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Objective: Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae), has traditionally been used for various renal diseases including urolithiasis. Considering the therapeutic and nutritional values, the present study was designed to investigate the antiurolithiatic potential of M. oleifera leaves through in-vitro , in-silico and in-vivo approaches. Methods: Methanolic aqueous extract of M. oleifera . leaves (MoL.Cr) was prepared and screened for phytoconstituents through FTIR and HPLC analysis, while antioxidant potential was determined by DPPH assay. Crystal nucleation, aggregation and growth assays were carried out to ascertain the in-vitro inhibitory effects of MoL.Cr. Molecular docking was performed to analyze the interactions between phytoconstituents and targeted proteins (Glycolate oxidase, Albumin and Tamm-Horsfall). Whereas, ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis model (1% ammonium chloride +0.75% ethylene glycol) was used for in-vivo study. Presence of alkaloids, phenols, glycosides and flavonoids was confirmed by FTIR and HPLC analysis. Results: MoL.Cr significantly inhibited the CaOx crystal nucleation, aggregation as well as growth and normalized urinary and serum parameters. Histological studies showed that MoL.Cr significantly restored hyperoxaluria-induced irregular epithelial lining, interstitial inflammation and dilated proximal tubules. Conclusions: Thus, M. oleifera demonstrated marked stone inhibiting potential which can be due to its antioxidant, lowering of urinary concentration of stone forming constituents and anti-crystallization effects.

The study was designed to investigate the pharmacological potential of 70%methanolic extract of Vigna mungo for the management of hyperthyroidism and estrus cycle disturbances in female rats. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the extract was performed. Hyperthyroidism was induced by administering levothyroxine (600 µg/kg; orally) for 14 days. Phytochemical analysis of the extract showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, fats, and oils. The extract (300, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg; orally) and carbimazole (30 mg/kg; orally) were administered individually for the next 14 days. The extract showed dose-dependent antithyroid potential, as evidenced by the decrease in T3 and T4, and the increase in TSH levels. Body weight, body temperature, fasting blood glucose levels, and prolonged diestrus phase were reversed towards normal and significant effects on the morphology of the thyroid gland and ovary of the rats were observed. Therefore, the findings reveal that V. mungo has the potential to treat experimentally-induced hyperthyroidism and estrus cycle disturbances.

Abstract In this research work, Bi2O3, Bi2O3/GO and Bi2O3/CuO/GO nanocomposites have been synthesized via an eco-friendly green synthesis technique, solgel route and co-precipitation method respectively for the assessment of antibacterial activity as well as in vivo toxicity. The XRD patterns confirm the formation of Bi2O3, Bi2O3/GO and Bi2O3/CuO/GO nanocomposites showing monoclinic structures. Crystallite size and lattice strain are calculated by Scherrer equation, Scherrer plot and Willimson Hall plot methods. Average crystallite size measured for Bi2O3, Bi2O3/GO and Bi2O3/CuO/GO nanocomposites by Scherrer equation, Scherrer plot and WH-plot methods are (5.1, 13.9, 11.5)nm, (5.4, 14.2, 11.3)nm and (5.2, 13.5, 12.0)nm respectively. Optical properties such as absorption peaks and band-gap energies are studied by UV–vis spectroscopy. The FTIR peaks at 513 cm−1, 553 cm−1 and 855 cm−1 confirms the successful synthesis of Bi2O3, Bi2O3/GO and Bi2O3/CuO/GO nanocomposites. The antibacterial activity of synthesized Bi2O3, Bi2O3/GO and Bi2O3/CuO/GO nanocomposites is examined against two gram-negative (Escherichia coli and pseudomonas) as well as gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) at dose 25 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg by disk diffusion technique. Zone of inhibition for Bi2O3, Bi2O3/GO and Bi2O3/CuO/GO at dose 40 mg/kg against E. coli (gram − ve) are 12 mm, 17 mm and 18 mm respectively and against Pseudomonas (gram − ve) are 28 mm, 19 mm and 21 mm respectively. While the zone of inhibition for Bi2O3/GO and Bi2O3/CuO/GO at dose 40 mg/kg against B. cereus (gram + ve) are 8 mm and 8.5 mm respectively and against S. aureus (gram + ve) are 5 mm and 10.5 mm respectively. These amazing results reveal that Bi2O3, Bi2O3/GO and Bi2O3/CuO/GO nanocomposite as a kind of antibacterial content, have enormous potential for biomedical applications. In addition, the in vivo toxicity of synthesized Bi2O3/CuO/GO nanocomposite is investigated on Swiss Albino mice at dose of 20 mg/kg by evaluating immune response, hematology and biochemistry at the time period of 2, 7, 14 and 30 days. No severe damage is observed in mice during whole treatment. The p value calculated by statistical analysis of hematological and biochemistry tests is nonsignificant which ensures that synthesized nanocomposites are safe and non-toxic as they do not affect mice significantly. This study proves that Bi2O3/CuO/GO nanocomposites are biocompatible and can be explored further for different biomedical applications.

Portulacaria afra Jacq (Portulacaceae) is a medicinal plant used traditionally in the treatment of pain and inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition, toxicity, antinociceptive, and enzyme inhibition potential of P. afra. The methanol extract (PAME) was prepared through maceration and fractionated with ethanol to ethanol fraction of P. afra (ETPA). Both PAME and ETPA were found to be rich in total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC). Similarly, PAME showed the highest antioxidant potential through ABTS 93.16 ± 0.05 mg TE /g of dry extract (D.E.) while ETPA showed maximum results (462 ± 1.44 mg TE/g) in the CUPRAC method. The RP-UHPLC-MS analysis of PAME showed tentative identification of 101 compounds in the positive mode and 14 compounds in the negative mode of ionization while GC–MS profiling gave a total of 15 compounds. The acute oral toxicity study of PAME revealed the safety and biocompatibility of the extract up to a dose of 5000 mg/kg orally in rats. In-vitro data revealed that varying concentrations of P. afra significantly (p

