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Marine litter poses a complex challenge in Indonesia, necessitating a well-informed and coordinated strategy for effective mitigation. This study investigates the seasonality of plastic concentrations around Sulawesi Island in central Indonesia during monsoon-driven wet and dry seasons. By using open data and methodologies including the HYCOM and Parcels models, we simulated the dispersal of plastic waste over 3 months during both the southwest and northeast monsoons. Our research extended beyond data analysis, as we actively engaged with local communities, researchers and policymakers through a range of outreach initiatives, including the development of a web application to visualize model results. Our findings underscore the substantial influence of monsoon-driven currents on surface plastic concentrations, highlighting the seasonal variation in the risk to different regional seas. This study adds to the evidence provided by coarser resolution regional ocean modelling studies, emphasizing that seasonality is a key driver of plastic pollution within the Indonesian archipelago. Inclusive international collaboration and a community-oriented approach were integral to our project, and we recommend that future initiatives similarly engage researchers, local communities and decision-makers in marine litter modelling results. This study aims to support the application of model results in solutions to the marine litter problem.

The significant accumulation of marine debris on beaches poses a challenge and raises serious concerns to the global environmental sustainability. It has been previously reported that Southeast Asian (SEA) is one of the global hotspots of marine debris contributor to almost 30% of marine debris pollution to the world oceans. This review discusses the challenge and provide the information of mitigation efforts associated with beach clean-up initiatives to combat the marine debris in Southeast Asia. We employ the comprehensive of qualitative data analysis from relevant literature reviews and conducting a structured study specific to the region, therefore, this research highlights the prevalence and characteristics of marine debris that addressed Coastal Cleanup Activities (CCA) in Southeast Asian. Plastic debris remains type of marine debris commonly found across the beaches. Furthermore, Coastal Clean Up (CCU) activities involving local communities have progressively gained prominence in addressing marine debris issues by utilizing educational outreach to raise awareness effectively. Participants in these initiatives include students, tourists, and high school students. The crucial gap of Coastal CCA required the consistent application of scientific methods during beach clean-ups in Southeast Asian. The importance of community involvement, the adoption of scientific methodology, regular clean-up initiatives, and the potential of marine citizen science formulation could potentially contribute in facilitating an effective approach of marine debris management and education in Southeast Asia. Given the substantial component of initiatives, the result of this study proposes the focus on marine citizen science emerges in the future as a potential avenue for educating and engaging the public awareness towards understanding and tackling marine debris accumulation in Southeast Asian beaches.

This study aims to classify the ten coasts of the Pangandaran District using the Coastal Scenic Evaluation System (CSES). The CSES objectively assesses coastal characteristics and is rarely used in Southeast Asia, especially Indonesia. Pangandaran District was chosen in this study because it is part of a National Tourism Strategic Area in Indonesia, especially for marine tourism, which means it is at risk of physical changes to the environment due to the growth of tourism. The study results show that most coasts were classified as natural, but Class 1, as the top natural, was not obtained. The low quality of the scenery is because its physical parameters are lower than its human parameters. In order to improve the quality of the scenery, it can be done by handling garbage and waste, setting up utilities' development, and zoning for tourism types.

Symbiodiniaceae species is a dinoflagellate that plays a crucial role in maintaining the symbiotic mutualism of reef-building corals in the ocean. Reef-building corals, as hosts, provide the nutrition and habitat to endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae species and Symbiodiniaceae species transfer the fixed carbon to the corals for growth. Environmental stress is one of the factors impacting the physiology and metabolism of the corals-dinoflagellate association. The environmental stress triggers the metabolic changes in Symbiodiniaceae species resulting in an increase in the production of survival organelles related to storage components such as lipid droplets (LD). LDs are found as unique organelles, mainly composed of triacylglycerols surrounded by phospholipids embedded with some proteins. To date, it has been reported that investigation of lipid droplets significantly present in animals and plants led to the understanding that lipid droplets play a key role in lipid storage and transport. The major challenge of investigating endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae species lies in overcoming the strategies in isolating lesser lipid droplets present in its intercellular cells. Here, we review the most recent highlights of LD research in endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae species particularly focusing on LD biogenesis, mechanism, and major lipid droplet proteins. Moreover, to comprehend potential novel ways of energy storage in the symbiotic interaction between endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae species and its host, we also emphasize recent emerging environmental factors such as temperature, ocean acidification, and nutrient impacting the accumulation of lipid droplets in endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae species.

