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Regulation of military AI may take place in three ways. First, existing rules and principles in IHL is already or could be extended via reinterpretation to apply to military AI; second, new AI regulation may appear via "add-ons" to existing rules, finally, regulation of military AI may appear as a completely new framework, either through new state behavior that results in customary international law or through a new legal act or treaty. By introducing this typology, one may identify possible manners of regulation that are presently under-researched and/or ignored, for example how Rules of Engagement (ROE) may be a way to control the use of military AI. Expanding on existing scholarship, the articles discusses how military AI may operate under different forms of military command and control systems, how regulation of military AI is not only a question of "means" but also "methods" of warfare and how the doctrine of supervisory responsibility may go beyond the doctrine of command responsibility. In the case that fully-automated Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) are available and considered for use, it is suggested that their use should be prohibited in densely populated areas following the same logic as incendiary weapons. Further, one could introduce certain export restrictions on fully-automated LAWS to prevent proliferation to non-state actors and rogue states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols that regulate the law of armed conflict are insufficient to interpret autonomous weapon systems, which are among the modern weapon technologies that will be actively used by armies in the near future. This article focuses on autonomous weapon systems, which are not yet subject to regulation in terms of international law and which are still under debate with regard to prohibition in the global arena, and examines whether they can be an alternative for autonomous weapon systems by examining the regulations previously prepared on landmines, incendiary weapons, and cluster munitions through legal transplants. As a result of the conclusions reached in the article, recommendations will be shared on the content and legal status of the international humanitarian law manuals that should be prepared for autonomous weapon systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal Of the College of Law /Al-Nahrain University is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The possibility of inducing major accident scenarios by physical intentional attacks (e.g. terrorist attacks) to chemical and process plants processing and storing hazardous substances, has been increasingly recognized in the last decades. The identification of the credible security scenarios (chain from attack scenarios to major accident scenarios) is required by Security Vulnerability/Risk Assessment (SVA/SRA) methodologies, but an evident lack of supporting tools is present in the literature. The present study proposes a Bow-Tie approach for the identification of reference security scenarios to support hazard identification phase in SVA/SRA. The potential use of the results is demonstrated on a test case (industrial atmospheric tank storing a flammable liquid). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Military Science Review / Hadtudományi Szemle is the property of National University of Public Service and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• Fragility models developed for improvised explosives, firearms, incendiary weapons. • Performance assessment of physical protection systems (PPS) against external attacks. • Fragility models developed and the PPS data implemented in Bayesian Networks (BN). • Security vulnerability assessment of chemical and process facilities based on BN. • Improved identification of critical security-related escalation scenarios. The vulnerability of chemical and process facilities toward physical security attacks depends on the equipment resistance against such attacks and on the performance of Physical Protection Systems (PPS) in place. To enhance the protection against intentional attacks, the development of quantitative vulnerability metrics is essential, nevertheless current standard approaches only offer qualitative or semi-quantitative evaluations. The aim of the present work is to develop a quantitative methodology for the assessment of chemical and process facilities vulnerability towards external acts of interference. The proposed methodology is based both on the evaluation of equipment structural integrity in response to different types of specific impact vectors characterizing intentional attacks and on the quantitative performance assessment of related PPS. In particular, specific fragility models were developed for impact vectors associated with improvised explosive devices, firearms, and incendiary weapons. The novel fragility models were implemented in a comprehensive security vulnerability assessment (SVA) based on Bayesian Networks, in which the contribution of PPS performance was also considered. A case study was defined and analyzed to exemplify the application of the proposed approach. The results obtained allowed for the identification of the most critical security-related escalation scenarios and thus for an improved quantitative SVA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines two entries in Huang Zhong's Words of the Sea : 'fierce-fire oil' and ' tumi- dew' (rose-water), whose connection goes back at least to the tenth century, when they were offered as tributes by the king of Champa. They continued to appear together down through the centuries, thus reinforcing the idea of a particular relation; a curious circumstance, given their utterly different nature: an incendiary medium to destroy enemies, and an intoxicating fragrance. Going back in time, one realizes that they shared a Middle Eastern origin: Byzantium, Persia and the Arabian Peninsula. As the sea-routes took on a more prominent role and new powers like Srivijaya emerged (see Kulke, 2016), they got to be appreciated along the shores of the Indian Ocean, where they generated such great profits that the locals learned to manufacture their own alternatives. Huang Zhong seems to be the first to name ' tumi -flower dew' this alternative rose-water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Journal of Forensic Science is the property of Romanian Forensic Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An investigation of new PROTAC 500 armour steel was conducted. Three plates were heat treated to different states. One was quenched, the second and third were quenched and low temperature tempered at 220 and 280 °C for 3 hours. A tensile test, hardness measurements, and an instrumented Charpy test were performed. Metallographic was performed by optical microscopy (OM). Ballistic resistances of all three steel plates were measured. The behaviour of steel was tested using armour piercing projectiles 7.62×39 mm API BZ (former soviet designation for Armor Piercing Incendiary bullet). The best results were obtained in quenched state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increase in global terrorism there is a higher probability of having to identify victims of incineration events secondary to incendiary explosive devices. The victims of incineration events challenge forensic odontologists when coronal restorations are no longer present to compile postmortem data. With 40 million root canals being completed annually in the United States, a very large pool of antemortem data is available to the forensic odontologist to make positive identifications. When complete and thorough dental records exist, individuals that have undergone surgical and nonsurgical root canal therapy may have materials present in the canal that may aid in identification. This study provides elemental fingerprints of root canal obturation materials to be utilized as a forensic identification aid. This study used scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) to assess the elemental composition of materials before and after high temperature incineration. Sixteen endodontic materials were analyzed pre-incineration and placed in extracted teeth. The filled teeth were subjected to incineration at 900°C for 30 min to simulate incineration events or cremation. Incinerated materials were radiographed and re-analyzed to determine if they retained their original elemental composition. Endodontic sealers, gutta percha, root-end filling materials, silver points, and separated files were distinguishable in the canal and traceable after incineration. The authors present a fingerprint of the endodontic obturation materials that are capable of withstanding high heat incineration to be used as an aid for postmortem identification. This work represents the initial stage of database generation for root canal filling materials for use as an aid in forensic identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A small burnt ball was recovered in 1995 from the basal fills of a ditch surrounding the Bala Hisar, or High Fort, of Charsadda, Pakistan. Associated by Sir Mortimer Wheeler with the siege of the ancient site by Alexander the Great in 327bce, the ditch forms part of the city's defensive circuit. Using geochemical and microscopic techniques (X-ray diffraction, micro-FTIR, SEM and GC–MS) the ball is identified as an artificial composite of mineral (mostly barite) and flammable resinous organic matter originating from conifers from the Podocarpaceae, Araucariaceae and Cupressaceae. The physical and chemical nature of the find suggests that the ball was ignited in a fire, although whether this was a deliberate or accidental occurrence is impossible to establish. The analytical data, combined with the archaeological context of the find, leads us to evaluate whether the find represents southern Asia's earliest incendiary missile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the beginning of the twentieth century, there was no such notion of a 'national and onerous' fire service in Britain. Organized fire protection was a purely local function left to the discretion of local authorities, voluntary organizations, and private enterprise. By the outbreak of the Second World War, although there remained in excess of 1,450 local brigades, the service had been accepted as of national importance, particularly in view of the threat posed by aerial bombing and incendiary fires to British towns and cities. This paper traces the development of central government intervention within the fire service during the first four decades of the twentieth century, contrasting the peacetime and wartime impetuses for reform, and locating reform within wider debates about the nature and practice of local government. Although financial, technological, and organizational factors were important influences on the professionalization and modernization of the service, the threats posed to the nation's wartime economic capacity and public morale were, ultimately, decisive factors in compelling local authorities to maintain professional fire brigades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information about terrorist activities in the U.S., as of December 1982. Seven heavily armed Cuban exiles were apprehended on. their boat in the Florida keys. The seven, members of the anti-Castro Alpha 66 group, were charged with conspiracy. A bomb was defused minutes before it was due to explode at the Swiss consulate in Los Angeles. The Armenian group Operation 3 claimed credit. Two bombs were discovered in the basement of a Harlem apartment. Two bomb squad detectives were burned when an incendiary device they were examining exploded outside the Bleeker Street publication office of the Youth International Party.