Neurada procumbens Linn. possesses a wide range of phytochemical and bioactive entities such as flavonoids and polyphenols that decrease the oxidative stress and enhance synaptic plasticity, resulting in accelerated healing processes. Almost all parts of the plant have been used in the traditional system of medicine for various disorders including its use as an anticonvulsant, sexual tonic, and anti-rheumatic agent. This study is designed to evaluate the anxiolytic and antidepressant activities of the methanolic crude extract of N. procumbens (Np.Cr) based on its use in traditional medicine and presence of the phytochemical constituents. Aqueous methanolic extract of Np.Cr was prepared under reduced pressure using rotary evaporator, and different chemical constituents were identified by phytochemical screening. Light/dark exploration, elevated plus maze (EPM), and hole board tests were used to assess the anxiolytic activity, while forced swim and tail suspension tests were used to assess the antidepressant potential of the crude extract. Treatment groups treated individually with 3 different doses; i.e., 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of Np.Cr, showed a dose-dependent increase in time spent in light compartment and in open arms as well as increased number of head poking by the experimental animals. Np.Cr showed significant antidepressant potential ( P < .05) as evident from marked decrease in behavioral despair. Findings of the present study assure that N. procumbens possess significant anxiolytic and antidepressant potential with the demands of further investigations to identify the active compound(s) responsible for these pharmacological effects.

Obesity, a chronic metabolic condition, is an increase in fat mass and blood lipid levels mainly causing atherosclerosis and hypertension, which further lead to cardiovascular complications. The objective of the study was to investigate the crude extract of Caralluma edulis (CE.Cr) for its potential against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and its related complications. Hyperlipidemia was induced in Wistar albino rats with HFD (1% cholesterol + 0.5% cholic acid) for 28 days. Treatment groups were administered with different doses of CE.Cr (100, 300 and 500 mg/Kg, p.o.) and the standard group received atorvastatin. At the end of study, sera were analyzed for biochemical markers and the aorta was dissected for microscopic examination. Antioxidant potential was evaluated and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was performed. The hypotensive potential of CE.Cr was evaluated through an invasive technique. HPLC analysis of CE.Cr showed the presence of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, apigenin and naringenin. Histological examination of the aorta section showed anti-atherosclerotic effects which were also evident from decrease in serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoproteins levels. CE.Cr decreased mean arterial blood pressure and evoked significant hypotensive effects. The crude extract of C. edulis showed anti-obesity, antihypertensive, anti-atherosclerotic and antioxidant potential.

Background Thrombosis is a major disorder which is an outcome of an imbalance in the hemostatic system that develop undesirable blood clot and hinder blood circulation. Purpose The current study was designed to verify the potential of aqueous methanolic crude extract of Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav . (At.Cr), used traditionally as remedy in circulatory problems. Research Design Antioxidant activity, FTIR, and HPLC analysis were performed. In-vitro clot lysis assay was performed on human blood samples, and in-vivo acute pulmonary thromboembolism model was developed by administering the mixture of collagen and epinephrine in tail vein of mice. Carrageenan-induced thrombosis and FeCl 3 -induced carotid arterial thrombosis models were developed in rats. Results At.Cr demonstrated significant increase in lysis of human blood clot. Bleeding and clotting times were increased dose-dependently. Lungs histology showed clear alveolar spaces with decreased red blood cells congestion. Reduction in infarcted tail length, augmentation in prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time with decrease in platelet count were observed. At.Cr also prolonged the arterial occlusion time and reduced the weight of thrombus and TXB 2 levels dose-dependently. Conclusions The results demonstrated the antithrombotic and thrombolytic potential of At.Cr due to activation of coagulation factors through extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.

Background Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew is reported to be practiced in the traditional system of medicine for the management of various immunological pathologies. Purpose The current study was designed to evaluate the modulatory effects of C decidua on different immune responses. Research Design C decidua was extracted in 70% methanol and the crude extract (Cd.Cr) was analyzed by FTIR and GCMS. In vivo models were employed to assess the actions of Cd.Cr on cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression, innate and adaptive immune responses. Results GCMS and FTIR analysis indicated the presence of flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids and lipids. Cd.Cr evoked a significant and dose-dependent increase in percent neutrophil adhesion (15.97 ± .81, 27.47 ± .79 and 38.35 ± 1.08) and the phagocytic index (3.1 ± .04, 3.96 ± .06 and 5.28 ± .13) at the doses of 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg. Cd.Cr also potentiated haemagglutinating antibody titre, immunoglobulins and cytokines (interferon-γ and interleukin-2) production for 4 weeks, after exposure to sheep erythrocytes, and delayed type hypersensitivity reaction significantly ( P < .05). The restoration of hematological profile and antioxidant enzyme activities, by Cd.Cr, indicated the prevention of cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression and oxidative stress. Conclusions The findings of this study suggest that C decidua holds immunomodulatory activity by thus possesses therapeutic potential for the management of immunological diseases.

