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Abstract Necroptosis is a lytic form of regulated cell death reported to contribute to inflammatory diseases of the gut, skin and lung, as well as ischemic-reperfusion injuries of the kidney, heart and brain. However, precise identification of the cells and tissues that undergo necroptotic cell death in vivo has proven challenging in the absence of robust protocols for immunohistochemical detection. Here, we provide automated immunohistochemistry protocols to detect core necroptosis regulators – Caspase-8, RIPK1, RIPK3 and MLKL – in formalin-fixed mouse and human tissues. We observed surprising heterogeneity in protein expression within tissues, whereby short-lived immune barrier cells were replete with necroptotic effectors, whereas long-lived cells lacked RIPK3 or MLKL expression. Local changes in the expression of necroptotic effectors occurred in response to insults such as inflammation, dysbiosis or immune challenge, consistent with necroptosis being dysregulated in disease contexts. These methods will facilitate the precise localisation and evaluation of necroptotic signaling in vivo.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting individuals worldwide and characterized by deficits in social interaction along with the presence of restricted interest and repetitive behaviors. Despite decades of behavioral research, little is known about the brain mechanisms that influence social behaviors among children with ASD. This, in part, is due to limitations of traditional imaging techniques specifically targeting pediatric populations. As a portable and scalable optical brain monitoring technology, functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) provides a measure of cerebral hemodynamics related to sensory, motor, or cognitive function. Here, we utilized fNIRS to investigate the prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity of young children with ASD and with typical development while they watched social and nonsocial video clips. The PFC activity of ASD children was significantly higher for social stimuli at medial PFC, which is implicated in social cognition/processing. Moreover, this activity was also consistently correlated with clinical measures, and higher activation of the same brain area only during social video viewing was associated with more ASD symptoms. This is the first study to implement a neuroergonomics approach to investigate cognitive load in response to realistic, complex, and dynamic audiovisual social stimuli for young children with and without autism. Our results further confirm that new generation of portable fNIRS neuroimaging can be used for ecologically valid measurements of the brain function of toddlers and preschool children with ASD.

Polymyositis (PM) is a chronic inflammatory myopathy characterized by progressive muscle weakness. Here the authors showed that muscle fibers in PM undergo necroptosis and aggravate inflammation via releasing pro-inflammatory molecules such as HMGB1.

Both Legionella pneumophila and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can cause pneumonia. L. pneumophila is acquired from water sources, sometimes in healthcare settings. We report 2 fatal cases of L. pneumophila and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection in England. Clinicians should be aware of possible L. pneumophila infections among SARS-CoV-2 patients.

Objective To externally validate the European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatism (EULAR/ACR) classification criteria for idiopathic inflammatory myositis (IIM) and determine the optimal cut points for Australian patients. To determine the level of agreement with traditional criteria and assess the effect of including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and an extended myositis antibody panel as well as extending histological criteria to include myofiber invasion. Methods Data were collected on adult patients referred for muscle biopsy to two Australian teaching hospitals. Patients were scored for “risk of IIM” according to EULAR/ACR criteria, using clinician diagnosis as the gold standard. Results Overall, 87 of 204 patients had IIM. For patients with muscle biopsy, the optimal cut point of 5.25 (sensitivity 90%, specificity 89%) was lower than the EULAR/ACR cut point of 6.7, which in our cohort showed reduced sensitivity (71% vs 93%) but comparable specificity (89% vs 88%). We found moderate agreement between the EULAR/ACR criteria and Bohan and Peter (κ = 0.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.28, 0.62, P < 0.001) and Targoff (κ = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.23, 0.57, P < 0.001). Inclusion of MRI (area under curve [AUC] = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.79, 0.93) or non‐Jo1 antibodies (AUC = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.77, 0.91) as covariates improved the probability of IIM diagnosis (AUC = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.75, 0.86). Extending histologic criteria to include myofiber invasion slightly improved sensitivity (75% vs 71%) with the same level of specificity (89% vs 89%). Conclusion Application of the EULAR/ACR criteria to an Australian cohort showed comparable specificity but lower sensitivity, and a lower optimal cut point. Inclusion of MRI or non‐Jo1 antibodies as covariates may improve the accuracy of determining the probability of IIM diagnoses. Extending the histologic criteria to include myofiber invasion did not reduce specificity.