This paper presents a collection of small-scale atmospheric datasets obtained from a PCE-FWS 20 N weather station in Pangandaraan, a region situated in the southern part of Java Island. The datasets cover a period from March 2022 to April 2023, with hourly measurements of air temperature, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, and daily rainfall. The instrument was cleaned and calibrated every three months according to the manufacturer's guidelines. Every week the data was downloaded from the memory card, resulting in a total of 48,468 data points available in a publicly accessible repository. The collected data were organized into .csv format and visualized to facilitate analysis. Our study aims to explore the microclimate of Pangandaraan over an extended period and highlights its potential applications in various fields, such as applied oceanography, meteorology, fishing grounds, and agriculture.

The Citarum River flows through different characteristic of terrestrials with 297 km length and become one of the largest rivers in West Java. It potentially transfers debris from land into the sea. This research aimed to define the Marine Debris (MD) trajectories based on seasonal monsoon. The method used was numerical analysis combined with artificial debris pathways. The simulation controlled by ocean currents, tide, wind pattern, and bathymetry conditions. The MD observations were conducted in four mouth of estuaries across the Muara Gembong areas. These simulations with specific time during two main monsoons (the northwest and southeast Monsoon) period. The results showed that the debris trajectory patterns vary in the two monsoons. The macro debris trajectory showed the waste patterns similar to oceanographic condition, especially the ocean currents pattern. The trajectories of waste from two estuaries flow towards the south and southwest follow the coastal contours. Specifically, in Northwest Monsoon, MD spread to the south and was stranded in the surrounding coast areas. In Southeast Monsoon, MD was forced to the central of Jakarta bay and surrounding islands in the western and southern side of the estuaries. Compared to the Bendera estuary, the MD that comes from Jaya estuary affects the surrounding areas, including in the northern side and southern side.

This research aims to develop an inexpensive ocean observation instrument with the project name NOBEL (Nusantara Oceanography Backdoor Experiment Laboratory)-BOX. The device can be installed on all types of vessels for mapping the water conditions, providing accurate data for managing a marine area, particularly regarding water quality. The principle of NOBEL-BOX is to attach six sensors in a container connected to a microcontroller and then measure specific data directly and automatically. The methodology employed included experimental design, laboratory and field tests, and data evaluation to develop the necessary system and instruments. The design process encompassed the construction of the instrument and the fabrication, involving the creation of three-dimensional drawings and the design of microcontrollers and data transmission systems and power capacity. This instrument is box-shaped with a microcontroller, sensors, a battery, and cables located inside. The testing phase included data validation, testing of the device in the laboratory, and field testing showed that the device worked. The data provided from this instrument could meet the specific criteria for seawater analysis.

This paper presents the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Indonesian seas from April to October 2020. Data were mainly obtained through literature studies focusing on coastal and ecosystem services, noise observation in the ocean, and in-situ data for atmospheric conditions. The results of this study found that the pandemic has given the oceans and ecosystems time to recover from anthropogenic stresses even though the tourism and fisheries sectors have experienced strong economic shocks. A decrease in the amount of pollution in several major cities in Indonesia was also found during the pandemic period.

Oil spill phenomena in the ocean possess a very serious threat to ocean health. On the ocean surface, oil slicks immediately start to spread and mostly end up in the ecosystem. Furthermore, it could threaten the organisms living in the ocean or impact nearby coastal area. The aim of this research was to investigate the trajectories of oil spill based on a real accident in the Java Sea. Tracking oil spills using satellite images is an efficient method that provides valuable information about trajectories, locations and the spread intensity. The objective of this study was to periodically track the trajectory of the oil spill from the Karawang incident using Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. Pre-processing of the images consisted of radiometric and geometric corrections. After the corrections, SAR images were mapped and plotted accordingly. To understand the oil spill trajectories in relation to the oceanic processes, the ocean current pattern map and surface wind roses were also analysed. The processed images from July to October 2019 show a trajectory dominated by the oil spill layers movement towards the west to northwest from the original location along with a decrease in the detected oil spill area over time. The identified trajectories of the oil spill followed the ocean current pattern and surface winds. Thus, these two parameters were considered to be the main factors responsible for the oil spill drift.