Objective: Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae), has traditionally been used for various renal diseases including urolithiasis. Considering the therapeutic and nutritional values, the present study was designed to investigate the antiurolithiatic potential of M. oleifera leaves through in-vitro, in-silico and in-vivo approaches. Methods: Methanolic aqueous extract of M. oleifera. leaves (MoL.Cr) was prepared and screened for phytoconstituents through FTIR and HPLC analysis, while antioxidant potential was determined by DPPH assay. Crystal nucleation, aggregation and growth assays were carried out to ascertain the in-vitro inhibitory effects of MoL.Cr. Molecular docking was performed to analyze the interactions between phytoconstituents and targeted proteins (Glycolate oxidase, Albumin and Tamm-Horsfall). Whereas, ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis model (1% ammonium chloride +0.75% ethylene glycol) was used for in-vivo study. Presence of alkaloids, phenols, glycosides and flavonoids was confirmed by FTIR and HPLC analysis. Results: MoL.Cr significantly inhibited the CaOx crystal nucleation, aggregation as well as growth and normalized urinary and serum parameters. Histological studies showed that MoL.Cr significantly restored hyperoxaluria-induced irregular epithelial lining, interstitial inflammation and dilated proximal tubules. Conclusions: Thus, M. oleifera demonstrated marked stone inhibiting potential which can be due to its antioxidant, lowering of urinary concentration of stone forming constituents and anti-crystallization effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geranium wallichianum D. Don ex sweet traditionally been used as home remedy for backaches, joint pain, colic, and rheumatism. The objective of this study was to investigate the therapeutic benefits of plant in an adjuvant-induced arthritis paradigm. Immune-mediated rheumatoid arthritis was developed by injecting complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) into the hind paws of rats and the aqueous methanolic crude extract was administered. The animals were physically monitored for changes in paw edema size and arthritic score. Hematological parameters and systemic inflammatory indicators evaluated. Genetic expressions of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6), necrosis factor (NF-κB), and cyclooxygenase (COX-II) enzyme were studied using real-time qPCR. PGE2 levels in blood were quantified through Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). On the 14th day, Immunoglobulin E (IGE) exhibited a substantial decline in paw edema and arthritic score. At the doses of 500 mg/Kg ( P ≤ .05) and 1000 mg/Kg ( P ≤ .001), IGE significantly reduced TNF-α, interleukins, and COX-II mRNA expression. IGE significantly lowered the MDA levels at the doses of 500 and 1000 mg/Kg (13.18 ± .70 and 9.04 ± .26 μM/L respectively) as compared to arthritic control (30.82 ± 1.12 μM/L) group. IGE significantly improved the antioxidant enzyme activities of CAT and SOD ( P ≤ .001) in treated animals. TNF-α, interleukins, and COX-II mRNA expression were also significantly reduced at the doses of 300 ( P ≤ .05), 500 ( P ≤ .01) and 1000 mg/Kg ( P ≤ .001) which were expressed as fold changes. This study shows that Geranium wallichianum D. Don ex sweet has a strong potential to alleviate immune-mediated arthritis by lowering oxidative stress and downregulating the proinflammatory cytokines signaling mechanisms.

Objective: To explore the protective effect of the crude extract of Salsola imbricata against acetic acid-induced inflammatory bowel disease in mice and its mechanism of action. Methods: Ethanolic crude extract of Salsola imbricata was characterized by HPLC. Salsola imbricata extract at different doses was administered and ulcerative colitis was induced by 200 μL, 7.5% acetic acid and macroscopic parameters were evaluated to assess the homeostatic condition of intestinal mucosa along with hematological and biochemical assays. The levels of malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase 1, superoxide dismutase, and catalase were determined in colon tissues. Proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were quantified by ELISA. The extent of tissue damage was assessed by histological analysis. Results: Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of phytochemicals including quercetin, gallic acid, syringic acid, benzoic acid and chlorogenic acid in the crude extract. The crude extract of Salsola imbricata (300 and 500 mg/kg) markedly decreased malondialdehyde and nitric oxide (P

Background: Mentha piperita L. (peppermint) is one of the most widely consumed medicinal herbs that has gained attention from food and pharmaceutical industries due to its distinct aroma and taste. Purpose: Present study was aimed to rationalize the traditional use of peppermint in urolithiasis and to explore its possible underlying mechanism. Research Design: The aqueous methanolic crude extract of Mentha piperita (Mp.Cr) was assessed for phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity. In vitro crystallization assays were performed to determine the inhibitory effects of Mp.Cr against crystal nucleation, aggregation and growth. In vivo urolithiasis model was developed in rats by the administration of ammonium chloride and ethylene glycol in drinking water. The antiurolithic effects of Mp.Cr were evaluated by analyzing kidney homogenate, biochemical and histological parameters. Results: HPLC analysis showed the presence of epicatechin, quercetin, gallic acid, syringic acid, kaempferol, caffeic acid and coumaric acid. The maximum quantity of quercetin equivalent flavonoid and gallic acid equivalent phenolic content was found to be 63.73 ± .24 mg QE/g and 43.76 ± .6 mg GAE/g of Mp.Cr, respectively. Mp.Cr significantly normalized urinary and serum biochemistry, similar to the standard cystone treatment. Conclusions: The current study validated the preventive and curative potential of Mp.Cr against urolithiasis and justified its traditional use in kidney stone disease.

The study was designed to investigate the antithyroid activity of the crude methanolic (70%) extract of aerial parts of Abutilon indicum in male albino rats. The extract was prepared and analyzed for the presence of phytochemical constituents through preliminary chemical analysis, antioxidant assay and GC-MS. The in vivo antithyroid activities in thyroxine-induced hyperthyroidism were studied. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and phenols, also verified by the data obtained from GC-MS. Thyroxine increased the levels of triiodothyronine (4.9 ± 0.1 ng/mL) and total thyroxine (9.4 ± 0.2 μg/dL); while, A. indicum at the doses of 300 and 500 mg/kg, showed significant decrease in the elevated levels of triiodothyronine (3.0 ± 0.1 and 2.6 ± 0.2 ng/mL) and thyroxine (7.7 ± 0.2 and 7.1 ± 0.2 μg/dL), respectively. Histopathological studies showed the restoration of filled follicular colloids in extract-treated animals. The results show that A. indicum exhibits dose-dependent antithyroid effects.

