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AbstractLectins, diverse proteins adept at detecting and binding carbohydrates without altering them, are pivotal in plant life. They facilitate cell communication, development, and defense mechanisms. This article explores lectins’ varied biological roles, focusing on their versatility and significance. Plant lectins exhibit diverse biochemical traits, impacting immune regulation and possessing antibacterial properties vital in plant defense. Additionally, they showcase disease-fighting potential. Their multifaceted nature, spanning biochemical properties, and functional roles underscores their importance in intricate biological processes. This concise review highlights wide-ranging applications of plant lectins, emphasizing their crucial role in immunomodulation, antibacterial functions, and contributions to plant health and defense mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid advancement of molecular research on macromolecules has contributed to the discovery of 'Lectin', a carbohydrate-binding protein which specifically interacts with receptors on the surface of glycans and regulates various cellular activities thereby stimulating immunological functions. Considering the wide variety of sources and immunological significance, research has led to the discovery of lectins in invertebrate molluscs. Such lectins in molluscs mediate active immune response as they lack adaptive immunity. Phylum Mollusca is identified with different types of lectins such as C-lectin, Galectin, P-lectin, I-lectin, and H-lectin, along with other immunologically significant lectin molecules such as F- lectin, R-lectin, ficolins, chitinase like lectin etc., all of these with specific ligand binding and structural diversity. Molluscan C-type lectins are the most functional ones that increase the activity of phagocytic cells through specific carbohydrate binding of antigenic ligands and haemocyte adhesion thereby enhancing the immune response. Helix pomatia agglutinin and Helix aspersa agglutinin are the two H-lectins that were identified within molluscs that could even target cancer-progressing cells through specific binding. Also, these lectins identified in molluscs are proven to be efficient in antibacterial and immunomodulatory functions. These insights attract researchers to identify novel lectins in molluscs and their characterization that play a key role in protection against diseases. This review discusses the structural features of mollusc lectins, their specific binding, molecular interactions and their immunological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymeric nanofibers have emerged as a captivating medium for crafting structures with biomedical applications. Spinning methods have garnered substantial attention in the context of medical applications and neural tissue engineering, ultimately leading to the production of polymer fibers. In comparison with polymer microfibers, polymer nanofibers boasting nanometer-scale diameters offer significantly larger surface areas, facilitating enhanced surface functionalization. Consequently, polymer nanofiber mats are presently undergoing rigorous evaluation for a myriad of applications, including filters, scaffolds for tissue engineering, protective equipment, reinforcement in composite materials, and sensors. This review offers an exhaustive overview of the latest advancements in polymer nanofiber processing and characterization. Additionally, it engages in a discourse regarding research challenges, forthcoming developments in polymer nanofiber production, and diverse polymer types and its applications. Electrospinning has been used to convert a broad range of polymers into nanoparticle nanofibers, and it may be the only approach with significant potential for industrial manufacturing. The basics of these spinning techniques, highlighting the biomedical uses as well as nanostructured fibers for drug delivery, disease modeling, regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and bio-sensing have been explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary metabolites are produced by microbes in minimal quantities in the natural environment out of necessity. However, in the pharmaceutical industry, their overproduction becomes essential. To achieve higher yields, genetic modifications are employed to create strains that surpass the productivity of the initially isolated strains. While rational screening and genetic engineering have emerged as valuable practices in recent years, the cost-effective technique of mutagenesis and selection, known as “random screening,“ remains a preferred method for efficient short-term strain development. This review aims to comprehensively explore all aspects of strain improvement, focusing on why random mutagenesis continues to be widely adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary metabolites are produced by microbes in minimal quantities in the natural environment out of necessity. However, in the pharmaceutical industry, their overproduction becomes essential. To achieve higher yields, genetic modifications are employed to create strains that surpass the productivity of the initially isolated strains. While rational screening and genetic engineering have emerged as valuable practices in recent years, the cost-effective technique of mutagenesis and selection, known as "random screening," remains a preferred method for efficient short-term strain development. This review aims to comprehensively explore all aspects of strain improvement, focusing on why random mutagenesis continues to be widely adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of a