Abstract Natural killer (NK) cells are a specialised population of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) that help control local immune responses. Through natural cytotoxicity, production of cytokines and chemokines, and migratory capacity, NK cells play a vital immunoregulatory role in the initiation and chronicity of inflammatory and autoimmune responses. Our understanding of their functional differences and contributions in disease settings is evolving owing to new genetic and functional murine proof‐of‐concept studies. Here, we summarise current understanding of NK cells in several classic autoimmune disorders, particularly in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), but also less understood diseases such as idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs). A better understanding of how NK cells contribute to these autoimmune disorders may pave the way for NK cell‐targeted therapeutics.

IntroductionHigh Mobility Group Box Protein 1 (HMGB1) is a DNA-binding protein that exerts inflammatory or pro-repair effects upon translocation from the nucleus. We postulate aberrant HMGB1 expression in immune-mediated necrotising myopathy (IMNM).MethodsHerein, we compare HMGB1 expression (serological and sarcoplasmic) in patients with IMNM with that of other myositis subtypes using immunohistochemistry and ELISA.ResultsIMNM (n = 62) and inclusion body myositis (IBM, n = 14) patients had increased sarcoplasmic HMGB1 compared with other myositis patients (n = 46). Sarcoplasmic HMGB1 expression correlated with muscle weakness and histological myonecrosis, inflammation, regeneration and autophagy. Serum HMGB1 levels were elevated in patients with IMNM, dermatomyositis and polymositis, and those myositis patients with extramuscular inflammatory features.DiscussionAberrant HMGB1 expression occurs in myositis patients and correlates with weakness. A unique expression profile of elevated sarcoplasmic and serum HMGB1 was detected in IMNM.

Allergic reactions to allergenic foods can pose a lethal threat to children with food allergies. Previous research has demonstrated the effectiveness of using behavioral skills training (BST) plus in situ training (IST) to teach safety responses to children. However, there has not been an evaluation of using BST to teach food safety to children with food allergies. Three elementary-school children of neurotypical development with food allergies participated. We evaluated the efficacy of BST with IST in teaching participants to identify and respond to allergenic foods by (a) asking to see the food packaging, (b) scanning the food label for the allergenic food, and (c) reporting the safety threat to an adult while not consuming the food. Trials without allergenic foods were also presented to ensure discriminated responding. All participants demonstrated the three correct safety responses after BST and responded differentially across allergenic and nonallergenic foods, with two participants requiring feedback (IST).

Introduction The study of electrophysiological auditory measures with different types of masking makes it possible to understand temporal processing skills and the processes involved in speech recognition in noise situations. The use of modulated masking in cortical measures of hearing enables the obtainment of analysis parameters of the masking release and its impact on neural auditory processing.

A gravioleira adapta-se bem às condições edafoclimáticas da região semiárida do nordeste brasileiro, no entanto a ocorrência de águas com concentrações elevadas de sais, destaca-se como um fator limitante para a expansão do cultivo desta frutífera. Dessa forma, buscar estratégias para viabilizar a produção de frutíferas é de grande importância. Assim, objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar a composição mineral nos tecidos foliares e a fisiologia de gravioleira cv. Morada Nova cultivada sob irrigação com águas salinas e aplicação foliar de peróxido de hidrogênio na fase de pré-floração. A pesquisa foi conduzida sob condições de casa de vegetação em Campina Grande - PB, utilizando-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4 × 4, sendo quatro níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação – CEa (0,8, 1,6, 2,4 e 3,2 dS m-1) e quatro concentrações de peróxido de hidrogênio – H2O2 (0, 10, 20 e 30 μM) com três repetições, totalizando 48 parcelas experimentais e uma planta por parcela. A irrigação com águas salinas afetou negativamente a biossíntese de clorofila a e b, a fluorescência inicial, variável e a eficiência quântica do fotossistema II da gravioleira, aos 370 dias após o transplantio. A concentração de peróxido de hidrogênio de 30 µM intensificou o efeito de estresse salino sobre os teores foliares de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio. Já as concentrações de 15, 12 e 9 µM, respectivamente, aumentaram os teores de N, P e K nos tecidos foliares de gravioleira cv. Morada Nova, aos 780 dias após o transplantio. O acúmulo de nutrientes nas folhas de gravioleira cv. Morada Nova na fase de pré-floração segue a seguinte ordem decrescente: P>N>K>S>Cl>Na.

