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This article aims to analyse the international normative framework concerning illicit drug trafficking (IDT) by sea. Through a content analysis, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 (UNCLOS 1982) and the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988 (Convention 1988) were examined. The provisions of the 2030 Agenda and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were also examined in order to establish the type of connection with the threat of illicit drug trafficking by sea. The results present Article 108 of the UNCLOS and Article 17 of the 1988 Convention as among the major international efforts to confront illicit drug trafficking through international cooperation. Moreover, on a cognitive map, 8 SDGs were identified that are directly linked to maritime security in the fight against IDT, which have been grouped into 5 factors. Addressing the threat comprehensively enables progress towards more effective approaches to tackling the issue of IDT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence of barriers to accessing essential urban opportunities leads to differentiated use of the territory, which can generate social fragmentation. Several authors highlight the role of public transportation services for reducing inequality gaps by providing connections between origins and destinations. The COVID-19 health emergency in 2020 highlighted the complex situation faced by disadvantaged populations in coping with crises in the absence of transportation services. Considering four popular neighborhoods in Santiago de Cali, Colombia, as a case study, patterns of public transport provision, the potential for access to opportunities, and joint accessibility patterns for 2015 and 2021 were evaluated through methods based on spatial analysis. A decrease in public transport provision of approximately 25% and an increase in travel times close to 23 min were detected by 2021. The results show deficits in the provision of transportation services and low accessibility in the study area and reinforce the hypothesis raised about the existence of housing segregation and spatial inequality located on the city's urban edge, which are marked in both scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illegal Drug Trafficking (IDT) poses a threat to maritime security and destabilises states. In Colombia, this threat is imminent and affects the country by positioning it as one of the major drug producers. However, scientific research on maritime security and IDT in Colombia is limited. This article applied literature review techniques, combining bibliometric and systematic analyses. Using the PRISMA methodology, searches were conducted in the Scopus, Web of Science (WOS), and Scielo databases, as well as in national official sources. The purpose was to identify the methodological aspects and conceptual elements that make up the global maritime security agenda related to IDT. Out of the 936 identified documents, 45 were selected that met the established criteria. The main findings suggest that maritime security encompasses multiple domains, dimensions, characteristics, and practices in order to combat maritime threats, and a conceptual framework is proposed. The methodological characteristics found are discussed, and their application in future research in Colombia is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The specialty coffees of the Department of Nariño have been recognized worldwide for their excellent quality, but they have been affected by the inadequate handling of the product in its supply chain, specifically in the areas where it is stored, directly affecting its differential attributes, therefore which presents an approach to solve the problem of selection and location of possible potential areas, for the establishment of a distribution center, essential for its entire chain. In the present study, a decision-making approach with multiple criteria (MCDA) was applied, specifically the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and weighted linear combination (WLC), with the incorporation of geographical criteria and their implementation in GIS (Geographical Information Systems), where 38 possible alternatives (Producing Municipalities) were evaluated for the establishment of a distribution center, using criteria previously identified with the help of experts in the areas of location, logistics, connectivity and specialty coffees, where those selected were: production Municipal, road connectivity and average temperatures. As results, maps of normalized and weighted criteria were generated according to the qualification or level of importance given by the experts through the model (AHP) and later using the weighted linear combination method (WLC) and GIS, the possible ideal areas were identified for the establishment of the distribution center. In conclusion, we can affirm that as the number of criteria increases, it implies greater complexity for decision-making, being of great help the implementation of technological tools such as GIS for the analysis and management of information in the resolution of this type of problems, which in the specific case of this project brought us closer to having a departmental overview of the possible ideal areas to establish a distribution center for specialty coffees. In detail, the methods and criteria used, data sets used, results obtained and discussion, finally the most significant conclusions, are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study's goal was to evaluate the pilot exclusive lane for motorcycles (Motovía) in Cali, Colombia, from the perception of its users in 2012–2013. A cross-sectional study using roadside surveys plus a qualitative component of individual semi-structured interviews was carried out. Road users' perceptions were investigated before and after implementation of lane dividers (LD) and were compared with other roads in the city. Perceptions were compared using chi-square tests. In the study, 293 motorcyclists, 111 cyclists, and 115 automobile drivers were interviewed. Following the installation of the LD, the majority of motorcyclists and cyclists reported that LD made easier the driving maneuvers and decreased travel time, in contrast to perceptions of automobile drivers (p< 0.001). For most motorcyclists, the Motovia was considered as safe and effective, approving its continuity and replication. Half of automobile drivers and cyclists did not approve the installation of the Motovia due to travel time (drivers) and security issues (cyclists). Motovia is an option to enhance motorcyclists' safety on the road. It must, however, offer clear circulation alternatives for automobile drivers. According to users' perception, it is not safe for bicycles and other human-powered vehicles to share lanes with motorcycles. Further research about vulnerable road users' infrastructure is required. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study's goal was to establish the prevalence of driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) and alcohol consumption patterns among drivers in Cali, Colombia, in 2013. A cross-sectional study based on a roadside survey using a stratified and multi-stage sampling design was developed. Thirty-two sites were chosen randomly for the selection of drivers who were then tested for blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and asked to participate in the survey. The prevalence of DUI was 0.88% (95% confidence intervals [95% CI] 0.26%–1.49%) with a lower prevalence when BAC was increasing. In addition, a higher prevalence was found during non-typical checkpoint hours (1.28, 95% CI −0.001%–0.03%). The overall prevalence is considered high, given the low alcohol consumption and vehicles per capita. Prevention measures are needed to reduce DUI during non-typical checkpoints and ongoing studies are required to monitor the trends and enable the assessment of interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The guidelines for the coastal-front recovery will be explained firstly, including its relationship with the following factors: coastline protections works, preservation of the transportation infrastructure and, primordially, a tourism development of the seabord. Then, the coastal-scene maintenance and management will be discussed, mentioning also methods for controlling landscape detrimental changes, taking into account both active and passive conservations techniques. All this included, of course, in what would be considered as a global strategy: A totally integrated regulations of all coastal areas in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]