Ni-doped ZnO nanocomposite incorporating chitosan (CS/Ni-doped ZnO) was achieved via a precipitation method, followed by annealing at 250 °C. This study comprehensively examined the nanocomposite's structural, functional, morphological, and porosity properties using various analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. The presence of chitosan (CS) and nickel (Ni) within the nanocomposite, along with their influence on reducing the band gap of ZnO particles and enhancing the generation of electron-hole pairs, was confirmed using UV-visible near-infrared spectroscopy (UV-vis-NIR). The electrochemical properties of the CS/Ni-doped ZnO nanocomposite were investigated via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) by utilizing a phosphate buffer solution with a pH of 6, which closely resembled the typical pH of bacterial cell walls. Finally, the prepared CS/Ni-doped ZnO nanocomposite was evaluated for its antibacterial and anticancer activities. The results demonstrated the highest inhibition of bacterial growth in P. vulgaris, whereas the lowest inhibition was found in S. aureus across various concentrations, thus highlighting its potential in antimicrobial applications. The cytotoxicity of CS/Ni-doped ZnO nanocomposites demonstrated remarkable effects with a half-maximum inhibitory concentration of approximately 80 ± 0.23 µg mL−1 against MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines, following a dose-dependent manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the potential of 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME) to overcome tamoxifen (TAM) resistance in MCF-7 breast cancer cells by downregulating hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α). Through a series of in vitro experiments, the authors demonstrate that combining 2-ME with TAM enhances the cytotoxic effects on resistant cells, increases apoptosis markers, and reduces cholesterol and triglyceride levels. While the findings highlight a promising therapeutic approach, the lack of in vivo or clinical data limits direct clinical application. Future research should focus on validating these results in animal models and exploring long-term efficacy and molecular mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanozymes represent a category of nano-biomaterial artificial enzymes distinguished by their remarkable catalytic potency, stability, cost-effectiveness, biocompatibility, and degradability. These attributes position them as premier biomaterials with extensive applicability across medical, industrial, technological, and biological domains. Following the discovery of ferromagnetic nanoparticles with peroxidase-mimicking capabilities, extensive research endeavors have been dedicated to advancing nanozyme utilization. Their capacity to emulate the functions of natural enzymes has captivated researchers, prompting in-depth investigations into their attributes and potential applications. This exploration has yielded insights and innovations in various areas, including detection mechanisms, biosensing techniques, and device development. Nanozymes exhibit diverse compositions, sizes, and forms, resembling molecular entities such as proteins and tissue-based glucose. Their rapid impact on the body necessitates a comprehensive understanding of their intricate interplay. As each day witnesses the emergence of novel methodologies and technologies, the integration of nanozymes continues to surge, promising enhanced comprehension in the times ahead. This review centers on the expansive deployment and advancement of nanozyme materials, encompassing biomedical, biotechnological, and environmental contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seafood industry plays a huge role in the blue economy, exploiting the advantage of the enriched protein content of marine organisms such as shrimps and molluscs, which are cultured in aquafarms. Diseases greatly affect these aquatic organisms in culture and, hence, there is need to study, in detail, their innate immune mechanisms. Hemocyanin is a non-specific innate defense molecule present in the blood cells of several invertebrates, especially molluscs, arthropods, and annelids. It is concerned with oxygen transport, blood clotting, and immune enhancement. In the present study, this macromolecular metalloprotein was isolated from the hemolymph of the marine snail Hemifusus pugilinus (Born, 1778) using Sephadex G-100 gel filtration column chromatography. It occurred as a single band (MW 80 kDa) on SDS-PAGE. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of the purified hemocyanin showed a single peak with a retention time of 4.3 min. The secondary structure and stability of the protein were detected using circular dichroism (CD), and the spectra demonstrated negative ellipticity bands close to 208 nm and 225 nm, indicating β-sheets. Further exploration of the purified hemocyanin revealed remarkable antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against Gram-positive (Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris) at a concentration of 1–5 μg/mL. Spectrophotometric and in situ microscopic analyses (CLSM) unveiled the potential of the purified hemocyanin to inhibit biofilm formation in these bacteria with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 40 μg/mL. Furthermore, H. pugilinus hemocyanin (10 μg/mL concentration) displayed antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger. The purified hemocyanin was also assessed for cytotoxicity against human cancer cells using cell viability assays. Altogether, the present study shows that molluscan hemocyanin is a potential antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antifungal, anticancer, and immunomodulatory agent, with great scope for application in the enhancement of the immune system of molluscs, thereby facilitating their aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) encompass both extrinsic chaperones and stress proteins. These proteins, with molecular weights ranging from 14 to 120 kDa, are conserved across all living organisms and are expressed in response to stress. The upregulation of specific genes triggers the synthesis of HSPs, facilitated by the interaction between heat shock factors and gene promoter regions. Notably, HSPs function as chaperones or helper molecules in various cellular processes involving lipids and proteins, and their upregulation is not limited to heat-induced stress but also occurs in response to anoxia, acidosis, hypoxia, toxins, ischemia, protein breakdown, and microbial infection. HSPs play a vital role in regulating protein synthesis in cells. They assist in the folding and assembly of other cellular proteins, primarily through HSP families such as HSP70 and HSP90. Additionally, the process of the folding, translocation, and aggregation of proteins is governed by the dynamic partitioning facilitated by HSPs throughout the cell. Beyond their involvement in protein metabolism, HSPs also exert a significant influence on apoptosis, the immune system, and various characteristics of inflammation. The immunity of aquatic organisms, including shrimp, fish, and shellfish, relies heavily on the development of inflammation, as well as non-specific and specific immune responses to viral and bacterial infections. Recent advancements in aquatic research have demonstrated that the HSP levels in populations of fish, shrimp, and shellfish can be increased through non-traumatic means such as water or oral administration of HSP stimulants, exogenous HSPs, and heat induction. These methods have proven useful in reducing physical stress and trauma, while also facilitating sustainable husbandry practices such as vaccination and transportation, thereby offering health benefits. Hence, the present review discusses the importance of HSPs in different tissues in aquatic organisms (fish, shrimp), and their expression levels during pathogen invasion; this gives new insights into the significance of HSPs in invertebrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pineal cysts without hydrocephalus present a clinical dilemma, as surgical indications remain controversial. This study evaluates 73 patients who underwent microsurgical resection of pineal cysts via an infratentorial-supracerebellar (SCIT) approach, focusing on surgical strategies, complications, and outcomes. With a follow-up period averaging 26.6 months, 89% of patients reported significant symptom improvement, particularly in headache, visual disturbances, and dizziness. Total cyst resection was achieved in 95% of cases, with minimal complications. The findings suggest that microsurgical resection can provide marked relief in carefully selected patients, even in the absence of ventriculomegaly. Future studies should focus on randomized comparisons between surgical and conservative approaches and explore long-term outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Resection of Brain Lesions with a Neuroendoscopic Ultrasonic Aspirator — A Systematic Literature Review" provides a comprehensive overview of the use of the neuroendoscopic ultrasonic aspirator (NUA) in brain tumor resections. The authors have compiled data from various studies to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and technical aspects of using NUA in minimally invasive neuroendoscopic procedures. The review includes an analysis of patient outcomes, extent of resection, complications, and follow-up data. However, the review could benefit from addressing the heterogeneity of the included studies, emphasizing the small sample size, and including a cost-benefit analysis. Future research should focus on larger trials, meta-analysis, and exploring advanced imaging and navigation systems. [Extracted from the article]

Transorbital endoscopic approaches (TEAs) are emerging as effective techniques for accessing the skull base while minimizing morbidity. This systematic review and anatomical study evaluate TEAs' feasibility and safety by analyzing 42 studies and performing cadaveric dissections. TEAs offer promising access to anterior and middle cranial fossae with reduced invasiveness compared to traditional methods. The study highlights key anatomical landmarks and corridors for successful TEA application. While TEAs demonstrate potential, further clinical studies are needed to assess long-term outcomes, optimize techniques, and compare them with other minimally invasive approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing complexity of intracranial aneurysm surgery and the reduced opportunities for hands-on training, there is a need for effective simulation-based training methods. This systematic review examines 26 studies on various simulation training approaches for intracranial aneurysm clipping, including ex vivo methods, virtual reality platforms, and 3D-printed models. The review evaluates these methods based on their effectiveness, realism, usability, and validation, highlighting that current simulation models are heterogeneous and lack standardization. Most existing simulations fail to replicate the complete microsurgical workflow, and their validation methods vary widely, limiting generalizability. The review recommends developing a standardized, comprehensive, and cost-effective simulation model that incorporates advanced haptic feedback and detailed anatomical features. Future