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Human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) is restricted to prevent thermal effects in the tissue. However, at very low intensity exposure ''non-thermal'' biological effects, like oxidative stress, DNA or chromosomal aberrations, etc. collectively termed genomic-instability can occur after few hours. Little is known about chronic (years long) exposure with non-thermal RF-EMF.We identified two neighboring housing estates in a rural region with residents exposed to either relatively low (control-group) or relatively high (exposed-group) RF-EMF emitted from nearby mobile phone base stations (MPBS). 24 healthy adults that lived in their homes at least for 5 years volunteered. The homes were surveyed for common types of EMF, blood samples were tested for oxidative status, transient DNA alterations, permanent chromosomal damage, and specific cancer related genetic markers, like MLL gene rearrangements. We documented possible confounders, like age, sex, nutrition, life-exposure to ionizing radiation (X-rays), occupational exposures, etc.The groups matched well, age, sex, lifestyle and occupational risk factors were similar. The years long exposure had no measurable effect on MLL gene rearrangements and c-Abl-gene transcription modification. Associated with higher exposure, we found higher levels of lipid oxidation and oxidative DNA-lesions, though not statistically significant. DNA double strand breaks, micronuclei, ring chromosomes, and acentric chromosomes were not significantly different between the groups. Chromosomal aberrations like dicentric chromosomes (p=0.007), chromatid gaps (p=0.019), chromosomal fragments (p

Abstract Interventional radiologists are chronically exposed to low-dose ionizing radiation (IR), which may represent a health risk. The aim of the present study was to evaluate genomic instability by analyzing chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei, and 53BP1 DNA repair foci in peripheral blood lymphocytes of radiologists. Based on the IAEA guidelines on biodosimetry using dicentrics, the average protracted whole-body dose in radiologists were estimated. Since preleukemic fusion genes (PFG) are the primary events leading to leukemia, we also studied their presence by RT-qPCR and FISH. No significant difference in 53BP1 foci and incidence of PFG (MLL-AF4, MLL-AF9, AML1-ETO, BCR-ABL p190) was found in cells of interventional radiologists in comparison to controls. However, our results showed an increased frequency of micronuclei and various types of chromosomal aberrations including dicentrics in interventional radiologists. The average protracted whole body estimated dose was defined at 452.63 mGy. We also found a significantly higher amplification of the MLL gene segment and increased RNA expression in cells of interventional radiologists in comparison to controls. In conclusion, our results showed that long-term low-dose IR induces genomic instability in interventional radiologists.

One of the least invasive sampling methods suitable for self-sampling is saliva spitting. The aim of this study is to evaluate the suitability of saliva self-sampling for unsupervised testing. Two self-sampling strategies were compared on the basis of visual evaluation of samples, measurement of cortisol levels in samples and questionnaire survey. The saliva samples obtained by supervised self-sampling were found to be fully suitable for further analysis. In contrast, not all saliva samples obtained from unsupervised self-collection can be used: 13% non-compliance with the minimum required sample volume, 8% with some food/drink residues and 26% taken at the wrong day time. About 42% of the unsupervised probands made at least one significant error in the saliva self-collection procedure. These results indicate that the accuracy of the results based on the analysis of samples received from saliva self-sampling is limited. For clinical investigation, the presence of an inner standard (referring to the reliability of the sampling procedure) is required.

Point-of-care ultrasound examinations performed by physicians of different specialties are a rapidly growing phenomenon, which has led to a worldwide effort to create a standardised approach to ultrasound examination training. The implementation of emergency echocardiography by noncardiologists is mainly aimed at the standardisation of the procedure, a structured training system, and an agreement on competencies. This article summarises the current training programmes for nonechocardiographers at the University Hospital in Hradec Králové. In cooperation with cardiologists specialised in cardiac ultrasound (ECHO), an extended acute echo protocol dedicated to emergency department physicians was developed and validated in daily practice. According to our retrospective evaluation, after one year of clinical practice, we can confirm that point-of-care ultrasound examinations performed using the standardised limited echo protocol are safe and accurate. The observed concordance with comprehensive ECHO was 78%. This trial is registered with NCT05306730.