The present study encompasses the ethnomedicinal consumption of Corchorus depressus (L.) C.Chr. (C. depressus) for diabetes. Samples were subjected to LC-ESI-MS analyses. The n-hexane, methanolic and water extracts were screened for α-glucosidase inhibition and in vivo anti-diabetic studies. Further, antioxidant (DPPH) and anti-inflammatory study was performed via luminol-enhanced chemi-luminescence assay. The identified compounds were docked against the target enzymes of diabetes. The n-hexane fraction (CD-J1) showed IC50 of 8.4 ± 0.1 µg/mL against α-glucosidase enzyme. The sub fractions CD-12 and CD-13 of CD-J1 obtained after flash column chromatography displayed further reduced IC50 values of 4.3 ± 0.1 and 6.3 ± 0.1, respectively, as compared with standard drug acarbose (IC50 values of 37.5 ± 0.2 µg/mL). Simultaneously, dereplication of most active sub-fraction CD-12 by LC-ESI-MS led to the identification of strophanthidin and some other active metabolites responsible for anti-diabetic activity. Molecular docking of strophanthidin with α-glucosidase and α-amylase revealed high affinity for these target enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was designed to investigate the pharmacological potential of 70% methanolic extract of Vigna mungo for the management of hyperthyroidism and estrus cycle disturbances in female rats. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the extract was performed. Hyperthyroidism was induced by administering levothyroxine (600 µg/kg; orally) for 14 days. Phytochemical analysis of the extract showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, fats, and oils. The extract (300, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg; orally) and carbimazole (30 mg/kg; orally) were administered individually for the next 14 days. The extract showed dose-dependent antithyroid potential, as evidenced by the decrease in T3 and T4, and the increase in TSH levels. Body weight, body temperature, fasting blood glucose levels, and prolonged diestrus phase were reversed towards normal and significant effects on the morphology of the thyroid gland and ovary of the rats were observed. Therefore, the findings reveal that V. mungo has the potential to treat experimentally-induced hyperthyroidism and estrus cycle disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to rationalize the traditional uses of Asphodelus tenuifolius in cardiovascular complaints, aqueous-ethanol extract of the plant was investigated for hypotensive and diuretic activities using in vivo and in vitro models. Intravenous administration of the extract in anesthetized rats produced 14.5 (95% CI; 13.315.6), 24.5 (95% CI; 21.3-27.9) and 35.3% (95% CI; 32.042.5) fall in mean arterial blood pressure at the doses of 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg, respectively. The extract increased the urine volume and electrolytes excretion significantly at the doses of 300 and 500 mg/kg in rats. In rabbits isolated aorta preparations, the extract, like verapamil, relaxed K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions more potently than phenylephrine (1 µM)induced contractions, indicating Ca2+ antagonistic activity. The extract produced dose-dependent stimulant followed by depressant effects in spontaneously contracting rabbits paired atria preparations. The results suggest that the extract of A. tenuifolius has hypotensive and diuretic effects in animals. Video Clip of Methodology: Hypotensive activity in anesthetized rats: 7 min 25 sec Full Screen Alternative

Neurada procumbens Linn. possesses a wide range of phytochemical and bioactive entities such as flavonoids and polyphenols that decrease the oxidative stress and enhance synaptic plasticity, resulting in accelerated healing processes. Almost all parts of the plant have been used in the traditional system of medicine for various disorders including its use as an anticonvulsant, sexual tonic, and anti-rheumatic agent. This study is designed to evaluate the anxiolytic and antidepressant activities of the methanolic crude extract of N. procumbens (Np.Cr) based on its use in traditional medicine and presence of the phytochemical constituents. Aqueous methanolic extract of Np.Cr was prepared under reduced pressure using rotary evaporator, and different chemical constituents were identified by phytochemical screening. Light/dark exploration, elevated plus maze (EPM), and hole board tests were used to assess the anxiolytic activity, while forced swim and tail suspension tests were used to assess the antidepressant potential of the crude extract. Treatment groups treated individually with 3 different doses; i.e., 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of Np.Cr, showed a dose-dependent increase in time spent in light compartment and in open arms as well as increased number of head poking by the experimental animals. Np.Cr showed significant antidepressant potential (P <.05) as evident from marked decrease in behavioral despair. Findings of the present study assure that N. procumbens possess significant anxiolytic and antidepressant potential with the demands of further investigations to identify the active compound(s) responsible for these pharmacological effects. Graphical Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research work, Bi2O3, Bi2O3/GO and Bi2O3/CuO/GO nanocomposites have been synthesized via an eco-friendly green synthesis technique, solgel route and co-precipitation method respectively for the assessment of antibacterial activity as well as in vivo toxicity. The XRD patterns confirm the formation of Bi2O3, Bi2O3/GO and Bi2O3/CuO/GO nanocomposites showing monoclinic structures. Crystallite size and lattice strain are calculated by Scherrer equation, Scherrer plot and Willimson Hall plot methods. Average crystallite size measured for Bi2O3, Bi2O3/GO and Bi2O3/CuO/GO nanocomposites by Scherrer equation, Scherrer plot and WH-plot methods are (5.1, 13.9, 11.5)nm, (5.4, 14.2, 11.3)nm and (5.2, 13.5, 12.0)nm respectively. Optical properties such as absorption peaks and band-gap energies are studied by UV–vis spectroscopy. The FTIR peaks at 513 cm−1, 553 cm−1 and 855 cm−1 confirms the successful synthesis of Bi2O3, Bi2O3/GO and Bi2O3/CuO/GO nanocomposites. The antibacterial activity of synthesized Bi2O3, Bi2O3/GO and Bi2O3/CuO/GO nanocomposites is examined against two gram-negative (Escherichia coli and pseudomonas) as well as gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) at dose 25 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg by disk diffusion technique. Zone of inhibition for Bi2O3, Bi2O3/GO and Bi2O3/CuO/GO at dose 40 mg/kg against E. coli (gram − ve) are 12 mm, 17 mm and 18 mm respectively and against Pseudomonas (gram − ve) are 28 mm, 19 mm and 21 mm respectively. While the zone of inhibition for Bi2O3/GO and Bi2O3/CuO/GO at dose 40 mg/kg against B. cereus (gram + ve) are 8 mm and 8.5 mm respectively and against S. aureus (gram + ve) are 5 mm and 10.5 mm respectively. These amazing results reveal that Bi2O3, Bi2O3/GO and Bi2O3/CuO/GO nanocomposite as a kind of antibacterial content, have enormous potential for biomedical applications. In addition, the in vivo toxicity of synthesized Bi2O3/CuO/GO nanocomposite is investigated on Swiss Albino mice at dose of 20 mg/kg by evaluating immune response, hematology and biochemistry at the time period of 2, 7, 14 and 30 days. No severe damage is observed in mice during whole treatment. The p value calculated by statistical analysis of hematological and biochemistry tests is nonsignificant which ensures that synthesized nanocomposites are safe and non-toxic as they do not affect mice significantly. This study proves that Bi2O3/CuO/GO nanocomposites are biocompatible and can be explored further for different biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) is widely used in folk medicine for the treatment of asthma. This study describes its airways relaxant potential, with elucidation of possible underlying mechanism. Crude extract of cardamom which tested positive for alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, sterols and tannins, when tested against carbachol-mediated bronchoconstriction in rats under anesthesia, it dose-dependently (10-100 mg/kg) suppressed the carbachol (1 µmol/kg)-evoked increase in the inspiratory pressure. In isolated rabbit trachea tissues, crude extract of cardamom caused relaxation of both carbachol (1 µM) and high K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions, like that caused by verapamil, suggesting its Ca++ channel blockade action. These results indicate that cardamom exhibits bronchodilatory effect, mediated through Ca++ antagonist mechanism, which provides sound mechanistic background for its medicinal use in asthma.

