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We develop a method to model the microwave transmissivity of row crops that explicitly accounts for their periodic nature as well as multiple scattering. We hypothesize that this method could eventually be used to improve satellite retrieval of soil moisture and vegetation optical depth in agricultural regions. The method is characterized by unit cells terminated by periodic boundary conditions and Floquet port excitations solved using commercial software. Individual plants are represented by vertically oriented dielectric cylinders. We calculate canopy transmissivity, reflectivity, and loss in terms of S-parameters. We validate the model with analytical solutions and illustrate the effect of canopy scattering. Our simulation results are consistent with both simulated and measured data published in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work addressed liquid-liquid mass transfer for actual industrial conditions of high pH with coexisting salt. The Sauter mean diameter was determined from the direct measurement of a chlorobenzene droplet size using a borescope system. At a high NaOH concentration, the droplet size decreased significantly due to the reduced density difference between two phases, and it further decreased when NaOH and NaCl coexisted. A Sauter mean diameter correlation with a density difference term was proposed, and it successfully predicted the experimental results. To determine the mass transfer coefficient, the solubility and the concentration gradient of chlorobenzene in the aqueous phase were measured under various conditions. As the NaOH and NaCl concentration increased, the solubility of chlorobenzene and the rate of change of chlorobenzene concentration in the aqueous phase both decreased, but the decrease in solubility was more pronounced. Thus, the mass transfer coefficient increased with the NaOH and NaCl concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]