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Voluntary reparation of the damages caused by the crime to the victim as a circumstance that mitigates criminal liability, acquires special relevance in judicial practice because, stripped of the moralistic tints of other times, it is aligned with a restorative criminal law that focuses on satisfying the interests of the victim, without forgetting the preventive effects of the fact that the offender proceeds to repair or diminish the effects of the crime. An excessively utilitarian and objectified vision of it can lead to confusing the circumstance with the civil liability derived from the offence and frustrate its purpose. For this reason, it is necessary to interpret its material and temporal elements from a restorative point of view that does not forget the preventive purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over recent decades, Circular Economy (CE) has become a major topic when organizations try to develop their business amid the constrains of resource limitation and the desire to reduce their environmental impact. This study's main purpose is to assess the integration of CE practices in public and private organizations in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. Through an online survey distributed to 294 companies from the cited region, we assessed their perceptions on CE, including such aspects as the area(s) it was integrated in, why, with what difficulties or what was necessary to accomplish it, and how the impact of the implemented CE practices was measured. Results showed that companies associate CE mostly with "resource optimization". "Entity's vision and mission" was the main strategic area where CE was implemented. The main motivation why entities/organizations embraced CE was "environmental reasons", while "lack of information and guidance" and "lack of financial resources" represented the main obstacles to CE implementation. Non-parametrical statistical tests were used to compare the answers of three groups of people with different positions within the company/entity (manager, executive, and technician), as well as to compare the answers of two activity sectors (industry and services). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thanks to their narrow band gap nature and fairly high carrier mobility, HgTe nanocrystals (NCs) are of utmost interest for optoelectronics beyond the telecom window (λ > 1.55 μm). In particular, they offer an interesting cost-effective alternative to the well-developed InGaAs technology. However, in contrast to PbS, far less work has been dedicated to the integration of this material in photodiodes. In the short-wave infrared region, HgTe NCs have a more p-type character than in the mid-wave infrared region, thus promoting the development of new electron transport layers with an optimized band alignment. As for perovskites, HgTe NCs present a fairly deep band gap with respect to vacuum. Thus, we were motivated by the strategy developed for perovskite solar cells, for which SnO2 has led to the best performing devices. Here, we explore the following stack made of SnO2/HgTe/Ag2Te, in which the SnO2 and Ag2Te layers behave as electron and hole extractors, respectively. Using X-ray photoemission, we show that SnO2 presents a nearly optimal band alignment with HgTe to efficiently filter the hole dark current while letting the photoelectrons flow. The obtained I–V curve exhibits an increased rectifying behavior, and the diode stack presents a high internal efficiency for the diode (above 60%) and an external quantum efficiency that is mostly limited by the absorption magnitude. Furthermore, we tackle a crucial challenge for the transfer of such a diode onto readout circuits, which prevents back-side illumination. We also demonstrate that the diode stack is reversible with a partially transparent conducting electrode on the top, while preserving the device's responsivity. Finally, we show that such a SnO2 layer is also beneficial for electron injection and leads to an enhanced electroluminescence signal as the diode is operated under forward bias. This work is an essential step toward the design of a focal plane array with a HgTe NC-based photodiode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocrystals (NCs) have reached a high level of maturity, enabling their integration into optoelectronic devices. The next challenge is the combination of several types of devices into one complex system to achieve better on‐chip integration. Here, an all‐HgTe‐NC active imaging setup operating in the short‐wave infrared (IR) is focused on. First, the design of an optimized IR light‐emitting diode (LED) is focused on. It is shown that a halide technology processing enables an increase of the electroluminescence signal by a factor of 3, while preserving a low turn‐on voltage and a high brightness (3 W sr−1 m−2). Then the degradation mechanism of this LED under continuous operation is unveiled and a shift from band edge to trap emission is shown. This degradation process can be strongly reduced thanks to the encapsulation and the thermal control of the LED. Lastly, the IR emission of the LED is imaged using a focal plane array whose active layer is also made of HgTe NCs, paving the way for all‐NC‐based active imaging setups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For short wave infrared (SWIR) sensing, InGaAs is the leading technology combining high carrier mobility, high homogeneity, and complete control over the n-to-p doping. In the meanwhile, numerous alternative materials have tried to compete with InGaAs. Among them, colloidal nanocrystals with narrow bandgap can address the current issue in designing cost-effective sensors for the SWIR range. Rather than putting these two materials against each other, we design here a synergistic duo in which HgTe nanocrystals are used to broaden the spectral range of InGaAs while lifting the lattice matching constraints. We propose a diode geometry where a p-type HgTe NC array is coupled with n-type InGaAs wires, which are used as high mobility (μ > 1000 cm2 V−1 s−1) minority carrier extractors. This approach also demonstrates that Van der Waals heterostructures are not limited to graphene-like materials, and that bulk-like III–V semiconductors can also be light sensitized by colloidal nanoparticles. This work paves the way toward further synergies between epitaxially grown and colloidally grown semiconductors for infrared detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LO 