Olive (Olea europea) is used in traditional medicine as a remedy for hypertension. The aqueous methanolic crude extract of O. europea fruit (OeF.Cr) was studied in anaesthetized rats and its possible mechanism was elucidated using isolated cardiovascular preparations. Intravenous administration of OeF.Cr produced a dose-dependent (30-100 mg/kg) fall in arterial blood pressure in normotensive anaesthetized rats. This effect remained unaltered in atropinized animals. In the in vitro studies OeF.Cr (0.1-3.0 mg/ml) inhibited spontaneously beating guineapig atria. Moreover, it relaxed [K.sup.+] and/or phenylephrine-induced contractions of rabbit aortic preparations over a dose range of 0.1-3.0 rag/ml, suggesting calcium channel blockade (CCB). The CCB effect was confirmed when pretreatment of the vascular preparations with OeF.Cr produced a dose-dependent rightward shift of the [Ca.sup.2+] dose--response curves, similar to verapamil. These results suggest that the blood pressure lowering effect of olive is mediated through CCB, justifying its use in hypertension. Keywords: Olive, antihypertensive, calcium antagonist, rats

Background: Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew is reported to be practiced in the traditional system of medicine for the management of various immunological pathologies. Purpose: The current study was designed to evaluate the modulatory effects of C decidua on different immune responses. Research Design: C decidua was extracted in 70% methanol and the crude extract (Cd.Cr) was analyzed by FTIR and GCMS. In vivo models were employed to assess the actions of Cd.Cr on cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression, innate and adaptive immune responses. Results: GCMS and FTIR analysis indicated the presence of flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids and lipids. Cd.Cr evoked a significant and dose-dependent increase in percent neutrophil adhesion (15.97 ±.81, 27.47 ±.79 and 38.35 ± 1.08) and the phagocytic index (3.1 ±.04, 3.96 ±.06 and 5.28 ±.13) at the doses of 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg. Cd.Cr also potentiated haemagglutinating antibody titre, immunoglobulins and cytokines (interferon-γ and interleukin-2) production for 4 weeks, after exposure to sheep erythrocytes, and delayed type hypersensitivity reaction significantly (P <.05). The restoration of hematological profile and antioxidant enzyme activities, by Cd.Cr, indicated the prevention of cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression and oxidative stress. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that C decidua holds immunomodulatory activity by thus possesses therapeutic potential for the management of immunological diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geranium wallichianum D. Don ex sweet traditionally been used as home remedy for backaches, joint pain, colic, and rheumatism. The objective of this study was to investigate the therapeutic benefits of plant in an adjuvant-induced arthritis paradigm. Immune-mediated rheumatoid arthritis was developed by injecting complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the hind paws of rats and the aqueous methanolic crude extract was administered. The animals were physically monitored for changes in paw edema size and arthritic score. Hematological parameters and systemic inflammatory indicators evaluated. Genetic expressions of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6), necrosis factor (NF-κB), and cyclooxygenase (COX-II) enzyme were studied using real-time qPCR. PGE2 levels in blood were quantified through Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). On the 14th day, Immunoglobulin E (IGE) exhibited a substantial decline in paw edema and arthritic score. At the doses of 500 mg/Kg (P ≤.05) and 1000 mg/Kg (P ≤.001), IGE significantly reduced TNF-α, interleukins, and COX-II mRNA expression. IGE significantly lowered the MDA levels at the doses of 500 and 1000 mg/Kg (13.18 ±.70 and 9.04 ±.26 μM/L respectively) as compared to arthritic control (30.82 ± 1.12 μM/L) group. IGE significantly improved the antioxidant enzyme activities of CAT and SOD (P ≤.001) in treated animals. TNF-α, interleukins, and COX-II mRNA expression were also significantly reduced at the doses of 300 (P ≤.05), 500 (P ≤.01) and 1000 mg/Kg (P ≤.001) which were expressed as fold changes. This study shows that Geranium wallichianum D. Don ex sweet has a strong potential to alleviate immune-mediated arthritis by lowering oxidative stress and downregulating the proinflammatory cytokines signaling mechanisms. Graphical Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the hyperlipidemic potential of the methanolic-aqueous extract of Typha domingensis Pers. Method: Hyperlipidemia was induced in Wistar rats with high fat diet (HFD). The animals were divided into five groups; normal control group was administered normal diet and water ad libitum; whereas, all other groups were given HFD along with respective treatment; i.e., positive control group (normal saline, 1 ml/kg; p.o.), standard control group (atrovastatin 5 mg/kg; p.o.) and treatment groups received 70 % methanolic-aqueous extract of Typha domingensis (TD.Cr) at the 100 and 300 mg/kg p.o. After 28 days, the animals were weighed, blood was collected and sera separated. Aortas were dissected out for histological studies. Sera were analyzed for total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL. Hypotensive effects were evaluated through invasive technique followed by diuretic activity. Results: Typha domingensis extract significantly lowered the levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL to 132.30 ± 1.145, 161.50 ± 1.33 and 41.67 ± 1.28 mg/dL, respectively, at 100 mg/kg (p < 0.001) and 111.50 ± 1.05, 157.70 ± 1.74 and 29.17 ± 0.98 mg/dL, at 300 mg/kg, respectively (p < 0.001). It produced anti-obesity effects represented as reduction in body weight by 17.00 ± 1.29 to 1.5 ± 7.63 g (p < 0.001) from 100 to 300 mg/kg, respectively, compared to control. Histological studies revealed the anti-atherosclerotic effect of the plant extract. A decreasing mean arterial blood pressure revealed hypotensive effects. Conclusion: Typha domingensis has a potential for the treatment of diet-induced hyperlipidemia and associated complications. However, clinical investigations are required to buttress these assertions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mentha piperita L. (peppermint) is one of the most widely consumed medicinal herbs that has gained attention from food and pharmaceutical industries due to its distinct aroma and taste. Purpose: Present study was aimed to rationalize the traditional use of peppermint in urolithiasis and to explore its possible underlying mechanism. Research Design: The aqueous methanolic crude extract of Mentha piperita (Mp.Cr) was assessed for phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity. In vitro crystallization assays were performed to determine the inhibitory effects of Mp.Cr against crystal nucleation, aggregation and growth. In vivo urolithiasis model was developed in rats by the administration of ammonium chloride and ethylene glycol in drinking water. The antiurolithic effects of Mp.Cr were evaluated by analyzing kidney homogenate, biochemical and histological parameters. Results: HPLC analysis showed the presence of epicatechin, quercetin, gallic acid, syringic acid, kaempferol, caffeic acid and coumaric acid. The maximum quantity of quercetin equivalent flavonoid and gallic acid equivalent phenolic content was found to be 63.73 ± .24 mg QE/g and 43.76 ± .6 mg GAE/g of Mp.Cr, respectively. Mp.Cr significantly normalized urinary and serum biochemistry, similar to the standard cystone treatment. Conclusions: The current study validated the preventive and curative potential of Mp.Cr against urolithiasis and justified its traditional use in kidney stone disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thrombosis, the formation of blood clots due to platelet aggregation, vascular injury or hypercoagulability, leads to cardiovascular pathologies including myocardial or cerebral infarction. Antiplatelet and thrombolytic agents have promising effects in ameliorating thromboembolism and dissolving blood clots. However, the associated limitations generate the need to explore agents from natural origin. The aim of the study was to explore the potential of aqueous methanolic extract (Sc.Cr) of an indigenous plant, Sida cordifolia L., traditionally used for cardiovascular complaints. Sc.Cr was evaluated by clot lysis assay, acute pulmonary embolism, carrageenan-induced tail vein thrombosis and ferric chloride-induced carotid arterial thrombosis models. Hemostasis parameters were increased in a dose-dependent manner. Histological studies showed restoration with clear alveolar spaces and less red blood cell congestion. Significant reduction in infarcted length of thrombus, escalation in coagulation parameters with a profound decrease in platelet count (PC) were observed. Arterial occlusion time was increased with a reduction in weight of thrombus dose-dependently with significant augmentation in PT and APTT. Sc.Cr was also analyzed for phytochemical constituents and antioxidant potential. The results demonstrated the antithrombotic and thrombolytic potential of Sc.Cr using in vitro and in vivo experimental models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the protective effect of the crude extract of Salsola imbricata against acetic acid-induced inflammatory bowel disease in mice and its mechanism of action. Methods: Ethanolic crude extract of Salsola imbricata was characterized by HPLC. Salsola imbricata extract at different doses was administered and ulcerative colitis was induced by 200 μL, 7.5% acetic acid and macroscopic parameters were evaluated to assess the homeostatic condition of intestinal mucosa along with hematological and biochemical assays. The levels of malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase 1, superoxide dismutase, and catalase were determined in colon tissues. Proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were quantified by ELISA. The extent of tissue damage was assessed by histological analysis. Results: Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of phytochemicals including quercetin, gallic acid, syringic acid, benzoic acid and chlorogenic acid in the crude extract. The crude extract of Salsola imbricata (300 and 500 mg/kg) markedly decreased malondialdehyde and nitric oxide (P<0.01) and increased antioxidant activities of glutathione peroxidase 1 (P<0.001) and superoxide dismutase (P<0.001). Moreover, it decreased the levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α significantly (P<0.001) and reduced the damage to the colon mucosa, promoting tissue healing and regeneration. Conclusions: Salsola imbricata extract restores the colonic epithelial layers by maintaining mucosal homeostasis and cell integrity by modulating antioxidant defense system and inflammatory cytokine signaling in ulcerative colitis mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mentha piperita L., a well-known traditional herb, constitutes essential oil as one of its important constituent, used for its flavor, aroma and therapeutic applications. Based on the antioxidant, antispasmodic and nephroprotective potential, the essential oil of Mentha piperita was evaluated for its preventive and curative effects against ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis. Peppermint oil (Mp.Eo) was evaluated for its antioxidant potential by DPPH method. Urolithiasis was developed in male rats by the administration of ammonium chloride and ethylene glycol in drinking water. Different doses of Mp.Eo (10, 30 and 50 mg/kg) and cystone, the standard antiurolithic drug (500 mg/kg), were given along with stone-inducing regimen in prophylactic model and after intoxication for the next fourteen days in curative model. Urine and serum were analyzed for various biochemical parameters. One representative kidney from each group was studied for changes in histological parameters. Mp.Eo was found to be effective against urolithiasis-associated changes including crystalluria, polyuria and acidic urine. Mp.Eo also neutralized the altered levels of urinary uric acid, magnesium, total protein, serum creatinine and serum BUN. The data obtained from the present study demonstrated the therapeutic importance of peppermint oil against urolithiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to study the effects of Citrus aurantium (C. aurantium) on renal functions in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. The study involved male Wistar rats weighing 250–300 g that were fed and kept under standard conditions. Rats were randomly divided into control, cisplatin administered, C. aurantium 200 mg/kg, and C. aurantium 400 mg/kg groups. Cisplatin was administered at 5 mg/kg i.p. once at the start of study to induce nephrotoxicity. Blood and urine samples were obtained at alternative days for analysis. The body weight and urine output were monitored at regular intervals. Plasma and urinary sodium, potassium, and creatinine levels were measured at the end of study duration. Absolute excretion of sodium and potassium; sodium to potassium ratio; kidney weights; fractional excretion of sodium and potassium; and absolute creatinine clearance were determined to analyze the effects of C. aurantium. Histopathological changes of kidney tissues were studied to determine relevant effects. The results indicate that cisplatin lowered the total body weights while raising the urinary output and kidney weights, reversed by C. aurantium both dose and time dependently. Similarly, C. aurantium