Objectives: To identify and understand the evidence regarding hearing changes related to acquired Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika virus infection in adult individuals. Methods: A scoping review was performed according to the recommendations of The Joanna Briggs Institute and guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews in the Embase, PubMed/Medline, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science databases without restriction on language and year of publication. Case studies, observational studies, and clinical trials reporting hearing loss in adult subjects (>18–60 years of age) of both sexes with DENV, CHIKV, or ZIKV diagnosed by positive molecular/serological examination by RT-PCR or IgM/IgG by ELISA method were included. Results: Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were selected for review. The occurrence of auditory symptoms caused by arboviroses and the presence of permanent or transient sensorineural hearing loss was variable in adults. Conclusions: Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika infections in adults are associated with a variety of auditory symptoms. The frequency of permanent or transient sensorineural hearing loss is low but not negligible.

A salinidade é um dos principais estresses abióticos que restringe o crescimento das plantas e causa perdas significativas no rendimento. Os efeitos do estresse salino são mais severos em regiões semiáridas, devido as condições climáticas e a ocorrência de fontes hídricas com teores elevados de sais. Neste contexto, a busca por estratégias que viabilizem o uso de águas salinas na irrigação é fundamental para garantir a necessidade de produção de alimentos. Assim, objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar os efeitos das aplicações foliar de concentrações de prolina nos índices fisiológicos de maracujazeiro-azedo irrigados com águas salinas na fase de formação de mudas. A pesquisa foi conduzida em casa de vegetação pertencente à Unidade Acadêmica de Engenharia Agrícola da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, em Campina Grande – PB, utilizando-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 × 4, sendo cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação CEa - (0,6; 1,2; 1,8; 2,4 e 3,0 dS m-1) e quatro concentrações de prolina (0, 5, 10 e 15 mM) com quatro repetições e cada parcela continha duas plantas, totalizando 160 unidades experimentais. A salinidade da água a partir de 0,6 dS m-1 reduziu o conteúdo relativo de água, trocas gasosas, e elevou o extravasamento de eletrólitos no limbo foliar das plantas de maracujazeiro-azedo. A irrigação com água de condutividade elétrica entre 1,3 e 1,8 dS m-1 estimulou a biossíntese de pigmentos fotossintéticos do maracujazeiro-azedo ‘BRS GA1’, aos 66 dias após a semeadura. A aplicação foliar de prolina nas concentrações variando de 4,5 e 6,5 mM aumentou a condutância estomática, a transpiração, a taxa de assimilação de CO2, a eficiência instantânea de carboxilação e os teores de clorofilas do maracujazeiro-azedo.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of the foliar application of hydrogen peroxide on the attenuation of salt stress on the growth, photochemical efficiency, production and water use efficiency of ‘All Big’ bell pepper plants. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions in Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. Treatments were distributed in a randomized block design, in a 5 × 5 factorial scheme, corresponding to five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (0.8, 1.2, 2.0, 2.6 and 3.2 dS m−1) and five concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 μM), with three replicates. Foliar application of hydrogen peroxide at concentration of 15 μM attenuated the deleterious effects of salt stress on photochemical efficiency, biomass accumulation and production components of bell pepper plants irrigated using water with an electrical conductivity of up to 3.2 dS m−1. Foliar spraying of hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of 60 μM intensified the effects of salt stress. The ‘All Big’ bell pepper was classified as moderately sensitive to salt stress, with an irrigation water salinity threshold of 1.43 dS m−1 and a unit decrease of 8.25% above this salinity level.

