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Background/Objectives: Different diets are used for weight loss. A Paleolithic-type diet (PD) has beneficial metabolic effects, but two of the largest iodine sources, table salt and dairy products, are excluded. The objectives of this study were to compare 24-h urinary iodine concentration (24-UIC) in subjects on PD with 24-UIC in subjects on a diet according to the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR) and to study if PD results in a higher risk of developing iodine deficiency (ID), than NNR diet. Subjects/Methods: A 2-year prospective randomized trial in a tertiary referral center where healthy postmenopausal overweight or obese women were randomized to either PD (n=35) or NNR diet (n=35). Dietary iodine intake, 24-UIC, 24-h urinary iodine excretion (24-UIE), free thyroxin (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3) and thyrotropin (TSH) were measured at baseline, 6 and 24 months. Completeness of urine sampling was monitored by para-aminobenzoic acid and salt intake by urinary sodium. Results: At baseline, median 24-UIC (71.0 [mu]g/l) and 24-UIE (134.0 [mu]g/d) were similar in the PD and NNR groups. After 6 months, 24-UIC had decreased to 36.0 [mu]g/l (P=0.001) and 24-UIE to 77.0 [mu]g/d (P=0.001) in the PD group; in the NNR group, levels were unaltered. FT4, TSH and FT3 were similar in both groups, except for FT3 at 6 months being lower in PD than in NNR group. Conclusions: A PD results in a higher risk of developing ID, than a diet according to the NNR. Therefore, we suggest iodine supplementation should be considered when on a PD. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2018) 72, 124-129; doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.134; published online 13 September 2017, Author(s): S Manousou [1, 2]; M Stål [3]; C Larsson [4, 5]; C Mellberg [6]; B Lindahl [6]; R Eggertsen [2, 7]; L Hulthén [3]; T Olsson [6]; M Ryberg [...]

Objective: To identify and describe characteristics of the bias of reported energy intake of participants in the Gothenburg Osteoporosis and Obesity Determinants (GOOD) study.Design: A validated diet history with a detailed questionnaire and an interview was used. Body fat was analysed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The ratio of energy intake (EI) to BMR was used to define under-reporters (EI:BMR<1.30), acceptable reporters (EI:BMR >or= 1.30 to <2.64) and over-reporters (EI:BMR >or= 2.64).Setting: Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.Subjects: A total of 695 males (18-20 years).Results: Sixty-eight per cent were classed as acceptable reporters, 22% as over-reporters and 10% as under-reporters. The under-reporters had higher BMI and body fat percentage than acceptable reporters (P<0.001), while over-reporters had lower BMI and body fat percentage (P<0.001). Over-reporters had more frequent use of protein supplements than acceptable reporters and higher physical activity. Over-reporters had a more regular and under-reporters a less regular meal pattern compared with acceptable reporters.Conclusions: Important knowledge of dietary reporting bias in a previously sparsely studied population has been provided. Over-reporting of energy intake was more common than under-reporting in the present population of young men and characteristics of under- and over-reporters were identified. The GOOD study was initiated with the central aim to determine environmental and genetic factors involved in the regulation of bone and fat mass, and the nutrient data of the acceptable reporters can be used for further investigation of the health effects of energy and nutrient intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of the current study was to retrospectively examine introduction of food during the first year in a representative sample of Swedish children. A secondary aim was to study how parents with history of atopy introduced food to their infants.Methods: Data derive from 467 infants who visited child health centres in three different counties in Sweden for health check-up at 12 mo of age. The parents were asked to fill in a questionnaire about breastfeeding and/or formula feeding, time of introduction of weaning food focusing on cow's milk, follow-on formula, porridge, fish and egg. Questions regarding hypersensitivity in the family, peanut consumption of mother as well as in the child, and questions about number of siblings, ethnic background and parental education were included.Results: Compliance with suggested introduction of gluten-containing food was low; as many as 45% had avoided gluten until 6 mo of age, instead of introducing gluten between 4 and 6 mo. Only 33% of parents with stated family hypersensitivity avoided giving their child fish and 23% avoided egg during the first year, even though this recommendation was present at the time of the study. Almost 50% of all mothers had avoided peanuts during pregnancy even though there was no such advice. The avoidance of peanut was not connected to hypersensitivity in the family.Conclusion: These results suggest that time of introduction of gluten was not in accordance with the current recommendation. The results imply that there is a need to follow up if and how this feeding information is distributed to parents with infants and also to sharpen the information to the right target groups, otherwise implementation of preventive strategies will be less useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim The maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation may affect the long-term health of the offspring. Our aim was to study how a fish or meat diet perinatal and after weaning affects body composition, insulin sensitivity and the profile