markedly normalized plasma, urinary sodium, potassium, and creatinine levels. Cisplatin-induced absolute sodium clearance, absolute potassium clearance, absolute creatinine clearance, sodium to potassium ratio, and fractional excretion of sodium and potassium were significantly reversed by C. aurantium. Histopathological analysis showed notable improvement in C. aurantium administered groups as compared to cisplatin-induced group. Study suggests that C. aurantium possesses excellent nephroprotective effects against cisplatin-induced toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is one of the foremost health issues among women of reproductive age. The study highlights to assess the level of awareness about the causes, symptoms, prevention and treatment of IDA among women of reproductive age in district Bahawalpur, province Punjab, Pakistan. A randomized study was conducted by using a self-designed standardized questionnaire disseminated to the hostels of female residents and homes in the immediate vicinity of Islamia University Bahawalpur. Females aged 18-45 years without any previous history of medical or gynecological problems were enlisted. A total number of 200 women were surveyed for awareness of iron deficiency anemia. Seventy three percent (73%) of women (n=146) were aware of the term IDA with the highest proportion of women falling in the age bracket 20-35 years. Most (66.9%) of the women were aware of the fact that their diet contains iron and its importance in health. It is concluded that, in reproductive age women the IDA can be prevented and treated through proper guidance and awareness through education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Echinops echinatus is traditionally an important plant that finds its extensive use as a diuretic, antiinflammatory, anti-pyretic, nerve tonic, abortifacient, aphrodisiac, antiasthmatic, and antidiabetic agent. The current study investigates protection against the hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia in alloxan-induced (type I diabetes) and fructose-fed insulin resistance (type II diabetes) models of diabetes treated with aqueous methanolic root extract of E. echinatus (Ee.Cr). Albino rats were treated orally with Ee.Cr at doses 100, 300 and 500mg/kg. The fasting blood glucose was measured by glucometer, while standard kits were used to determine the levels of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL. The administration of Ee.Cr significantly (P<0.001) reduced the FBG concentration in a dosedependent pattern in alloxan-induced and fructose-fed diabetic rats. The Ee.Cr also corrected the dyslipidemia associated with fructose and alloxan-induced diabetes by significantly (P<0.001) decreasing the concentration of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL and by increasing HDL concentration. Ee.Cr also significantly (P<0.001) improved the glucose tolerance in fructose-fed rats. We conclude that Ee.Cr has antidiabetic and antidyslipidemic effects in both insulin-dependent alloxan-induced diabetes and fructose-induced insulin resistance diabetes rat models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the diuretic activity and acute toxicity profile of the crude aqueous extract of Achyranthes aspera using animal models. Methods: Albino rats of either sex were divided into five groups (six animals in each group). The control group received normal saline (10 ml/kg), the reference group received furosemide (10 mg/kg) and the test groups were administered different doses of the crude aqueous extract (10, 30 and 50 mg/kg) by intra-peritoneal route, respectively. At the end of 6 h, urine was collected and total volume of urine excreted by each rat was expressed as ml/6 h/100 g of body weight. pH of fresh urine samples, concentration of urinary sodium and potassium ions, Lipschitz value, diuretic index, saliuretic index and Na+/K+ ratio were also calculated to make comparison among the groups. The acute toxicity of the crude extract was assessed in Albino mice. Results: The findings demonstrated that the crude aqueous extract of the plant showed significant diuretic (p < 0.001), natriuretic (p < 0.001) and kaliuretic (p < 0.001) effects. However, during the course of the study, urinary pH remained unchanged. The diuretic index values for the test groups (III, IV & V) were 2.3, 2.6 and 3.1, respectively. Lipschitz values showed that, at the dose of 50 mg/kg, the crude extract showed 46% of diuretic activity as compared with furosemide. No toxic effects were observed among Albino mice even at a higher dose of 3000 mg/kg. Conclusion: The crude extract of Achyranthes aspera increases the urine volume and concentration of urinary electrolytes in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, this plant has a diuretic potential. However, future studies should focus on isolating the phytochemical component(s) responsible for diuresis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of crude aqueous extract of Boswellia serrata Roxb. oleo gum on urinary electrolytes, pH and diuretic activity in normal albino rats. Moreover, acute toxicity of the gum extract was assessed using mice. Albino rats were divided into five groups. Control group received normal saline (10 mg/kg), reference group received furosemide (10 mg/kg) and test groups were given different doses of crude extract (10, 30 and 50 mg/kg) by intra-peritoneal route, respectively. The Graph Pad Prism was used for the statistical analysis and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Significant diuretic, kaliuretic and natriuretic effects were observed in the treated groups in a dose dependent manner. Diuretic index showed good diuretic activity of the crude extract. Lipschitz values indicated that the crude extract, at the dose of 50 mg/kg, showed 44 % diuretic activity compared to the reference drug. No lethal effects were observed among albino mice even at the higher dose of 3000 mg/kg. It is concluded that aqueous extract of Boswellia serrata oleo gum, at the dose of 50 mg/kg showed significant effects on urinary volume and concentration of urinary electrolytes with no signs of toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ipomoea reniformis Roxb. (Convolvulaceae) is a small, weedy herb used for the management of cardiac problems in traditional systems of medicine in India and Pakistan. Objective of the present study was to investigate the hypotensive, diuretic and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities of the aqueous-methanol (30:70) crude extract of the dried aerial parts ofI. reniformis (Ir.Cr.) in rats. To record blood pressure lowering effects of the Ir.Cr, different doses of the extract were administered through jugular vein to the ketamine-diazepam anesthetized normotensive rats and blood pressure was recorded via carotid artery. ACE inhibitory activity of the extract was