Several 1,2,4-triazoles are widely used as systemic fungicides in agriculture because they inhibit fungal 14ɑ-demethylase. However, they can also act on many non-target plant enzymes, thereby affecting phytohormonal balance, free amino acid content, and adaptation to stress. In this study, tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L. var. ‘Cherrola‘) were exposed to penconazole, tebuconazole, or their combination, either by foliar spraying or soil drenching, every week, as an ecotoxicological model. All triazole-exposed plants showed a higher content (1.7–8.8 ×) of total free amino acids than the control, especially free glutamine and asparagine were increased most likely in relation to the increase in active cytokinin metabolites 15 days after the first application. Conversely, the Trp content decreased in comparison with control (0.2–0.7 ×), suggesting depletion by auxin biosynthesis. Both triazole application methods slightly affected the antioxidant system (antioxidant enzyme activity, antioxidant capacity, and phenolic content) in tomato leaves. These results indicated that the tomato plants adapted to triazoles over time. Therefore, increasing the abscisic and chlorogenic acid content in triazole-exposed plants may promote resistance to abiotic stress.

Triazole fungicides can threaten plants as abiotic stressors but can also positively affect plant defense by inducing priming. Thus, plant yield is also both protected and endangered by triazoles that may influence several metabolic pathways during maturation processes, such as the biosynthesis of saccharides or secondary metabolites. Here, Solanum lycopersicum L. plants were exposed to foliar and soil applications of penconazole, tebuconazole, or their combination, and their resulting effect on tomato fruits was followed. The exposure to the equimolar mixture of both triazoles influenced the representation of free proteinogenic amino acids, especially Gln, Glu, Gly, Ile, Lys, Ser and Pro, saccharide content, and led to a significant increase in the contents of total phenolics and flavonoids as well as positive stimulation of the non-enzymatic antioxidant system. Among the identified secondary metabolites, the most abundant was naringenin, followed by chlorogenic acid in tomato peel. In turn, all triazole-treated groups showed a significantly lower content of rosmarinic acid in comparison with the control. Foliar application of penconazole affected the fruit more than other single triazole applications, showing a significant decrease in antioxidant capacity, the total content of secondary metabolites, and the activities of total membrane-bound peroxidases and ascorbate peroxidase.

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are promising therapeutic candidates in a variety of diseases due to having immunomodulatory and pro-regenerative properties. In recent years, MSC-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have attracted increasing interest as a possible alternative to conventional cell therapy. However, translational processes of sEVs for clinical applications are still impeded by inconsistencies regarding isolation procedures and culture conditions. We systematically compared different methods for sEV isolation from conditioned media of ex vivo expanded bone marrow-derived MSCs and demonstrated considerable variability of quantity, purity, and characteristics of sEV preparations obtained by these methods. The combination of cross flow filtration with ultracentrifugation for sEV isolation resulted in sEVs with similar properties as compared to isolation by differential centrifugation combined with ultracentrifugation, the latter is still considered as gold standard for sEV isolation. In contrast, sEV isolation by a combination of precipitation with polyethylene glycol and ultracentrifugation as well as cross flow filtration and size exclusion chromatography resulted in sEVs with different characteristics, as shown by surface antigen expression patterns. The MSC culture requires a growth-promoting supplement, such as platelet lysate, which contains sEVs itself. We demonstrated that MSC culture with EV-depleted platelet lysate does not alter MSC characteristics, and conditioned media of such MSC cultures provide sEV preparations enriched for MSC-derived sEVs. The results from the systematic stepwise evaluation of various aspects were combined with culture of MSCs in a hollow fiber bioreactor. This resulted in a strategy using cross flow filtration with subsequent ultracentrifugation for sEV isolation. In conclusion, this workflow provides a semi-automated, efficient, large-scale-applicable, and good manufacturing practice (GMP)-grade approach for the generation of sEVs for clinical use. The use of EV-depleted platelet lysate is an option to further increase the purity of MSC-derived sEVs.

The therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) has been shown to rely on their immunomodulatory and regenerative properties. In order to obtain sufficient numbers of cells for clinical applications, MSCs have to be expanded ex vivo. Expansion media with xenogeneic-free (XF) growth-promoting supplements like human platelet lysate (PL) or serum- and xenogeneic-free (SF/XF) formulations have been established as safe and efficient, and both groups provide different beneficial qualities. In this study, MSCs were expanded in XF or SF/XF media as well as in mixtures thereof. MSCs cultured in these media were analyzed for phenotypic and functional properties. MSC expansion was optimal with SF/XF conditions when PL was present. Metabolic patterns, consumption of growth factors, and secretome of MSCs differed depending on the type and concentration of supplement. The lactate per glucose yield increased along with a higher proportion of PL. Many factors in the supernatant of cultured MSCs showed distinct patterns depending on the supplement (e.g., FGF-2, TGFβ, and insulin only in PL-expanded MSC, and leptin, sCD40L PDGF-AA only in SF/XF-expanded MSC). This also resulted in changes in cell characteristics like migratory potential. These findings support current approaches where growth media may be utilized for priming MSCs for specific therapeutic applications.

The paper presents a database of information on wrecks, natural and artificial reefs located in the Adriatic Sea, collected within the framework of the Interreg Italy–Croatia project ADRIREEF – Innovative exploitation of Adriatic Reefs in order to strengthen Blue Economy. The data collection lasted more than 1 year and included three surveys and a wide literature review. After being collected, data were harmonized and, where possible, made machine-readable. Moreover, data were widely metadated, published in a WebGIS (https://adrireef.github.io/sandbox3/, last access: 3 May 2021), and shared as open data in EMODnet (European Marine Observation and Data Network) Data Ingestion Portal through the SEANOE repository (Ferrà et al., 2020; https://doi.org/10.17882/74880). The database is composed of 285 three-dimensional records, each one described by 51 attributes. Parameters are clustered in four main groups: identification, reef description, site description, and management/exploitation information. Available literature (scientific and/or grey) was also included in the database and linked to the corresponding site.

About 5% of patients undergoing radiotherapy (RT) develop RT-related side effects. To assess individual radiosensitivity, we collected peripheral blood from breast cancer patients before, during and after the RT, and γH2AX/53BP1 foci, apoptosis, chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and micronuclei (MN) were analyzed and correlated with the healthy tissue side effects assessed by the RTOG/EORTC criteria. The results showed a significantly higher level of γH2AX/53BP1 foci before the RT in radiosensitive (RS) patients in comparison to normal responding patients (NOR). Analysis of apoptosis did not reveal any correlation with side effects. CA and MN assays displayed an increase in genomic instability during and after RT and a higher frequency of MN in the lymphocytes of RS patients. We also studied time kinetics of γH2AX/53BP1 foci and apoptosis after in vitro irradiation of lymphocytes. Higher levels of primary 53BP1 and co-localizing γH2AX/53BP1 foci were detected in cells from RS patients as compared to NOR patients, while no difference in the residual foci or apoptotic response was found. The data suggested impaired DNA damage response in cells from RS patients. We suggest γH2AX/53BP1 foci and MN as potential biomarkers of individual radiosensitivity, but they need to be evaluated with a larger cohort of patients for clinics.

A systematic theory of structural limits for finite models has been developed by Nesetril and Ossona de Mendez. It is based on the insight that the collection of finite structures can be embedded, via a map they call the Stone pairing, in a space of measures, where the desired limits can be computed. We show that a closely related but finer grained space of (finitely additive) measures arises -- via Stone-Priestley duality and the notion of types from model theory -- by enriching the expressive power of first-order logic with certain "probabilistic operators". We provide a sound and complete calculus for this extended logic and expose the functorial nature of this construction. The consequences are two-fold. On the one hand, we identify the logical gist of the theory of structural limits. On the other hand, our construction shows that the duality theoretic variant of the Stone pairing captures the adding of a layer of quantifiers, thus making a strong link to recent work on semiring quantifiers in logic on words. In the process, we identify the model theoretic notion of types as the unifying concept behind this link. These results contribute to bridging the strands of logic in computer science which focus on semantics and on more algorithmic and complexity related areas, respectively.