The complex circulation for both atmospheric and ocean affects the pathways of floating marine debris (MD). The aim of this research was to define the MD trajectories in the Indonesian boundary seas. The Lagrangian particle method was applied with oceanographic factors and debris classes based on 1 to 3% windage class. The simulation was applied during the Northwest and Southeast Monsoon period. On the basis of the obtained findings, the debris trajectory patterns were indicated to vary in the two monsoons. In the northern part of Indonesia, all neighbouring countries were affected, especially those near the boundaries. In the southern part of Indonesia, most of the debris headed west towards the Indian Ocean. MD was mostly transported by the ocean currents and monsoonal wind and ended up in the coastal area. Some debris was also still floating in the open ocean after three months. This study concluded that marine litter not only polluted Indonesia water, but also the neighbouring countries.

This study was conducted around the beaches in Indonesia in order to investigate the level of pollution in the marine environment. Thirteen (13) locations in six (6) regions namely: Seribu Island, Banten, South Java, Biawak Islands, West Papua, and East Nusa making up a total length of 12.84 km of the area were studied. This investigation focused on the debris around isolated beaches, tourist attraction centers, fishing zones and marine protected areas (MPA). The method employed in this study was dependent on the international coastal cleanup form. The samples of debris collected and studied varied from the year 2013 to 2018 for a thorough investigation. The beach debris monitoring equipment revealed information about the distribution, abundance, types and, effects of marine debris on the ecosystem. Moreover, the study showed that the mass of debris collected within the areas listed weighted 1113.10 kg for 34,330 collected items. Also, the average density was noted to range between 1.43 and 5.11 items/m2. However, it was observed that plastic products constituted the highest percentage of the pollutants found in almost all the stations, with plastic bags being the most dominant.

The oceanographic data presented in this article were collected in the Bonpies island, as part of the Java Seas. The data were collected by in-situ measurement from several expeditions from 2011 to 2016. The data presented here include bathymetry, sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface salinity (SSS), ocean transparency, dissolved oxygen, and pH. All data were collected by daily in-situ measurements in different seasons. There were 5768 data measured from several portable instruments, including echo-sounder and portable instruments. Calibration of the instrument was carried out before and after the survey in accordance with the protocol provided by the manufacturer. Measurements are made directly and recorded into a log sheet paper and the data format is Comma Separated Files (.csv). This in-situ data would be most useful for regional climate studies, including forecasting such as El Nino and Indian Ocean Dipole effects, oceanographic condition, and marine resources management.

The mangrove forest in Brebes is one of the mangrove areas that were degraded due to abrasion and excessive logging in the North Coast of Java Island, Indonesia. This research aimed to analyze macrozoobenthos community structure in the mangrove forest that has not been documented. Surveys were carried out in the rainy season. In this study, a total of 10 sampling locations were divided into two different groups that represent “control” (station) and “disturbed” sites. The main structural parameters of the macrozoobenthos identified at each station were specific richness S (number of species), abundance N (number of individuals.m-2), the Shannon-Wiener index N1. A total of 346 specimens were counted from the two different stations (“control” and “disturbed”). These specimens were belonged to five animal classes, namely, Bivalvia, Gastropod, Malacostraca, Polychaeta, Cephalopoda. Pairwise comparison of the site groups with one-way analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) was not significant for between “control” and “disturbed” groups (p=0.062), where the average dissimilarity between the two stations was 88.42%. This result provides macrozoobenthos diversity and ecological information that may contribute to further conservation management in the mangrove forest in Brebes, Indonesia.

Morotai Island is developing district located in the North of North Halmahera and one of the areas that has potential source from ecosystem biodiversity. This biodiversity is very unique related to ocean condition such as ocean currents and other properties. This research used survey data in 2015 and other data from satellite and database insitu. The results showed that the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) ranges from 26.7 0C to 32.8 0C and the salinity ranges from 33.48 to 36.8 psu characterized by open ocean. The ocean currents patterns different in surrounding area due to variety of depth, tide effect, monsoonal situation, and local aspects. The mangrove area mostly located in the south, while coral reef stands in the almost coastal area. This region is mostly influenced by monsoons and also the Indonesia throughflow. From the results, the location in the southern part is very suitable for marine culture and tourism, while in the northern region it is very suitable for tourism, conservancy, and fishing. These activities will lead Morotai as an important area for enhancing the local revenue