research should focus on creating a universal validation framework to reliably assess simulation efficacy and ensure that neurosurgical trainees receive consistent, high-quality training experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article titled "Wound Closure Techniques for Spinoplastic Surgery: A Review of the Literature" provides a comprehensive analysis of current wound closure methodologies specific to spinoplastic surgery. The authors review various techniques and examine their efficacy and outcomes. While the article offers valuable insights, it could benefit from a more detailed discussion on the comparative effectiveness of these techniques in terms of specific patient outcomes and cost-effectiveness. Future research should focus on conducting systematic reviews or meta-analyses to quantitatively assess the outcomes associated with different closure techniques and explore their economic implications. Additionally, including patient-centered outcomes in evaluations would provide a more comprehensive assessment. [Extracted from the article]

The article titled "Improving Surgical Outcomes of Chronic Subdural Hematoma Surgery: An Umbrella Review and Meta-Analyses Guidance for Neurosurgeons" provides a comprehensive examination of strategies to enhance the surgical management of chronic subdural hematomas (CSDH). The authors conducted an umbrella review and meta-analyses, synthesizing existing research to offer evidence-based guidance for neurosurgeons. While the article is commendable for consolidating current knowledge and addressing critical gaps, there are limitations to consider, such as potential heterogeneity in the studies included and a lack of depth in addressing emerging techniques. Future research should aim to conduct subgroup analyses, incorporate recent advancements, and validate findings in diverse settings to provide even more precise guidance for neurosurgeons. [Extracted from the article]

The article titled "Is Add-On Bevacizumab Therapy to Temozolomide and Radiotherapy Associated with Clinical Utility for Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" provides a comprehensive review of the clinical utility of adding Bevacizumab to the standard treatment regimen for glioblastoma. The authors conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, analyzing existing data to evaluate the potential benefits of this treatment strategy. While the study is commendably thorough, there are areas that warrant attention, such as potential selection bias in the inclusion criteria and the need for a more detailed analysis of heterogeneity among the included studies. Future research should focus on incorporating a broader range of studies and addressing publication bias to enhance the reliability of the results. Additionally, long-term outcomes and quality of life implications should be considered in future studies. Overall, this article offers valuable insights that could influence clinical decision-making and treatment protocols for glioblastoma patients. [Extracted from the article]

The study by Canisius et al. (2022) explores the expression of decitabine-targeted oncogenes (TRIM58, FAM84B, ELOVL2, DIO3) in meningiomas, aiming to evaluate decitabine's therapeutic potential for high-grade tumors. Using immunohistochemical staining and RT-PCR in over 100 patient samples, the authors found significant correlations between oncogene expression and tumor grade, with elevated ELOVL2 levels being linked to tumor recurrence. This work highlights the role of decitabine in modulating oncogene expression and suggests its potential in treating refractory meningiomas. Despite the robust methodology, limitations such as the small sample size and the lack of comprehensive molecular data were noted. Future research should incorporate larger sample sizes and advanced genomic techniques like RNA sequencing to better understand oncogenic mechanisms. The study emphasizes the need for further in situ analyses of decitabine's efficacy, setting the foundation for future neuro-oncological treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wu et al. (2021) investigated the neuroprotective effects of hypoxia preconditioning (HPC) in a rat model of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The study demonstrated that HPC enhances brain resilience to TBI by upregulating glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT3 through the HIF-1α signaling pathway. Comprehensive molecular and histological analyses confirmed increased expression of these transporters, correlating with reduced neuronal apoptosis and cerebral edema. The robust methodology, including rigorous statistical validation and time-course assessments, underscores HPC's potential therapeutic role in mitigating neuronal loss and improving glucose transport post-injury. However, the study could be strengthened by incorporating additional preconditioning controls, comparative analyses with other neuroprotective strategies, and exploring downstream metabolic effects in greater detail. Furthermore, expanding the research to include diverse animal models and examining sex-dependent responses would enhance the generalizability and translational relevance of the findings. Future studies should also integrate metabolic flux analysis and advanced imaging techniques to further elucidate HPC's mechanisms of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article by Liu et al. (2024) investigates the progression of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) in 29 patients post-cervical laminoplasty. The study meticulously tracks transverse and longitudinal OPLL progression, providing crucial insights into surgical planning