Introduction Prenatal exposure to the Zika virus can impair neurodevelopment and cause auditory damage. Objective To analyze the frequency-following response (FFR) and the auditory behavior (with the LittlEars ® questionnaire) of children with and without prenatal exposure to Zika virus infection. Methods A total of 30 children participated in the present study, divided into 3 groups: 10 children with microcephaly and prenatal exposure to the Zika virus; 10 normocephalic children with prenatal exposure to the Zika virus; and 10 children with no evidence of prenatal exposure to the virus. The FFR test was performed with the /da/ syllable. The LittlEars ® questionnaire was used with parents/guardians. Results For the FFR measurements, there was no difference between the groups. The children with exposure to the Zika virus presented a final score in the questionnaire below what is expected from children with normal hearing. A significant difference was observed for the final, semantic, and expressive scores between the group with microcephaly and the other groups. A strong negative correlation was seen between the LittlEars ® questionnaire final score and the FFR measurements for the group with microcephaly when compared with the other groups. Conclusion Children exposed to the Zika virus, with and without microcephaly, presented FFR patterns similar to what was seen in children with no evidence of virus exposure. However, they showed signs of immature auditory behavior, suggesting auditory development delay.

Introduction: The brainstem auditory evoked potential with speech stimulus, BAEP-speech, has been applied to observe how speech sounds are manifested in the brainstem. This tool can be used in children to assess central auditory processing, allowing preventive and early interventions. Objective: To assess the results found in the brainstem auditory evoked potential with speech stimulus in the pediatric population with and without oral language disorders, through a systematic literature review. Method: The search was carried out in the scientific databases Portal BVS, Pubmed, Lilacs, Medline, Scielo and Web of Science, OpenGrey.eu, DissOnline, OpenDoar, OAIster and The New York Academy of Medicine. A systematic literature review was performed using the descriptors: auditory evoked potentials, children and their synonyms, combined by the Boolean operators AND and OR. The search filter “age: child” was used. The studies were independently read by peers and, in case of disagreement regarding the inclusion of studies, a third researcher was consulted. Original case-control articles that performed BAEP-speech without competitive noise, carried out in the pediatric population without and with oral language disorders, were included. Result: 14 articles published between 2008 and 2019 were included in this review. Methodological variability was observed in the exam, with the syllable / da / being the most frequently used as the stimulus. When performing the average of the groups, it was observed that the population with specific language disorders showed greater latency delays in the sustained portion, lower amplitude values and VA complex slope. The group with phonological disorders had higher values in the transient portion of the responses. Conclusion: Children with language disorders of different etiologies have different patterns of BAEP-speech responses when compared to children with typical development. Resumo: Introdução: O potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico com estímulo de fala (PEATE-fala) tem sido aplicado para observar como os sons da fala se manifestam no tronco encefálico. Esta ferramenta pode ser utilizada em crianças na avaliação do processamento auditivo central, permitindo realização de intervenções preventivas e precoces. Objetivo: Conhecer os resultados encontrados no potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico com estímulo de fala na população pediátrica com e sem transtornos de linguagem oral, por meio de revisão sistemática da literatura. Método: As buscas foram realizadas nas bases de dados científicos Portal BVS, Pubmed, Lilacs, Medline, Scielo e Web of Science, OpenGrey.eu, DissOnline, OpenDoar, OAIster eThe New York Academy of Medicine. Foi realizada revisão sistemática da literatura, com os descritores auditory evoked potentials, children e seus sinônimos, combinados pelos operadores booleanos AND e OR. Foi utilizado o filtro de pesquisa “idade: criança”. A leitura dos estudos foi realizada por pares de forma independente e, em caso de discordância na inclusão de estudos um terceiro pesquisador foi consultado. Foram incluídos artigos originais do tipo caso-controle que realizaram o PEATE-fala sem ruído competitivo na população pediátrica sem e com transtornos de linguagem oral. Resultado: Foram incluídos 14 artigos publicados entre 2008 e 2019 na presente revisão. Foi observada variabilidade metodológica na realização do exame, a sílaba /da/ foi a mais utilizada para estimulação. Realizando médias dos grupos observou-se que a população com distúrbio específico de linguagem apresentou maiores atrasos de latência na porção sustentada, menores valores de amplitude eslope do complexo VA. O grupo com transtorno fonológico obteve maiores valores na porção transiente das respostas. Conclusão: Crianças com alterações de linguagem de diferentes etiologias apresentam padrões de respostas do PEATE-fala distintos quando comparadas às crianças com desenvolvimento típico.

