMEs are more vulnerable to credit constraints. By considering the differences in characteristics between SMEs and large and medium-sized enterprises, we established a theoretical model with endogenous enterprise size, and by considering banks' screening principles before and after the loan approval, we have analyzed the micro-mechanism in which there are significant differences in credit availability between SMEs and large and medium-sized enterprises. Our conclusion indicates that credit rationing in SMEs is the result of the rational choice by banks for the purpose of profit maximization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the perspective of knowledge transfer and the technology acceptance model (TAM), this paper constructs a university technology transfer sustainable development model that considers the inventor’s technology service from the perspective of the long-term cooperation of enterprise, and analyzes the mediating effect of the inventor’s technology service on university technology transfer sustainability. By using 270 questionnaires as survey data, it is found that the availability of an inventor’s technology service has a significant positive impact on the attitude tendency and practice tendency of enterprise long-term technological cooperation; enterprise technology absorption capacity and trust between a university and an enterprise also have significant influence on an inventor’s technical service availability. Therefore, the inventor’s technology service acts as a mediator in the relationship between university technology transfer sustainability and influence factors. Universities ought to establish the technology transfer model, which focuses on the inventor’s tacit knowledge transfer service, and promotes the sustainable development of the university. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]