The article reports that of the many war souvenirs making their appearance in the U.S., one of the most recent to reach the Buffalo area is a small incendiary device which has dangerous criminal potentialities. Obscure in origin, consultants in the U. S. Army Chemical Warfare Service have been unable to fully identify this instrument but they do feel certain that it is of foreign manufacture. Measuring only about six inches in length, one half inch in thickness and one and one half inches in width, this mechanism is small enough to be easily concealed on the person. Its weight of slightly more than two ounces in no way detracts from its portability. If intact, this instrument can be recognized by its colorful red pasteboard wrapper, which encloses a transparent plastic envelope. The plastic container which smells like a phenol-formaldehyde condensation product is about four fifths filled with a viscous yellow liquid. The remaining fifth is occupied by the ignition mechanism. It is housed in three short pieces of tubing, which are joined together to form a continuous cylinder of uniform diameter extending the full length of the envelope.

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The article presents information about terrorist activities in Argentina. On August 13, 1982, incendiary devices were thrown at the car of the Chilean Embassy's council minister in Buenos Aires. The diplomat's parked car sustained some damage. On December 29, 1982, the political secretary of the National Justificialist Co Cove penetrated the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps, revolutionary committees, and even the public prosries resulted in these blasts. On October 24, 1982, within 24 hours, successive bomb attacks occurred at the Chilean Embassy, an Argentinean trade office attached to the Argentinan Embassy, and the Guatemalan Embassy, all in Rome.

The article reports on the murders brought by the Sinn Feiners in Ireland. These events include the shooting from killing of fifteen police cadets, the burning caused by incendiaries of more than $1,000,000 worth of buildings in Cork, and the extension of the Sinn Fein warfare to English cities including Liverpool and London.