Protected areas (PAs) constitute one of the main tools for global landscape conservation. Recently, payments for environmental services (PES) have attracted interest from national and regional governments and are becoming one of the leading conservation policy instruments in tropical countries. However, the degree to which areas designated for PES overlap with areas that are critical for maintaining species' landscape connectivity is rarely evaluated. We estimated habitat distributions and connectivity for 16 of the 22 mammalian carnivores occurring in the Caribbean region of Colombia, and identified the overlap between existing PAs and areas identified as being important for connectivity for these species. We also evaluated the potential impact of creation of new PAs versus new PES areas on conserving connectivity for carnivores. Our results show that PAs cover only a minor percentage of the total area that is important for maintaining connectivity ([Formula: see text]). On the other hand, PES, if implemented extensively, could contribute substantially to mammalian carnivores’ connectivity ([Formula: see text]). However, in a more realistic scenario with limited conservation investment in which fewer areas are set aside, a strategy based on implementing new PAs seems superior to PES. We argue that prioritizing designation of new PAs will be the most efficient means through which to maintain connectivity.

Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare genetic condition in which exposure to sunlight leads to a high tumor incidence due to defective DNA repair machinery. Herein, we investigated seven patients clinically diagnosed with XP living in a small city, Montanhas (Rio Grande do Norte), in the Northeast region of Brazil. We performed high-throughput sequencing and, surprisingly, identified two different mutated genes. Six patients carry a novel homozygote mutation in the POLH/XPV gene, c.672_673insT (p.Leu225Serfs*33), while one patient carries a homozygote mutation in the XPC gene, c.2251-1G>C. This latter mutation was previously described in Southeastern Africa (Comoro Island and Mozambique), Pakistan, and in a high incidence in Brazil. The XP-C patient had the first symptoms before the first year of life with aggressive ophthalmologic tumor progression and a melanoma onset at 7 years of age. The XP-V patients presented a milder phenotype with later onset of the disorder (mean age of 16 years old), and one of the six XP-V patients developed melanoma at 72 years. The photoprotection is minimal among them, mainly for the XP-V patients. The differences in the disease severity between XP-C (more aggressive) and XP-V (milder) patients are obvious and point to the major role of photoprotection in the XPs. We estimate that the incidence of XP patients at Montanhas can be higher, but with no diagnosis, due to poor health assistance. Patients still suffer from the stigmatization of the condition, impairing diagnosis, education for sun protection, and medical care.

Hydrogen peroxide at low concentrations has been used as a salt stress attenuator because it induces a positive response in the antioxidant system of plants. This study aimed to assess the gas exchange, quantum yield, and development of soursop plants cv. Morada Nova grown with saline water irrigation and foliar hydrogen peroxide application. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions using a randomized block design in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme corresponding to four levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water, ECw (0.8, 1.6, 2.4, and 3.2 dS m−1), and four doses of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2 (0, 10, 20, and 30 μM), with three replicates. The use of irrigation water with electrical conductivity above 0.8 dS m−1 inhibited stomatal conductance, internal CO2 concentration, transpiration, maximum fluorescence, crown height, and vegetative vigor index of the Morada Nova cultivar of soursop. Compared to untreated plants, the hydrogen peroxide concentration of 30 μM resulted in greater stomatal conductance. Water salinity of 0.8 dS m−1 with hydrogen peroxide concentrations of 16 and 13 μM resulted in the highest variable fluorescence and quantum efficiency of photosystem II, respectively, of soursop plants cv. Morada Nova at 210 days after transplantation.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different methods of hydrogen peroxide application on biomass production and quality in soursop seedlings under salt stress. The study was conducted in a greenhouse, in a Psammitic Regolithic Neosol of a sandy-loam texture. The treatments were distributed in a completely randomised design, in a 5 x 4 factorial scheme, with five levels of electrical conductivity for the irrigation water - ECw (0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4 and 3.0 dS m-1) and four methods of hydrogen peroxide application (Control, application by soaking the seeds, application by spraying, and application by soaking and spraying), with two plants per plot and four replications. From 0.6 dS m-1, the salinity of the irrigation water inhibited dry matter production and altered the leaf morpho-physiological index of the soursop seedlings 145 days after sowing. The method of hydrogen peroxide application by soaking the seeds minimised the effect of salt stress on root dry matter production and the quality of the soursop seedlings, and increased leaf succulence, standing out as a tolerance mechanism to salt stress. The application of hydrogen peroxide by soaking the seeds favoured an increase in the root to shoot ratio in soursop exposed to salinity of the irrigation water.