8/2021, of June 4, on the Comprehensive Protection of Children and Adolescents against Violence, as a transversal law, influences criminal law through its Sixth Final Provision. On the one hand, it has partially tried to introduce inclusive language in some precepts, on the other, it has modified some figures of the Special Part, deleting or adding certain sections and creating new criminal modalities or qualified types whose material object is underage or disabled individuals and, finally, altering some punishments and their forms of execution. Specifically, the special inhabilitation for profession, industry or commerce; inhabilitation and deprivation of the exercise of parental authority; the services for the benefit of the community, as well as the cases in which it is possible or imperative to impose the prohibitions related to the victim and her environment which are included in art. 48 CP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background An increase in the number of overweight and obese subjects in the general population has been observed. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of overweight and obese subjects in the general population and its association with undiagnosed pathologies, such as diabetes mellitus [DM] and hypertension [HT], by taking age, gender and place of residence [rural or urban] into account. Findings A cross-sectional population-based survey was conducted in Castellón, East Spain in 2005–2006. The sample included 2,062 participants aged 18–94 years. Weight, height, blood pressure and glycaemia values were recorded, and information about gender, age and place of residence was obtained. Overweight, obesity, and undiagnosed HT and DM prevalences were calculated. Multiple regression analyses were done to assess the association of overweight/obesity with undiagnosed HT and DM by adjusting for age, gender and place of residence. The overall overweight, obesity, and undiagnosed HT and DM prevalences were 39.9% [95% CI:37.3–42.0], 25.9% [95% CI:24.0–27.9], 9.0% [95% CI:7.8–10.4] and 12.6% [95% CI:11.2–14.1], respectively. We identified various independent risk factors; those relating to overweight were increasing age, male gender and rural residential area, while that relating to obesity was increasing age. Compared to normal weight adults, the Relative Prevalence Ratio (RPR) for subjects who were overweight and had HT was 2.00 [95% CI:1.21–3.32]; that for obesity and HT was 1.91 [95% CI:1.48–2.46], and it was 1.50 [95% CI:1.25–1.81] for obesity and DM. Conclusion Overweight and obesity prevalences, and their association with undiagnosed DM and HT, are high in our study population.

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Colloidal nanocrystals are playing an increasing role for the development of low cost optoelectronics. Among these materials, 2D nanoplatelets (NPL) offer particularly well-controlled optical features and their integration into device such as transistor and photoconductor is here discussed. We present recent results obtained on the optoelectronic properties of CdSe/CdS and HgTe 2D nanoplatelets (NPL). The manuscript is organized along three main sections. The first part is an introduction to 2D NPLs and their structural and optical properties. The second part gets focused on CdSe/CdS NPL and their photoconductive properties. We in particular highlight the key role plays by the 2D geometries on the charge dissociation. Finally the last part of the paper discusses about the recent report of HgTe and HgSe NPL with optical features in the near infrared. Here we discuss how the surface chemistry can be used to tune the majority carrier and the photoconductive properties of the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the electronic and transport properties of HgTe 2D colloidal quantum wells. We demonstrate that the material can be made p- or n-type depending on the capping ligands. In addition to the control of majority carrier type, the surface chemistry also strongly affects the photoconductivity of the material. These transport measurements are correlated with the electronic structure determined by high resolution X-ray photoemission. We attribute the change of majority carriers to the strong hybridization of an n-doped HgS layer resulting from capping the HgTe nanoplatelets by S2– ions. We further investigate the gate and temperature dependence of the photoresponse and its dynamics. We show that the photocurrent rise and fall times can be tuned from 100 μs to 1 ms using the gate bias. Finally, we use time-resolved photoemission spectroscopy as a probe of the transport relaxation to determine if the observed dynamics are limited by a fundamental process such as trapping. These pump probe surface photovoltage measurements show an even faster relaxation in the 100–500 ns range, which suggests that the current performances are rather limited by geometrical factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among colloidal nanocrystals, 2D nanoplatelets (NPLs) made of cadmium chalcogenides have led to especially well controlled optical features. However, the growth of core shell heterostructures has so far been mostly focused on CdS shells, while more confined materials will be more promising to decouple the emitting quantum states of the core from their external environment. Using k.p simulation, we demonstrate that a ZnS shell reduces by a factor 10 the leakage of the wavefunction into the surrounding medium. Using X-ray photoemission (XPS), we confirm that the CdSe active layer is indeed unoxidized. Finally, we build an effective electronic spectrum for these CdSe/ZnS NPLs on an absolute energy scale which is a critical set of parameters for the future integration of this material into optoelectronic devices. We determine the work function (WF) to be 4.47 eV while the material is behaving as an n-type semiconductor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An array of C-aryl and C-vinyl furanosides were prepared in good yields and diastereoselectivities from C-halogeno furanosides either with aryl Grignard or with vinyl Grignard using the convenient Co(acac)3/TMEDA catalytic system. This method is illustrated by trie total synthesis of the (--)-isoaItholactone [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents chemical equations related to the article "Cobalt-Catalyzed Diastereoselective Synthesis of C-Furanosides. Total Synthesis of (-)-Isoaltholactone" by L. Nicolas, and colleagues, published in the "Journal of Organic Chemistry" in 2013 issue.