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The countries of the Central Asian region of the CIS – the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Republic of Tajikistan, the Republic of Uzbekistan – have a powerful mineral resource base (MRB) covering almost the entire spectrum of mineral raw materials: ferrous, non-ferrous, noble, rare metals and combustible minerals. The foundation of this wealth was laid during the existence of the Soviet Union, when the joint efforts of the union republics carried out a systematic geological study of their territory and created the mining industry and metallurgy. The article discusses the state of MRB and mining production of mineral raw materials in the region, primarily regarding “basic” non-ferrous (copper, lead, zinc, nickel) and precious (gold and silver) metals.

Provides an applications-oriented view of algorithmic historiography and how it relates to understanding scientific paradigms. Discusses HistCite[TM], a program that allows scholars to identify significant works on a given topic; paradigm shifts; a genealogic approach; citation analyses; correcting variations in citations; and bibliographic coupling. (Author/LRW)

In the present paper, thermal conductivity coefficient of high-temperature molecular and atomic gases with excited electronic states is studied using both the kinetic theory algorithm developed by authors earlier and the well known simple expression for the thermal conductivity coefficient proposed by Eucken and generalized by Hirschfelder. The influence of large collision diameters of excited states on the thermal conductivity is discussed. The limit of validity of the Eucken correction is evaluated on the basis of the kinetic theory calculations; an improved model suitable for air species under high-temperature conditions is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HistCite™ is a system that generates chronological maps of subject (topical) collections resulting from searches of the Institute for Scientific Information Web of Science (WoS) or Science Citation Index, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Arts and Humanities Citation Index on CD-ROM. WoS export files are created in which all cited references for source documents are captured. These bibliographic collections are processed by HistCite, which generates chronological tables as well as historiographs that highlight the most-cited works in and outside the collection. Articles citing the 1953 primordial Watson-Crick paper on the structure of DNA will be used as a demonstration. Real-time dynamic genealogical historiographs will be shown. HistCite also includes a module for detecting and editing errors or variations in cited references. Export Files of five thousand or more records are processed in minutes on a PC. Ideally the system will be used to help the searcher quickly identify the most significant work on a topic and enable the searcher to trace its year-by-year historical development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our aim was to assess the linkage to care (LTC) and treatment for people newly diagnosed with HIV in Israel during 2011–2015. The Ministry of Health estimated the annual prevalence of undiagnosed HIV; new diagnoses were identified by the Central Virology Laboratory. Only adult Israeli citizens were included. LTC at HIV centers within 90 days of diagnosis was assessed. Demographic and clinical data were collected from patient files. A total of 1538 individuals were diagnosed in 2011–2015. A moderate improvement over time was observed in the calculated proportions of undiagnosed individuals (23.1–17.3%) but no change occurred in LTC rates (82.6–81%). The proportion of diagnosed patients initiating treatment within six months increased from 54.7% in 2011 to 89.7% in 2015, with a parallel increase in the viral suppression rate from 30.5% in 2011 to 59.9% in 2015. Of 1159 patients with detailed records, 79.4% were men, median age 36 years (16–92), median CD4 cell count 342 cells/µl. Younger age, intravenous drug use, and imprisonment were independent risk factors for loss to follow-up. HIV is diagnosed late in Israel and LTC rates remain stagnated; higher awareness is still needed. Once in care, however, treatment and outcomes were in line with international standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Absorption extraction of C5+ hydrocarbons from formation gas of gas-condensate fields at the level of temperature of from –25 to –30°C was simulated. The following conditions were recommended during realization: absorbent by physical-chemical characteristics corresponding to hydrocarbons С9/С10, four theoretical contact stages in the absorber, and partial expenditure of absorbent of 20–30 g/m3. Techniques of low-temperature absorption and low-temperature separation were compared. Parameters were determined that allow developing a scheme of a process with the increased degree of extraction of hydrocarbons С5+ (over 99%), which are valuable petrochemical materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geomechanical stability of the permafrost formations containing gas hydrates in the Arctic is extremely vulnerable to global warming and the drilling of wells for oil and gas exploration purposes. In this work the effect of gas hydrate and ice on the geomechanical properties of sediments was compared by triaxial compression tests for typical sediment conditions: unfrozen hydrate‐free sediments at 0.3 °C, hydrate‐free sediments frozen at −10 °C, unfrozen sediments containing about 22 vol% methane hydrate at 0.3 °C, and hydrate‐bearing sediments frozen at −10 °C. The effect of hydrate saturation on the geomechanical properties of simulated permafrost sediments was also investigated at predefined temperatures and confining pressures. Results show that ice and gas hydrates distinctively influence the shearing characteristics and deformation behavior. The presence of around 22 vol% methane hydrate in the unfrozen sediments led to a shear strength as strong as those of the frozen hydrate‐free specimens with 85 vol% of ice in the pores. The frozen hydrate‐free sediments experienced brittle‐like failure, while the hydrate‐bearing sediments showed large dilatation without rapid failure. Hydrate formation in the sediments resulted in a measurable reduction in the internal friction, while freezing did not. In contrast to ice, gas hydrate plays a dominant role in reinforcement of the simulated permafrost sediments. Finally, a new physical model was developed, based on formation of hydrate networks or frame structures to interpret the observed strengthening in the shear strength and the ductile deformation. Key Points: Geomechanical properties of unfrozen and frozen, hydrate‐free, and hydrate‐bearing sediments were experimentally determinedIce and hydrate distinctively affected the shearing characteristics and deformation behavior of sedimentsA physical model of microhydrate networks or frame structures was presumed to interpret the distinctive characteristics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]