Abstract. At present, marine debris is an important issue in Indonesia. Due to the complex pattern of ocean currents, research on the distribution of marine waste in Indonesia is still very lacking. This study aims to determine the movement of microplastic particles at the Savu Sea National Marine Park. The method used was to simulate the hydrodynamic model and particle trajectory. Data used were wind, tides, bathymetry, coastline, weight of garbage, and garbage fluxes. Analysis was carried out on physical data visualization, hydrodynamic models, and particle trajectory models. The hydrodynamic model simulation shows if the average current velocity ranges from 0,0002 m/s to 0.35 m/s. The particle trajectory showed that microplastic particle movements tend to move to the south, where some of them move west and east of the Savu Sea. Besides being affected by tides, microplastic particle movements in the Savu Sea National Marine Park are also influenced by various currents that pass through the Savu Sea waters, especially by Indonesia Troughflow. Keywords: ocean model, particle pathways, microdebris, Savu Seas, Indonesia Troughflow Abstrak. Saat ini, sampah laut merupakan salah satu isu kemaritiman di Indonesia. Karena pola pergerakan arus yang kompleks, penelitian mengenai distribusi sampah laut di Indonesia masih sangat kurang. Taman Laut Nasional Laut Sawu sebagai wilayah yang dilalui Arlindo juga memiliki karakteristik oseanografi yang kompleks. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hasil simulasi pergerakan partikel sampah di Taman Nasional Perairan (TNP) Laut Sawu. Metode yang digunakan yaitu simulasi model hidrodinamika dan lintasan partikel. Data yang digunakan yaitu angin, pasang surut, batimetri, garis pantai, berat sampah, dan flux sampah. Analisis dilakukan terhadap visualisasi data fisik, model hidrodinamika, dan model pergerakan partikel. Simulasi model hidrodinamika menunjukkan jika rata-rata kecepatan arus berkisar antara 0,0002 m/s hingga 0,35 m/s. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan jika pergerakan partikel mikroplastik cenderung bergerak ke selatan, dimana sebagian bergerak ke arah barat dan timur Laut Sawu. Selain dipengaruhi pasang surut, pergerakan partikel mikroplastik di Taman Laut Nasional Laut Sawu juga dipengaruhi oleh berbagai arus yang melewati perairan Laut Sawu khususnya Arlindo. Kata kunci: pemodelan, lintasan partikel, sampah mikro, Laut Sawu, Arlindo.

This study aims to examine the pattern of microplastic waste movement of Pacific Garbage Patch (PGP) that has the potential to enter the north of Indonesia sea. This study very important because microplastic affected the regional tourism activities, water pollution, and economics of fisherman and local society. The impact is very widerange to local and national economics. The method used is a simulation and descriptive analysis. The simulation method used is hydrodynamic simulation and trajectory of particles conducted for 365 days in 2016. The study areas in this study include eastern Indonesia, the Philippines, and the Pacific Ocean. The data used are wind, tidal, bathymetry, microplastic weight, and microplastic flux. The simulation results show the movement of microplastic at point source 1 tends to the northeast with a clockwise circular motion. The simulation results at source point 2 indicate that the microplastic movement tends to revolve around the source point in a clockwise circular motion. The result of simulation of source point 3 shows that the microplastic movement tends to the north with the circular motion and left-right movement. The displacement of microplastic particles within a year is only 0.11 - 8.94 km from the source point. This study showed that within a year, microplastic waste from PGP does not have the potential to enter the waters of Indonesia.

Marine debris becomes a global issue due to its impact to ecosystem, human life, and marine environment. Microplastic is one of the marine debris types that need further attention due to its long term effect in marine life. The aim of the study was to investigate the microplastic transport in Java Sea, Indramayu for seven months period. The result showed that the tidal reversing current was dominant in Java Sea, with average current speed 0.04 - 0.32 m/s. The type of tidal movement in North Indramayu, Java Sea is mixed tide prevailing semidiurnal. The transport of microplastic has a circular-reversing pattern due to influences from the currents and waves. According to the result of this study, the start point of microplastics could be estimated ranges in distance 0.9 - 5.4 km from the location where they were sampled seven months later. Microplastic that currently resides in Java Sea allegedly came from South China Sea and Pacific Ocean. The result also indicates that Java Sea has a high probability to become the largest microplastic patch in Indonesia due to its reversing current, which can trap those particles for a long time (7 months microplastics mileage range of 1258.90 km - 1399.88 km), whether they originate from other ocean region or from Indonesia itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]