of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs) in breast milk, fat depots, skeletal muscle and liver in male adult mice offspring. Methods During gestation and lactation, C57 BL/6 dams were fed a herring- or beef-based diet. Half of the pups in each group changed diets after weaning. In offspring, body composition measured by DEXA, plasma lipid profile and insulin sensitivity measured by euglycemic clamp or QUICKI were monitored to adulthood. Analysis of total FAs by GC- MS were performed in the diet, breast milk and in different tissues. Results At 9 week of age, offspring of herring-fed dams had less body fat than offspring of beef-fed dams. Mice fed herring after weaning had increased insulin sensitivity at 15 week of age, reduced total plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and compared with beef-fed mice, larger interscapular brown adipose tissue depots. The FA composition of the maternal diet was mirrored in breast milk, and the herring diet significantly affected the FA profile of different tissues, leading to an increased content of n-3 PUFAs. Conclusion A herring-based maternal diet reduces body fat in the offspring, but the insulin sensitivity, plasma lipids and amount of brown adipose tissue are affected by the offspring's own diet; the herring diet is more beneficial than the beef diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To measure dietary salt intake in a Swedish population. Design: A cross-sectional study with measured 24 h urinary excretion of Na and K. Completeness of urine collection was assessed using p-aminobenzoic acid. The subjects were interviewed on their habitual food intake. Setting: Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden. Subjects: Eighty-six young men (age 18-20 years), randomly selected from the population of Gothenburg. Seven men were excluded due to incomplete urine collection. Results: The mean excretion of Na and K over 24 h was 198 and 84 mmol, respectively (corresponding to 11∙5 g NaCl and 3∙3 g K). The mean 24 h excretion in the highest quartile of Na excretion was 297 mmol Na and 105 mmol K, and in the lowest quartile, 100 mmol Na and 68 mmol K. The mean Na:K ratio was 2∙3, and respectively 3∙2 and 1∙8 in the highest and lowest Na excretion quartiles. Calculated energy intake did not differ between the highest and lowest quartiles of Na excretion, but body weight, BMI and the intake of certain foods known to be Na-rich did. Conclusions: Salt intake in young men was alarming high and even subjects in the lowest quartile of Na excretion did not meet present recommendations to limit salt intake to 5-6 g/d. At this point we can only speculate what the consequences of the high salt intake may be for CVD and stroke later in life. Regulation of the salt content in processed and fast food and in snacks is advocated, to curtail the salt burden on society imposed by the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Objective assessment of inflammatory reactions in the gastrointestinal tract could be useful in the diagnosis of food hypersensitivity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the involvement of eosinophils and mast cells in the inflammatory response of patients with food hypersensitivity before and after food challenges. Methods: Eleven patients (4 with IgE-mediated allergy and 7 without) with food hypersensitivity and positive double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge were subjected to food challenge in a single-blinded fashion. Four subjects with no known food hypersensitivity were recruited as controls. Placebo was given after a 1-week washout period followed by an active dose. Stool, urinary and serum samples were collected and symptoms were recorded in a diary. Fecal samples were analyzed for eosinophil protein X (F-EPX) and tryptase; urinary samples for EPX (U-EPX) and leukotriene E4 (U-LTE4) and serum samples were analyzed for eotaxin and food-specific IgE antibodies. Results: Patients with IgE-mediated food allergy had increased levels of F-EPX compared to controls and tended to have lower serum levels of eotaxin compared to non-allergic patients and controls. U-LTE4 was significantly higher in allergic patients compared to non-allergic patients after challenge. Moreover, F-EPX correlated to U-LTE4 (p = 0.011). Reported symptoms, abdominal pain, distension, flatulence and nausea were similar in the allergic and non-allergic patients. Conclusion: The results strongly indicate that eosinophils are activated in the gastrointestinal tract of food-allergic patients but not in patients with non-allergic food hypersensitivity. Due to the inconsistent pattern of symptoms after placebo and active food challenge, it was not possible to relate the levels of inflammation markers to the recorded symptoms. Copyright © 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE:: To validate a physical activity questionnaire for adolescents (PAQA) adapted from the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). DESIGN:: Energy expenditure was measured during a 14-day period with doubly labelled water (DLW). PAQA was administered as an interview at the end of the period, asking for physical activity in school, during transportation and leisure-time, during a habitual week. Energy expenditure (EEPAQA) was calculated as the product of total physical activity+sleep and predicted resting metabolic rate, and was compared to energy expenditure from DLW (EEDLW), thermic effect of feeding excluded. SETTING:: Participants were recruited from grade 9 in a compulsory school in Göteborg, Sweden. All data were collected at school, and distribution of DLW and measuring of resting metabolic rate were performed at Sahlgrenska University Hospital. SUBJECTS:: A total of 33 adolescents (16 girls, 17 boys) 15.7 (0.4)?y performed all measurements. RESULTS:: For the whole group, PAQA underestimated energy expenditure by 3.8 (1.7)?MJ (P<0.001). There was a strong correlation (r=0.62, P<0.001) between EEPAQA and EEDLW, but not for boys (r=0.42, P=0.090) and girls (r=0.33, P=0.22) separately. CONCLUSIONS:: PAQA is not able to predict energy expenditure in Swedish adolescents, largely explained by the amount of unreported time. The ability to rank adolescents energy expenditure is questioned because of the gender effect, although we found a strong correlation for the whole group. SPONSORSHIP:: Ingabritt and Arne Lundberg Foundation.