and patient outcomes. While the research design is commendable, reliance on X-ray imaging limits precision compared to CT or MRI scans. The sample size, though adequate for initial findings, may not fully capture OPLL variability, and the follow-up period could be extended to better assess long-term outcomes. Future studies should incorporate advanced imaging techniques, larger cohorts, and patient-reported outcomes to enhance the understanding of OPLL progression, thereby refining surgical strategies and improving personalized care for OPLL patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Decoding pediatric spinal tumors: a single-center retrospective case series on etiology, presentation, therapeutic strategies, and outcomes" by Lenga et al. (2024) provides essential insights into pediatric spinal tumors, a rare and challenging area of medical research. The authors present a thorough analysis of clinical presentations, treatment strategies, and patient outcomes, offering valuable data to refine therapeutic approaches and improve outcomes. However, the study's retrospective design, confined to a single center, introduces potential biases and limits the generalizability of findings. The lack of long-term follow-up data and a control group further restricts the study's scope. Future research should prioritize multi-center collaborations, incorporate control groups, and extend follow-up durations to better understand long-term outcomes. The establishment of standardized treatment protocols is also recommended to enhance consistency in managing pediatric spinal tumors across diverse clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article titled "Beyond the Scalpel: The Role of Palliative Care in Neurosurgery" explores the integration of palliative care into neurosurgical practice. The authors emphasize the importance of palliative care in improving patient outcomes and quality of life during neurosurgical procedures. However, the article lacks empirical data or case studies to illustrate the practical implementation and outcomes of combining palliative care with neurosurgical treatments. The authors suggest that future research should focus on gathering evidence and addressing barriers to integration, as well as exploring the training and education needed for effective collaboration between neurosurgical teams and palliative care specialists. [Extracted from the article]

The article titled "Predictors of Early and Late Postoperative Seizures in Meningioma Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" provides a comprehensive evaluation of the risk factors associated with postoperative seizures in patients undergoing meningioma resection. The authors conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of multiple studies to identify predictors of early and late postoperative seizures. The study highlights factors such as tumor location, size, surgical approach, and perioperative management that may influence seizure risk. However, there are limitations in the study, including heterogeneity in the definitions of seizures, the inclusion of retrospective and prospective studies, and the lack of detailed subgroup analyses. Future research should focus on standardized definitions, detailed subgroup analyses, and the role of perioperative antiepileptic drugs in seizure prevention. [Extracted from the article]

The article "Survival Prediction of Glioblastoma Patients—Are We There Yet? A Systematic Review of Prognostic Modeling for Glioblastoma and Its Clinical Potential" by Tewarie et al. (2024) critically examines the current landscape of prognostic models for glioblastoma, highlighting both advancements and challenges in their clinical application. Through a systematic review adhering to PRISMA guidelines, the authors synthesize findings from diverse studies, shedding light on the variability in model performance and the obstacles to clinical implementation. Despite these contributions, the review faces limitations due to the heterogeneity of the studies included, which complicates definitive conclusions. The authors emphasize the need for external validation and standardization, though further exploration of the persistence of these challenges and the biases in machine learning models is warranted. Future research should focus on standardizing protocols and integrating ethical considerations to enhance the clinical utility of these models, moving the field closer to practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article titled "Struggle with Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Need for Improved Surgical and Rehabilitation Services" provides a comprehensive examination of the challenges faced by individuals with traumatic spinal cord injuries (SCI). The authors emphasize the urgent need for advancements in surgical techniques and rehabilitation protocols to improve patient outcomes. While the article offers a solid foundation, it could benefit from a more detailed examination of the limitations of existing methods, expanded patient perspectives, and integration of recent advancements in SCI treatment. By addressing these areas, the study could provide a more robust framework for developing improved strategies and ultimately enhancing outcomes for individuals with traumatic spinal cord injuries. [Extracted from the article]