La resiliencia es una capacidad de las localidades turísticas por medio de la cual lidian con el cambio y las perturbaciones que ponen en peligro los recursos de vida. Los objetivos de este artículo son analizar los aportes teórico-metodológicos de la resiliencia en el turismo y diseñar un marco analítico, integral y flexible con el propósito de estimar la resiliencia de forma cualitativa en comunidades locales turísticas. Además, intenta servir de guía a investigadores que necesitan dar precisión a sus experiencias empíricas. Metodológicamente, se recurre a la revisión de la literatura especializada, con ello se examina el aporte recíproco de los sistemas socio-ecológicos y la resiliencia en el turismo. Enseguida se utiliza el método de análisis-síntesis, con la intención de identificar la importancia y el alcance de los elementos de un marco teórico-metodológico. Luego, se unifican criterios semejantes, a fin de conectar relaciones y formar un todo como aporte al conocimiento científico. De acuerdo con los resultados, la capacidad de análisis de los marcos teórico-metodológicos se sustenta en las características de los sistemas socio-ecológicos, el uso de factores de resiliencia y el empleo de medidas operacionales de resiliencia.

RESUMO Objetivo descrever, por meio de revisão da literatura, alterações auditivas e/ou vestibulares relacionadas ao uso em curto ou em longo prazo da mefloquina. Estratégia de pesquisa trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, realizada nas seguintes bases de dados: PubMed, Web of Science, SciELO, LILACS, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, Embase, OpenGrey, DissOnline e OAlster. Critérios de seleção foram incluídos estudos com participantes a partir de 18 anos de idade, que fizeram uso de mefloquina e que foram submetidos à avaliação auditiva e/ou questionário referente à função auditiva e vestibular. Foram excluídas revisões de literatura, capítulos de livros e estudos que utilizaram a mefloquina combinada a outros medicamentos. Resultados foram identificados 1.267 estudos nas bases de dados utilizadas, sendo selecionados 28 artigos para leitura completa. Destes, 12 foram incluídos na revisão, de acordo com os critérios de elegibilidade. Quatro artigos apontaram a presença de alterações vestibulares e auditivas, 2 indicaram apenas alterações auditivas e 6 apenas desordens vestibulares. No que se refere às manifestações auditivas, zumbido e perda auditiva foram os sintomas mais frequentes. Vertigem/tontura e desequilíbrio corresponderam às alterações vestibulares comumente apresentadas. Conclusão manifestações auditivas e vestibulares foram referidas em curto e longo prazo, após o tratamento com a droga. A descontinuação de seu uso possibilitou a reversão das manifestações, porém, em alguns casos, foi observada a permanência das afecções. Considera-se importante a realização de acompanhamento audiológico e vestibular durante a ingestão da mefloquina, visto o seu perfil de toxicidade e possíveis manifestações colaterais de caráter auditivo e vestibular.

Introduction The use of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine is formally indicated in cases of chronic autoimmune diseases. However, the use of these medications has already been associated with possible transitory or definitive alterations in hearing function and/or vestibular function in humans, when administrated in the short and long terms. Objective To describe, through a literature analysis, the functional vestibular and/or hearing alterations, caused by the use of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in youths and adults. Data Synthesis In total, 2,481 studies were identified in the initial search: out of these 32 were selected for a full-text reading, and 9 were selected after the exclusion of those which did not meet the eligibility criteria. Of these, four articles pointed to the presence of vestibular and auditory-associated alterations, three indicated only auditory pathologies, and two, vestibular disorders. Regarding the auditory alterations, tinnitus was the most frequent symptom, and bilateral sensorineural hearing loss was described in most studies, varying in degree from mild to severe. As for the vestibular alterations, vertigo was the most reported symptom. Conclusion Knowledge of the auditory and vestibular effects after the use of these substances can help in the decision regarding the best treatment, enabling the consideration of other available therapies for patients at risk of suffering those alterations, reducing the risk of auditory and vestibular disorders.