This paper analyses the effects of the ECB´s Public sector purchase programme (PSPP) on portfolios of the Eurozone investors. The ECB claims that the PSPP works mainly through the portfolio balance channel when the conditions on the asset markets are changed by the presence of a bidding central bank and investors are under those conditions forced to reallocate their portfolio to the state that better corresponds to ECB-changed market conditions and their preferences. This paper incorporates counterfactual analysis approach rather than analysis of direct change of prices and yields of given assets and uses sectoral data regression analysis of asset holdings of different investors in the Eurozone. This study addresses questions regarding size and direction of investors’ reallocations – what types of investors were acting as the main counterparts to the ECB on the market for government bonds and what asset classes were preferred and chosen as an alternative by investors in the Eurozone to reallocate their funds. The series of obtained regression estimates and counterfactual analysis graphic representation answers to questions mentioned above and identifies a nonnegligible effect of the PSPP on the rebalancing of government bond portfolios towards riskier corporate bonds and equities across investor types in major Eurozone countries.

The monitoring of impeller blade vibrations is an important task in the diagnosis of turbomachinery, especially in terms of steam turbines. Early detection of potential faults is the key to avoid the risk of turbine unexpected outages and to minimize profit loss. One of the ways to achieve this is long-term monitoring. However, existing monitoring systems for impeller blade long-term monitoring are quite expensive and also require special sensors to be installed. It is even common that the impeller blades are not monitored at all. In recent years, the authors of this paper developed a new method of impeller blade monitoring that is based on relative shaft vibration signal measurement and analysis. In this case, sensors that are already standardly installed in the bearing pedestal are used. This is a significant change in the accessibility of blade monitoring for a steam turbine operator in terms of expenditures. This article describes the developed algorithm for the relative shaft vibration signal analysis that is designed to run in a long-term perspective as a part of a remote monitoring system to track the natural blade frequency and its amplitude automatically.

Education is an important component of every healthcare system. Patients need to be educated about their planned procedures; healthcare professionals need to be trained in their respective profession. Both patient education and the training of healthcare professionals are often completed in person, which requires resources and is bound to certain times and places. Virtual educational environments can potentially save human and monetary resources, increase learner engagement, and enable users to learn according to their own schedules. This design study describes proofs of concept for two augmented reality-enabled (AR) educational tools, utilizing a Microsoft HoloLens head-mounted display. In the first use case, we demonstrate an AR application which could be used to educate cancer patients about their radiotherapy treatment and potentially reduce patient anxiety. The second use case demonstrates an AR training environment, which could complement the practical training of undergraduate radiography students. Two prototypes—VIPER, for patient education, and ARTUR for the training of radiography students—were developed and tested for viability and usability, both based on individual user tests. Both patient and student education were evaluated as viable and usable additions to conventional educational methods, despite being limited in terms of accessibility, usability, and fidelity. Suitable hardware is becoming more accessible and capable, and higher-fidelity holograms, better utilization of real-world objects, and more intuitive input methods could increase user immersion and acceptance of the technology.

High Performance Computing (HPC) is required for many important applications in chemistry, computational fluid dynamics, etc., see, e.g., an overview in [1]. In this paper we shortly describe an application (a multiscale material design problem) that requires HPC for several reasons. The problem of interest is analysis of the fiber-reinforced concrete and we focus on modelling of stiffness through numerical homogenization and computing local material properties by inverse analysis. Both problems require a repeated solution of large-scale finite element problems up to 200 million degrees of freedom and therefore the importance of HPC computing is evident.

