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Culture is an essential part of human life; cultural involvement in learning can train students to find the meaning of life, including the contribution of chemistry in the cultural context of society. Teachers reported that they struggle to meet students' needs relevant to differences in culture and ability. The study aimed to investigate college students' understanding of chemistry by involving their culture with various methods, including transformative teaching and problem-solving. The research method used descriptive with a qualitative approach. The data collection techniques were projects, interviews, observation, and questionnaires. The findings revealed that the learning process involving cultural aspects could show the contribution of chemical elements in society, especially the formation of scientific cognition. Culturally responsive chemistry teaching is an innovative learning approach to training college students' understanding (novice teachers). The research concludes that a good chemistry teacher can understand the needs of students, especially knowing their cultural background. To effectively teach from diverse backgrounds, schools need teachers who understand the impact of student's home and community cultures on their educational experience. This research can also develop an instructional design, train novice chemistry teachers’ teaching skills, and develop curriculum.

Critical thinking skills has to be sharpened particularly during the COVID19 pandemic. This circumstance leads to the lack of students passion to apply their thinking skills in doing something necessary. Therefore, it requires a learning improving critical thinking skills. This study aims to describe the critical thinking skills of chemistry education students taking part in the lecture of Team Project Based STEM-metacognitive skills. The method utilized is a Pre-Experimental Design One-Shot Case Study consists of 130 chemistry education students taking part in 3rd and 5th semester. The 3rd semester students attend lectures on the development of chemistry learning programs (P3K) and the 5th semester students attend lectures on the basics of analytical chemistry (DDKA). The instruments utilized in this research are learning scenarios, worksheets, critical thinking test instruments, critical thinking skill assessment rubrics, and project implementation feasibility observation sheets. There are three critical thinking skills very well demonstrated by students in P3K and DDKA subjects, consist of (1) strategies and tactics, (2) providing simple explanations, and (3) providing further explanations. Two other skills, namely concluding and building basic skills shown by students in the good category. The results of this study contribute to chemistry learning in the future, thus efforts are inevitably required to train critical thinking skills for prospective chemistry teachers in order to produce teachers having good thinking skills.

This research aims to examine the pattern of external representation and metacognitive skills in chemistry problem solving for students of chemistry education at Tadulako University. This picture will enrich the treasures of thinking skills in the field of science, namely how students/prospective teachers think in the context of metacognitive skills and how these students display an external representation system on chemistry concepts. The subject of this qualitative study was obtained through a purposive random sampling of 97 students who have been programmed Basic Chemistry course 2017/2018 academic year. Subjects were selected based on the results of the screening using a metacognitive skills assessment questionnaire (MCAI). Two problems solved by the subject by setting one-on-one thinking aloud. Subjects who complete the issue by setting further interviews at different times. The problem-solving activity was recorded using a video camera. The subject uses a type of representation and aspects of metacognitive skills and how to use the sequence of activities, analyzed in detail. The results showed that students of chemical education used metacognitive skills and external representations. So students solve chemical problems. Students also can improve knowledge retention related to linking new knowledge with previous knowledge, creating ideas, organizing, and even synthesizing knowledge. Students become productive and find solutions for problem-solving well

This study is aimed to derive a description of learning result improvement on salt hydrolysis material by implementing POE (Predict, Observe, Explain) learning model on the students of grade XI at SMA Negeri 7 Palu. This study was a pre-experimental within Static Group Comparison design. Sampling was carried out in a simple random with class XI MIA 1 as the experiment class and XI MIA 5 as the replication class. The instruments used in this study divided into 3 competencies, the affective competency using an observation sheet, the psychomotor competency using self-assessment questionnaire and the cognitive competency using a final test. Statistical inferential analysis using t-test one right side by requiring normal and homogeneous data. The average psychmotor competency of students in the XI MIA 1 is 81, whilst for replication class is 79. The average cognitive competency of students in XI MIA 1 is 77 with deviation standard of 10.55, whilst for replication class is 75 with standard deviation of 12.98. The result of hypothesis test using t-test one right side is tcalculated ttable or 3.32 1.71, whilst for replication class is 1.851.72, so H0 was rejected. This result concludes that the implementation of POE learning model in Grade XI students at SMA Negeri 7 Palu improves learning achievement on salt hydrolysis material to be more than competency minimum standard of 70.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kondisi optimum metanolisis minyak kelapa murni (MKM) dalam reaktor berpengaduk, metode pemurnian gliserol dan metode pemisahan metil ester asam lemak rantai sedang dari rantai panjang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan MKM yang dihasilkan memenuhi persyaratan sebagai bahan baku metil ester asam lemak, sebab MKM yang dihasilkan mengandung air dan asam lemak bebas (FFA) mengandung asam laurat yang tinggi yaitu di atas 50% (52,86%). Kecepatan pengaduk dan waktu reaksi berpengaruh terhadap produksi 500 rpm dan waktu reaksi 50 menit. Pada kondisi tersebut fraksi massa metil ester asam lemak mencapai 100%. Metode pemurnian gliserol berpengaruh terhadap derajat kemurnian gliserol, dengan derajat kemurnian gliserol tertinggi adalah 98,04% yang diperoleh dari metode pemurnian ekstraksi dan netralisasi. Hasil fraksionasi metil ester asam lemak menghasilkan enam fraksi, tiga fraksi yaitu (fraksi I dan II dan VI) mengandung metil laurat yang lebih rendah dari MKM asalnya, dan tiga fraksi (fraksi III, IV dan fraksi V) mengandung metil laurat di atas MKM asalnya (di atas 70%). Fraksi VI dinyatakan sebagai metal ester asam lemak rantai panjang dengan rendemen 50% dari total metil ester asam lemak.