This study by Sasahara et al. explores the role of ephrin A1 in brain arteriovenous malformations (AVM) using DNA microarray analysis, quantitative real-time RT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry. The research identifies significant upregulation of ephrin A1 in AVM, suggesting its potential involvement in the abnormal vascular architecture characteristic of this condition. The study's innovative methodology and thorough exploration of gene expression patterns contribute valuable insights into AVM pathogenesis, highlighting ephrin A1 as a potential therapeutic target. However, the study's limitations include clinical variability among patient samples and the use of draining veins as controls, which may affect the robustness of the findings. Future research should address these limitations by using more homogeneous samples and expanding the investigation to include other ephrin family members. This could provide a broader understanding of ephrin signaling in AVM and guide the development of targeted therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study by Ooi et al. (2022) systematically reviews the potential of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) as a prognostic biomarker for traumatic brain injury (TBI). By analyzing IL-6 levels in serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and brain parenchyma, the authors provide valuable insights into its role in predicting clinical outcomes. The study emphasizes the neuroinflammatory response and the mechanistic role of IL-6 in neuronal recovery, offering a strong rationale for its consideration as a biomarker. However, variability in IL-6 detection methods and timing of sample collection across studies highlights the need for standardization. Future research should focus on refining detection methods, exploring IL-6's temporal dynamics post-TBI, and accounting for interactions with other cytokines. Additionally, advanced statistical controls are recommended to better isolate IL-6's prognostic value. This research lays a solid foundation for future studies aimed at improving clinical prognostication in TBI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the effects of dabrafenib and/or trametinib in treating BRAF V600-mutant gliomas. The study analyzed eight trials involving both high-grade and low-grade glioma patients, assessing outcomes such as progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), adverse events (AEs), and disease response. The pooled results showed a median PFS of 6.10 months and OS of 22.73 months, with notable improvement in disease response rates when using combination therapy. However, the high incidence of AEs (50%) and death events (43%) necessitates caution in interpreting these results. The study's limitations include a lack of randomized controlled trials and high heterogeneity in AE data. Future research should focus on larger, controlled studies, standardized AE assessments, and exploration of neurocognitive outcomes to better understand and optimize treatment strategies for BRAF V600-mutant gliomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of infectious diseases in the aquaculture industry and a limited number of safe and effective oral vaccines has imposed a challenge not only for fish immunity but also a threat to human health. The availability of fish oral vaccines has expanded recently, but little is known about how well they work and how they affect the immune system. The unsatisfactory efficacy of existing oral vaccinations is partly attributable to the antigen degradation in the adverse gastrointestinal environment of fishes, the highly tolerogenic gut environment, and inferior vaccine formulation. To overcome such challenges in designing: an easier, cost-efficient, and effective vaccination method, several encapsulation methods are being adopted to safeguard antigens from the intestinal atmosphere for their immunogenic functions. Oral vaccination is easily degraded by gastric acids and enzymes before reaching the immunological site; however, this issue can be solved by encapsulating antigens in poly-biodegradable nanoparticles, transgenic designed bacteria, plant systems, and live feeds. To enhance the immunological impact, each antigen delivery method operates at a different level. Utilizing nanotechnology, it has been possible to regulate vaccination parameters, target particular cells, and lower the antigen dosage with potent nanomaterials such as chitosan, poly D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) as vaccine carriers. Live feeds such as Artemia salina can be utilized as bio-carrier, owing to their appropriate size and non-filter feed system, through a process called bio-encapsulation. It ensures the protection of antigens over the fish intestine and ensures complete uptake by immune cells in the hindgut for increased immune response. This review comprises recent advances in oral vaccination in aquaculture in terms of an encapsulation approach that can aid in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to analyze the enhancement of innate immune responses in juvenile-stage common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), upon the administration of heat-killed Aeromonas hydrophila at a dosage of 1 × 107 CFU ml−1 through bio-encapsulation in the aquatic crustacean, Artemia salina. This work emphasizes the modulation of innate immune response when administered with the bio-encapsulated heat-killed antigen that acts as an inactivated vaccine against Motile Aeromonas Septicemia disease. Bio-encapsulated oral administration of antigens promotes innate immunity in juvenile-stage fishes. The optimization of effective bio-encapsulation of bacterin in Artemia salina nauplii was carried out and the best optimal conditions were chosen for immunization. The functional immune parameters such as myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase, antiprotease and respiratory burst activity in serum, blood and intestinal tissue samples were analyzed along with blood