Verification of the behaviour of new designs of rotor seals is a crucial phase necessary for their use in rotary machines. Therefore, experimental equipment for the verification of properties that have an effect on rotor dynamics is being developed in the test laboratories of the manufacturers of these components all over the world. In order to be able to compare the analytically derived and experimentally identified values of the seal parameters, specific requirements for the rotor vibration pattern during experiments are usually set. The rotor vibration signal must contain the specified dominant components, while the others, usually caused by unbalance, must be attenuated. Technological advances have made it possible to use magnetic bearings in test equipment to support the rotor and as a rotor vibration exciter. Active magnetic bearings allow control of the vibrations of the rotor and generate the desired shape of the rotor orbit. This article presents a solution developed for a real test rig equipped with active magnetic bearings and rotor vibration sensors, which is to be used for testing a new design of rotor seals. Generating the exact shape of the orbit is challenging. The exact shape of the rotor orbit is necessary to compare the experimentally and numerically identified properties of the seal. The generalized notch filter method is used to compensate for the undesired harmonic vibrations. In addition, a novel modified generalized notch filter is introduced, which is used for harmonic vibration generation. The excitation of harmonic vibration of the rotor in an AMB system is generally done by injecting the harmonic current into the control loop of each AMB axis. The motion of the rotor in the AMB axis is coupled, therefore adjustment of the amplitudes and phases of the injected signals may be tedious. The novel general notch filter algorithm achieves the desired harmonic vibration of the rotor automatically. At first, the general notch filter algorithm is simulated and the functionality is confirmed. Finally, an experimental test device with an active magnetic bearing is used for verification of the algorithm. The measured data are presented to demonstrate that this approach can be used for precise rotor orbit shape generation by active magnetic bearings.

Many people in Prague keep seeking a refuge in green areas within the city. Such a desire has inspired us to develop an app for cell phones that would be able to find natural areas in Prague. Users are navigated to the green spaces in real time and space. This article deals with the design and development of such app which has been aptly named DoPřírody! (To the Nature!). To create such an app requires a sound systemic design and also connection with a number of different components. Technically, it is a geoinformation community system composed of database, server, and mobile parts. First, it was necessary to define natural areas. Second, database of such areas containing exact position, description, type, photos, etc. was created. The server part includes application modules that secure users management, area search, routing, navigation, etc. The mobile part consists of user interface for cell phones. Special attention is given to the design and creation of algorithm that calculates the appropriate route within the road network which serves as a base for the navigation. DoPřírody! is also compared with competing projects like Googlemaps, Mapy.cz and OSM. Route length, time required, and computing time are the basic elements compared. DoPřírody! has all the features of a community system, i. e. logged-in users can contribute to further improvements. Anyone can update information on natural areas, upload more detailed descriptions, photographs, and comments. Thus, the whole system remains “live”. At the present time there are some 80 users that have downloaded the free installation app on Google Play.

The aims of the paper were as follows: (1) to assess the applicability of speckled alder for pioneer stands on the mountainous clear-cut tracts and (2) to evaluate the effects of slow-release fertilizer on the survival and growth of speckled alder under harsh environmental conditions. On the basis of seven-year results we can presume that speckled alder is a convenient pioneer species that can be cultivated on harsh mountain sites where the climatic extremes need to be alleviated and a layer of surface humus renewed. The initial slow-release fertilization is, nonetheless, highly desirable. As contrasted to the control the surface and planting hole applications of amendment reduced the total seven-year mortality rate by 9.5% and 20.1%, respectively, and the periodic annual height increment (2003-2009) was promoted by 47% and 59%, respectively. Analogous results were obtained when the values of basal stem diameter and crown diameter were compared. As for the method of application, the placement of the slow-release amendment in the planting holes seems to be more efficient mainly in terms of survival promoting. The surface application is, nonetheless, less laborious and also yielded satisfactory results.

An experiment with seedlings of Alnus viridis was established on a clear-felled tract situated on a summit tableland of the Jizerské hory Mts. (central Europe, Czech Republic) at an altitude of 980 m a.s.l. The aims of the experiment were (i) to evaluate the response of A. viridis to the application of a basic mixture containing crushed limestone and amphibolite and (ii) to assess the growth potential of the species in a poor acidic site under climatically harsh conditions. Alnus viridis showed a good growth performance and survival rate, its initial response to fertilization was positive. The height growth and expansion of crowns were slightly but significantly stimulated by the treatment, the survival rate was also increased, though not significantly. The amendment application temporarily increased the foliar Ca and Mg concentrations. The content of foliar P, of the most deficient macroelement, was not improved by the treatment. However, the positive effect of fertilization was short-lasting and unconvincing from the aspect of practical use. In the second half of the reference period the control started to gain on the fertilized variant and as for mean height and crown diameter, both variants got almost equalized eight growing seasons after the treatment.