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2005) 59, 376-383. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602084 Published online 10 November 2004 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between fetal growth as indicated by weight and length at birth, and cancer risk in 1080 adult Swedish women was examined. Birth factors were retrieved from original midwife records for the years 1914, 1918, 1922 and 1930, and primary cancer cases were identified by matching with national and regional cancer registries through the year 1998. A positive and statistically significant increased risk for cancer was found with increasing birth weight or birth length for all site cancer and non-hormone related cancer, defined as all cancer sites excluding breast, uterus and ovary. Addition of factors suspected to influence cancer risk, maternal proteinuria, birth order, own parity and age at menarche, did not attenuate this relation. Previously only breast cancer has been reported to be related to size at birth in adult women and this is the first study to report that cancer sites other than the major hormone-related sites may be influenced by size at birth, as measured by either weight or length at birth; these findings warrant further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dietary iron absorption from a meal is determined by iron status, heme- and nonheme-iron contents, and amounts of various dietary factors that influence iron absorption. Limited information is available about the net effect of these factors. Objective: The objective was to develop an algorithm for predicting the effects of factors known to influence heme- and nonheme-iron absorption from meals and diets. Design: The basis for the algorithm was the absorption of iron from a wheat roll (22.1 +/- 0.18%) containing no known inhibitors or enhancers of iron absorption and adjusted to a reference dose absorption of 40%. This basal absorption was multiplied by the expected effect of different amounts of dietary factors known to influence iron absorption: phytate, polyphenols, ascorbic acid, meat, fish and seafood, calcium, egg, soy protein, and alcohol. For each factor, an equation describing the dose-effect relation was developed. Special considerations were made for interactions between individual factors. Results: Good agreement was seen when measurements of iron absorption from 24 complete meals were compared with results from use of the algorithm (r2 = 0.987) and when mean iron absorption in 31 subjects served a varied whole diet labeled with heme- and nonheme-iron tracers over a period of 5 d was compared with the mean total iron absorption calculated by using the algorithm (P = 0.958). Conclusions: This algorithm has several applications. It can be used to predict iron absorption from various diets, to estimate the effects expected by dietary modification, and to translate physiologic into dietary iron requirements from different types of diets. Copyright © 2000 American Society for Clinical Nutrition [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To identify variables available in early Swedish delivery records and their relation to birth outcomes for home and hospital deliveries in Gothenburg at the early part of this century. A retrospective recovery of original delivery records and social variables in a cross sectional population. Gothenburg, Sweden. 851 fullterm singleton female births with known gestational age born into five birth cohorts on selected dates (1908, 1914, 1918, 1922 and 1930). Delivery site, maternal parity, gestational age, and social group were significant factors influencing birth outcome as birth weight and length. The mean birth weight and length of hospital born infants was consistently lower than for home deliveries across all cohorts. Site of delivery changed significantly during the period of births under study, 1908-1930. In this study, which was based on original delivery records from the early part of this century, it was found that delivery site was an important factor influencing birth outcome across five birth cohorts. Utilisation of delivery services changed during the period of study. Thus, to avoid selection bias, the application of delivery records should reflect the birthing practice of the time period in question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND & AIMS: To evaluate the correlation between the iron absorption and the induced increase in serum iron concentration (S-Fe) after 1 h. METHODS: Eleven subjects were after an over night fast served a wheat roll fortified with 100-mg iron as ferrous sulfate labelled with radio iron. The S-Fe response and the iron absorption measured by whole body counting, were studied. RESULTS: There was a significant correlation between the iron absorption and the S-Fe increase (R2 = 0.75, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This short and valid observation period proposes the S-Fe procedure as an uncomplicated and clinically applicable tool when evaluating the iron absorption capacity of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]