studied in-vitro; using hippuryl-l-histidyl-l-leucine as substrate, the product hippurate was quantified spectrophotometrically after reacting with cyanuric chloride/dioxane reagent. Effects of intraperitoneal administration of the extract on urine and urinary electrolyte excretion were also investigated in rats. The extract (Ir.Cr.) produced 21.51 ± 3.41, 28.99 ± 2.30, 53.34 ± 0.88 and 61.71 ± 3.37% fall in mean arterial blood pressure of the anesthetized rats at the doses of 0.1, 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 mg/Kg, respectively. Ir.Cr. was found to have serum ACE inhibitory activity, with IC50 value of 422 ± 21.16 μg/mL. The extract also increased urine volume and urinary Na+ excretion significantly at the doses of 30 and 50 mg/Kg in rats. The study concludes that the crude extract of Ipomoea reniformis (Ir.Cr.) has hypotensive, ACE inhibitory and diuretic activities, which provide the scientific justification for the traditional uses of the plant as cardioprotective, antihypertensive and diuretic remedy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the hypotensive potential of Berberis orthobotrys Bien Ex Aitch (Family: Berberidaceae) in both normotensive and hypertensive rats. Methods: Aqueous-methanol (70:30) extract of Berberis orthobotrys at doses of 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg was evaluated for its effect on blood pressure and heart rate using non-invasive blood pressure measuring apparatus. After initial screening, 100 mg/kg dose that produced a maximum effect was selected for the antihypertensive study. Median lethal dose (LD50) and sub-chronic toxicity of the extract were also determined. Various biochemical parameters and organ weight were measured using standard procedures. Results: The extract produced a significant (p < 0.01) decrease in systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean blood pressure (MBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate of normotensive rats at all test doses with maximum effect at 100 mg/kg. Similarly, a significant antihypertensive and negative chronotropic effect was observed in both hypertensive models. LD50 of the extract was 200 mg/kg in mice. The extract also exhibited a reduction (p < 0.05) in serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), triglycerides and low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels while a significant (p < 0.05) increase in high density lipoproteins (HDL) level was observed. Conclusion: It seems that the aqueous-methanol extract of Berberis orthobotrys possesses active compounds which may be responsible for the antihypertensive and negative chronotropic effects in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) is widely used in folk medicine for the treatment of asthma. This study describes its airways relaxant potential, with elucidation of possible underlying mechanism. Crude extract of cardamom which tested positive for alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, sterols and tannins, when tested against carbachol-mediated bronchoconstriction in rats under anesthesia, dose-dependently (10-100 mg/kg) suppressed the carbachol (1 µmol/kg)-evoked increase in the inspiratory pressure. In isolated rabbit trachea tissues; crude extract of cardamom caused relaxation of both carbachol (1 µM) and high K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions, like that caused by verapamil, suggesting its Ca++ channel blockade action. These results indicate that cardamom exhibits bronchodilatory effect, mediated through Ca++ antagonist mechanism, which provides sound mechanistic background for its medicinal use in asthma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Aim of the study: Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) is traditionally used for various gastrointestinal and cardiovascular disorders and this study was designed to rationalize its use in dyspepsia, abdominal colic, diarrhea, hypertension and as diuretic. Materials and methods: Coriander crude extract (Cs.Cr) was evaluated through in vitro and in vivo techniques. Results: Cs.Cr caused atropine sensitive stimulatory effect in isolated guinea-pig ileum (0.1–10mg/ml). In rabbit jejunum preparations, Cs.Cr evoked a similar contractile response but in the presence of atropine, it exhibited relaxation against both spontaneous and high K+ (80mM)-induced contractions as well as shifted the Ca2+ concentration–response curves to right, similar to that caused by verapamil. Cs.Cr (1–30mg/ml) caused fall in arterial blood pressure of anesthetized animals, partially blocked by atropine. Cs.Cr produced vasodilatation against phenylephrine and K+ (80mM)-induced contractions in rabbit aorta and cardio-depressant effect in guinea-pig atria. Cs.Cr produced diuresis in rats at 1–10mg/kg. Bio-assay-directed fractionation revealed the separation of spasmogenic and spasmolytic components in the aqueous and organic fractions respectively. Conclusions: These results indicate that coriander fruit exhibits gut stimulatory, inhibitory and hypotensive effects mediating possibly through cholinergic, Ca2+ antagonist and the combination of these mechanisms respectively. Diuretic activity adds value to its use in hypertension. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) is traditionally used in various gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and neuronal disorders. Aim of the study: To rationalize cardamom use in constipation, colic, diarrhea, hypertension and as diuretic. Materials and methods: Cardamom crude extract (Ec.Cr) was studied using in vitro and in vivo techniques. Results: Ec.Cr caused atropine-sensitive stimulatory effect in isolated guinea-pig ileum at 3–10mg/ml. In rabbit jejunum preparations, Ec.Cr relaxed spontaneous and K+ (80mM)-induced contractions as well as shifted Ca++ curves to right, like verapamil. Ec.Cr (3–100mg/kg) induced fall in the arterial blood pressure (BP) of anaesthetized rats, partially blocked in atropinized animals. In endothelium-intact rat aorta, Ec.Cr relaxed phenylephrine (1μM)-induced contractions, partially antagonized by atropine and also inhibited K+ (80mM) contractions. In guinea-pig atria, Ec.Cr exhibited a cardio-depressant effect. Ec.Cr (1–10mg/kg) produced diuresis in rats, accompanied by a saluretic effect. It enhanced pentobarbital-induced sleeping time in mice. Bio-assay directed fractionation revealed the separation of spasmogenic and spasmolytic components in the aqueous and organic fractions respectively. Conclusion: These results indicate that cardamom exhibits gut excitatory and inhibitory effects mediated through cholinergic and Ca++ antagonist mechanisms respectively and lowers BP via combination of both pathways. The diuretic and sedative effects may offer added value in its use in hypertension and epilepsy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]