We provide a synopsis of the Sumatran species in the scarab beetle genus Peltonotus Burmeister (Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Cyclocephalini), describe a new species of Peltonotus from Sumatra, and describe the male of P. cybele Jameson & Wada from Sumatra (previously known only by the female holotype). To enable identification, we include a key to the five Sumatran species of Peltonotus, comparative images and diagnoses for all species, and temporal and geographical distributions.

A young speckled alder (Alnus incana [L.] Moench) stand was planted on a tract clear-felled due to air pollution and located on a summit plateau of the Jizerské hory Mts. (Central Europe, Czech Republic) at an altitude of 950 m a.s.l. The aim of the experiment was to test the suitability of Alnus incana to form preparatory stands covering the site and thus enabling the reintroduction of more sensitive target species. A potential of Alnus incana to respond to slow-release fertilizing was tested as well. The control treatment showed sufficient growth dynamics, nevertheless, the fertilization significantly promoted the growth (documented by height, height increment and stem-base diameter). If some limitations of alder such as high light requirements are respected, the speckled alder can be recommended as a suitable species for preparatory stands even in the 7th and 8th altitudinal (vegetation) zones, especially when fertilized.

The activity-aided teaching using e-learning program was assessed in students’ training in Agrochemistry subject in the first year of bachelor degree study at the Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources of Czech University of Life Sciences Prague. The e-learning program integrated with active methods had greater efficiency in the students’ education than in classical, formal teaching. The study was achieved on two groups of students; control group (with classical teaching) and tested group (with activated teaching). Students were distributed into groups randomly and the input knowledge in chemistry followed the Gaussian distribution. Basic students’ knowledge on general chemistry was very low on the average and did not correspond with the curricular programs for secondary schools established in the Czech Republic. Activated methods of Agrochemistry teaching consisted mainly from motivation, regularly repetition connected with homework and from usage of e-learning program for self-study. The teaching effectiveness was proved by students’ score from three particular tests and by effective progression and by relative progression. The score from particular tests was related to the score from the entrance test. There were two coefficients of the students’ progression defined properly, and are applicable for a numerical or percentage value. Students from the tested group achieved statistically significantly (α = 0.05) higher scores (186 points) than students in the control group (136 points) in all three particular tests. Evaluation according to effective progression and relative progression proved the higher progress in the tested group compare to the control group. The evaluation of teaching efficiency can be proved by effective as well relative progression. The effective progression was 55 % in tested group and 26 % in control group. Higher significance of tested students’ progression was shown on relative progression; 64 % in tested students and 19 % in control students. The e-learning teaching integrated with active methods can be recommended for higher education.

A parallel algorithm of a numeric procedure based on a method of trigonometric collocation is presented for investigating an unbalance response of a rotor supported by journal bearings. After a condensation process the trigonometric collocation method results in a set of nonlinear algebraic equations which is solved by the Newton-Raphson method. The order of the set is proportional to the number of nonlinear bearing coordinates and terms of the finite Fourier series. The algorithm, realized in the MATLAB parallel computing environment (DCT/DCE), uses message passing technique for interacting among processes on nodes of a parallel computer. This technique enables portability of the source code both on parallel computers with distributed and shared memory. Tests, made on a Beowulf cluster and a symmetric multiprocessor, have revealed very good speed-up and scalability of this algorithm.

The influence of N-S fertilizers on the copper content in the inter oilseed rape plants was studied in field experiments. The evaluation involved two treatments of a single rate for the first spring fertilizer application with 100 kg N/ha in the AN treatment (nitrochalk) and 100 kg N/ha + 50 kg S/ha in the ANS treatment (ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate). A positive influence of the ANS fertilizer on the copper contents in different parts of plants was determined. The highest Cu concentrations were determined in the leaves and inflorescences, the lowest ones occurred in the stem. The concentration of Cu ranged within the interval of 1.56-8.75 mg Cu/kg of dry matter depending on the growth period and the part of the plant. No differences in copper content were determined in the seeds of individual treatment. The highest uptake in the above-ground parts of the plants was recorded in the green pod period and amounted to 57.4 g Cu/ha for the ANS treatment.