Prenatal exposure to ZIKV can cause neurologic and auditory damage. The electrophysiological responses obtained by Cortical Auditory Evoked Potentials (CAEP) may provide an objective method to investigate the function of cortical auditory pathways in children exposed to ZIKV. This case series analyzed the findings of CAEP in prenatal-period ZIKV-exposed children with and without microcephaly. The CAEP was performed in a total of 24 children. Five magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images of the inner ear and brain of microcephalic children were analyzed and compared with CAEP measurements. Ventriculomegaly (80%), cortical/subcortical calcification (80%), and brain reduction (60%) were the most common alterations in the MRI. The P1-N1-P2 complex of the CAEP was observed in all children evaluated. The peak N2 was absent in two children. In the comparison of the CAEP measurements between the groups, children with microcephaly presented a higher amplitude of P2 (p = 0.017), which may reflect immaturity of the auditory pathways. Microcephalic and normocephalic children with prenatal exposure to ZIKV presented with the mandatory components of the CAEPs, regardless of changes in the CNS, suggesting that this population has, to some extent, the cortical ability to process sound stimuli preserved.

A baixa disponibilidade da água associada as altas concentrações de sais da água de irrigação, tornou-se um dos principais desafios para produção agrícola no semiárido do Nordeste brasileiro. Dessa forma, o estudo de estratégias para viabilizar o uso da água salina na agricultura é fundamental. Assim, objetivou-se com a pesquisa avaliar alterações nas trocas gasosas, pigmentos cloroplastídicos e danos celular em gravioleira (Anonna muricata L.) na fase pós-enxertia irrigada com águas salinas e aplicação exógena de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2). A pesquisa foi conduzida em condições de casa de vegetação em Campina Grande-PB. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos no delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4 × 2, sendo constituídos de quatro níveis de condutividade elétrica da água - CEa (1,6; 2,4; 3,2 e 4,0 dS m-1) e duas concentrações de H2O2 (0 e 20 µM), com quatro repetições. A salinidade da água de irrigação a partir de 1,6 dS m-1 causa alterações na condutância estomática, transpiração e concentração interna de CO2 das plantas de gravioleira. A concentração de 20 µM de H2O2 mitigou os efeitos da salinidade sobre a transpiração e taxa de assimilação de CO2, além de promover a biossíntese dos pigmentos fotossintéticos e reduzir o dano celular a gravioleira, aos 150 dias após o transplantio. A aplicação exógena de 20 µM de H2O2 reduz o efeito deletério da salinidade sobre o diâmetro do caule do porta-enxerto e do enxerto das plantas de graviola irrigadas com água de 1,6 dS m-1. A aplicação exógena de 20 µM de H2O2 não é eficiente em mitigar os danos causados pela salinidade sobre o diâmetro do caule no ponto de enxertia de gravioleira.

El presente trabajo busca determinar la influencia de las condiciones socioeconómicas del hogar en la participación laboral bajo el modelo OCIO – CONSUMO, para el municipio de san José de Cúcuta y su área metropolitana durante el tercer trimestre del año 2011. El análisis se hará desde la perspectiva de Gary Becker; los resultados muestran que las variables sexo, tasa de desempleo del hogar y jefatura del hogar, son las que mayor efecto positivo tienen en la probabilidad de participar en el mercado laboral y las variables ingresos laborales, edad y pareja las que menor efecto presentan.