differential leukocyte count and tissue histopathology studies. Both humoral and cellular immune responses analyzed were substantially induced or enhanced in the treatment groups in comparison with the control group. The results showed a significant variation in the bio-encapsulation group than the control group and also were comparable to the protection conferred with immersion route immunization under similar conditions. Thus, most of the innate non-specific immune responses are inducible, despite being constitutive of the fish immune system, to exhibit a basal level of protection and a road to better vaccination strategy in Cyprinus carpio L. aquaculture worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Characterization of oral microbiota in HPV and non-HPV head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and its association with patient outcomes" by Chan et al. investigates the relationship between oral microbiota, HPV infection, and patient outcomes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). This comprehensive study, involving 166 Chinese adults, utilized advanced sequencing techniques to profile bacterial and HPV regions in paired tumor and control tissues. The findings highlight the complex interplay between microbiota dysbiosis, HPV infection, and HNSCC progression. Despite the robustness of the study, limitations include potential biases in DNA extraction and PCR amplification, and unaccounted environmental factors. Recommendations for future research include increasing sequencing depth, comparing DNA extraction methods, using multiple bioinformatics pipelines, and controlling for environmental variables. Longitudinal studies and microbiota-targeted interventions are suggested to further elucidate the role of oral microbiota in HNSCC and improve patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study by Shridhar et al. 2016 reviews the genetic susceptibility to oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) through the analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). By examining data from 47 studies conducted between 2000 and 2016, the research highlights genetic markers involved in carcinogen metabolism, DNA repair, cell cycle control, and immune-inflammatory responses. Despite the insights provided, the over-reliance on small sample sizes limits the statistical power and generalizability of the findings. Future research should focus on larger, more diverse populations and advanced genotyping technologies to enhance detection of significant genetic variants. Integrating multi-omics data and conducting longitudinal studies will further elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying OPMD and its progression to oral cancer. Collaborative efforts are essential to validate these findings and develop biomarkers for early detection and prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioactive carotenoids were isolated from different body components (head and carapace) of 3 types of shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus, Metapenaeus ensis, and Penaeus semisulcatus) using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and extracted pigments used for bacterial biofilm inhibition studies. The quantitative distribution of carotenoid substances in the skull and exterior covering body parts of shrimp exhibit low carotenoid intensities (165.1 μg/g and 150.7 μg/g, respectively). Isolated pigments showed a unique single band (orange in color) with retention times ranging from 2.9 to 3.09 min in reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Functional group arrangement was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and globular nature visualized through scanning electron microscopy. Shrimp carotenoids presented higher microbial inhibitory action against gram-positive strains than against gram-negative strains. Biofilm inhibitory concentration was determined for these bacterial strains and biofilm suppression was established and envisaged through in situ microscopic analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, Microscopy studies were performed to characterize the blood cells of the mangrove crab Episesarma tetragonum. Three types of hemocytes were observed: granulocytes, semi‐granulocytes, and hyalinocytes or agranulocytes. Hyalinocytes have a distinguished nucleus surrounded by the cytoplasm, and a peculiar cell type was present throughout the cytosol, lysosomes with hemocyte types (granules) stained red (pink). Giemsa staining was used to differentiate between the large and small hemocytes. Ehrlich's staining was used to differentiate granule‐containing cells in acidophils (55%), basophils (44%), and neutrophils (<1%). Periodic acid–Schiff staining was used to identify the sugar molecules in the cytoplasm. Cell‐mediated immune reactions including phagocytosis, encapsulation, agglutination, and peroxidase‐mediated cell adhesion are the functions of hemocytes. Agglutination reaction involves both kind of cells involved in yeast and heme‐agglutination responses in invertebrates. The beta glucan outer layer of yeast cells was recognized by hemocyte receptors. Human RBC cells were agglutinated via granulocytes. E. tetragonum hemocytes are an important animal model for studying both ultrastructural and functional activity of circulating cells. In addition, E. tetragonum hemocytes exhibited excellent antibacterial and antibiofilm activities were studied through plating and microplate assays. Biofilm inhibition was also visualized through changes in biochemical assays and morphological variations were visualized through levels in in situ microscopy analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]