Članek obravnava možnosti za vodenje daljnovoda Globoko–italijanska meja skozi prostor. Predstavljena sta dva postopka umeščanja nadzemnih vodov v prostor, pri katerih so upoštevana okoljska in prostorska merila: slovenski in italijanski. Slovenski postopek sestavljajo analize privlačnosti in ranljivosti. S prvimi vključujemo v obravnavo tiste ekonomske in funkcionalne dejavnike, ki vplivajo na privlačnost prostora za nadzemne vode. Na ta način je mogoče presojati, kako ekonomsko in funkcionalno ustrezno so postavljene alternativne trase novonačrtovanega 400-kilovoltnega daljnovoda Slovenija–Italija od RTP Okroglo do treh možnih stičnih točk na slovensko-italijanski meji Srednjega, Golega Brda in Vrtojbe. Prav tako so bili v skladu z zahtevami zakona o urejanju prostora pripravljeni modeli ranljivosti, s katerimi se v prostoru simulirajo možni negativni vplivi daljnovoda na okolje, ter analiza ustreznosti, ki pomeni uskladitev razvojnih in varovalnih zahtev. Rezultat analiz je koridor, v katerem je možno voditi traso brez večjih konfliktov. Italijani so svoj postopek razvili za iskanje ustreznega koridorja na svoji strani od državne meje do RTP Videm (Udine). Ta postopek je bil uporabljen tudi na slovenski strani. Uporabili so tri skupine dejavnikov: dejavnike privlačnosti, izločilne dejavnike in dejavnike večjega odpora. Veliko bolj poenostavljen postopek omogoča primerjavo, ker so v njem uporabljeni enaki ali vsaj podobni prostorski podatki. V sklepih je podan tudi kratek komentar h konceptu koridorja kot planerskega orodja.

The article deals with possibilities for running the proposed overhead transmission line Okroglo-Italian border. The Slovene and Italian methods are shown as methods enabling consideration of environmental and spatial impact within the process of planning overhead transmission line corridors. The Slovene method consists of analyses of attractiveness and vulnerability, whereby the first considers those functional and economic factors that affect spatial attractiveness for overhead transmission lines. Thus we can assess the level of economic and functional suitability of alternative routes of the proposed 400 kilovolt overhead transmission line from transformation station Okroglo (Slovenia) to Srednje, Golo Brdo and Vrtojba, three potential contact points on the Slovene–Italian border. In accordance with stipulations of the Law on spatial management vulnerability models were prepared, which were used to simulate the development’s potential negative environmental effects and to analyse suitability, which implies harmonisation of development and protection demands. Their result is a possible corridor that can be developed without significant conflicts. The Italian procedure was developed to trace the transmission line corridor from the Slovenian border to the transformation station in Udine. It was also applied on the Slovenian side. Three groups of factors were considered in the procedure: exclusion, repulsion, and attraction. The much simpler procedure enables comparisons, since it uses the same or at least similar spatial data. In conclusion a short commentary is added about the corridor concept as a planning tool.

Tina Rike Herold,1 Veronika Jakl,3 Anno Graser,4 Kirsten Eibl-Lindner1,21Department of Ophthalmology, 2Department of Ophthalmology, Campus Innenstadt, 3Department of Neurology, 4Department of Clinical Radiology, Campus Grosshadern, University of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, GermanyAbstract: This case describes typical ophthalmic findings as a key feature for diagnosis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) and its possible differential diagnosis. A 58-year-old female patient with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis on immunotherapy with natalizumab developed visual disturbance, reading problems, and visual field defects due to PML. PML is a reactivation of latent infection with the John Cunningham virus, which is a type of polyomavirus acquired in childhood or adolescence and is quite common in the general population. PML so far has been mostly associated with other immunodeficiency disorders, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, but is also gaining importance in association with the increasing use and duration of treatment with natalizumab in patients suffering from multiple sclerosis. Natalizumab is a highly specific α4-integrin antagonist approved for treatment of patients with active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.Keywords: progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, natalizumab, multiple sclerosis, hemianopia