Objetivou-se avaliar os índices fisiológicos e o crescimento do algodoeiro colorido cv. BRS Topázio submetido à irrigação com águas de diferentes níveis de salinidades e adubação com doses de potássio. O experimento foi conduzido em vasos sob condições de casa de vegetação, utilizando-se um Neossolo Regolítico Eutrófico de textura franco-arenoso não salino. Utilizaram-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados, com 4 repetições, cujos tratamentos foram distribuídos em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, sendo quatro níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (CEa) (1,5; 3,0; 4,5 e 6,0 dS m-1) e quatro doses de potássio (50; 75; 100 e 125% da recomendação), sendo a dose de 100% correspondente a 150 mg K2O por kg-1 de solo. Avaliaram-se os efeitos dos tratamentos sobre a concentração interna de CO2 (Ci), transpiração (E), condutância estomática (gs), taxa de assimilação de CO2 (A), eficiência no uso da água (EiUA) e a eficiência instantânea da carboxilação (EICi), fitomassa seca das folhas (FSF), fitomassa seca do caule (FSC), fitomassa seca da parte aérea (FSA), área foliar especifica (AFE) e no período compreendido entre 30 e 130 dias determinaram-se a taxa de assimilação líquida (TAA). As trocas gasosas e a fitomassa seca da folha, a fitomassa seca do caule e a fitomassa seca da parte aérea do algodoeiro colorido cv. BRS Topázio reduz acentuadamente, quando submetida a níveis de CEa maior que 1,5 dS m-1. A área foliar especifica e a taxa de assimilação líquida do algodoeiro BRS Topázio não foram afetados pela água de irrigação com água salina. A adubação potássica não exerceu influência sobre as variáveis de analisadas do algodoeiro colorido. Não houve interação entre os fatores salinidade da água de irrigação versus doses de potássio para as variáveis analisadas. Physiological aspects and growth of 'BRS topázio' cotton cultivated with salt waters and potassic fertilization The objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological indexes and the growth of the colored cotton cv. BRS Topázio submitted to irrigation with water of different levels of salinities and fertilization with doses of potassium. The experiment was conducted in pots under greenhouse conditions, using a non-saline sandy-loam Eutrophic Regenerative Neosol. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was used, and the treatments were distributed in a 4 x 4 factorial scheme, with four levels of electrical conductivity of the irrigation water -ECw (1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 dS m-1) and four doses of potassium (50, 75, 100 and 125% of the recommendation), the dose of 100% corresponding to 150 mg K2O per kg-1 of soil. The effects of treatments on CO2 internal concentration (Ci), transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs), CO2 assimilation rate (A), water use efficiency (EiUA) and instant carboxylation (EICi), dry leaf phytomass (FSF), dry stem biomass (FSC), dry shoot biomass (FSA), specific leaf area (AFE) and in the period from 30 to 130 days, the rate of net assimilation (TAA). The gaseous exchanges and the dry matter of the leaf, the dry stem biomass and the dry matter of the aerial part of the colored cotton cv. BRS Topázio reduces markedly when submitted to ECw levels greater than 1.5 dS m-1. The specific leaf area and the net assimilation rate of the BRS Topázio cotton were not affected by the irrigation water with saline water. Potassium fertilization had no influence on the analyzed variables of the colored cotton. There was no interaction between irrigation water salinity versus potassium doses for the analyzed variables.

Objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento e os componentes de produção do algodoeiro colorido cv. BRS Topázio, em função da irrigação com águas de diferentes níveis de salinidades e doses de potássio. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, utilizando-se um Neossolo Regolítico Eutrófico de textura franco-arenosa não salina no município de Campina Grande, Paraíba. Adotou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados esquema fatorial 4 x 4 em com três repetições, cujos tratamentos foram constituídos de quatro níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (1,5; 3,0; 4,5 e 6,0 dS m-1) e quatro doses de potássio (50; 75; 100 e 125% da recomendação ), sendo a dose de 100% correspondente a 150 mg K2O por kg-1 de solo. A salinidade da água de irrigação afetou negativamente o crescimento do algodoeiro cv. BRS Topázio, sendo a variável área foliar a mais sensível. A produção total de sementes e o número de sementes total foram às variáveis mais sensíveis ao estresse salino. Growth and production components of colored cotton subjected to saline stress and potassium fertilization Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth and production components of the colored cotton cv. BRS Topázio, according to the irrigation with waters of different levels of salinities and doses of potassium. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, using a Neolithic Regolithic Eutrophic with a non-saline sandy-loam texture in the city of Campina Grande-PB. A randomized complete block design was used in a 4 x 4 factorial design with three replications. The treatments were composed of four levels of electrical conductivity of the irrigation water (1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 dS m-1) and four doses of potassium (50, 75, 100 and 125% of the recommendation), the dose of 100% corresponding to 150 mg K2O per kg-1 of soil. The salinity of the irrigation water negatively affected the growth of the cv. BRS Topazio, the most sensitive leaf area variable. The total seed production and the total number of seeds were the variables most sensitive to saline stress.