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Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries hold the potential to revolutionize energy storage due to the high theoretical capacity and energy density. However, the commercialization process is seriously hindered by the rapid capacity decay and low utilization of sulfur, caused by the inevitable slow dynamics and the "shuttle effect". The incorporation of metal-based electrocatalysts into sulfur cathodes shows promise in promoting the conversion of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs), reducing the "shuttle effect", and enhancing cell kinetics and cycle life. Among these, Fe-based materials, characterized by environmental friendliness, low cost, abundant reserves, and high activity, are extensively used in sulfur cathode modification. This article reviews the advancements of Fe-based materials in enhancing Li-S batteries in recent years. Starting from single/multi-component Fe-based metal compounds and single/bimetallic atoms, the influence of different Fe coordination environments on the conversion mechanism of LiPSs is analyzed. It is hoped that this review and the proposed prospects can further stimulate the development and application of the Fe element in Li-S batteries in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pioneering remote sensing image captioning (RSIC) works use autoregressive decoding for fluent and coherent sentences but suffer from high latency and high computation costs. In contrast, non-autoregressive approaches improve inference speed by predicting multiple tokens simultaneously, though at the cost of performance due to a lack of sequential dependencies. Recently, diffusion model-based non-autoregressive decoding has shown promise in natural image captioning with iterative refinement, but its effectiveness is limited by the intrinsic characteristics of remote sensing images, which complicate robust input construction and affect the description accuracy. To overcome these challenges, we propose an innovative diffusion model for RSIC, named the Visual Conditional Control Diffusion Network (VCC-DiffNet). Specifically, we propose a Refined Multi-scale Feature Extraction (RMFE) module to extract the discernible visual context features of RSIs as input of the diffusion model-based non-autoregressive decoder to conditionally control a multi-step denoising process. Furthermore, we propose an Interactive Enhanced Decoder (IE-Decoder) utilizing dual image–description interactions to generate descriptions finely aligned with the image content. Experiments conducted on four representative RSIC datasets demonstrate that our non-autoregressive VCC-DiffNet performs comparably to, or even better than, popular autoregressive baselines in classic metrics, achieving around an 8.22 × speedup in Sydney-Captions, an 11.61 × speedup in UCM-Captions, a 15.20 × speedup in RSICD, and an 8.13 × speedup in NWPU-Captions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hydrophobic Ni‐PTFE modified electrode has been prepared by constant current and cathodic electroplating with a nickel sheet as substrate in a PTFE suspension. Then the Ni‐PTFE modified electrode was used for electroreduction from aromatic amide to diarylimide. The electrochemical characterizations such as cyclic voltammogram, EIS, polarization curves, and electrode stability have been carried out by electrochemical workstation. The structure of the electroreduction product diarylimide was characterized by 1H NMR, FT‐IR, MS(Mass Spectrum), and EA(Elemental Analyzer). Based on the hydrophobicity of the electrode, an approach suggested that the phenyl ketone radical may be formed by electroreductive deamination at the cathode. With the construction of C−N bond by the radical coupling, the electrocatalytic reduction may be comprised of a one‐electron process including an ECC (Electrochemical‐Chemical‐Chemical) process. The electroreduction of aromatic amide to diarylimide may be controlled by both charge migration and concentration polarization. Electrocatalytic reduction of aromatic amides on Ni‐PTFE modified electrodes is all well conversion ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exploiting of hybrid beamforming (HBF) in massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems can enhance the system's sum rate while reducing power consumption and hardware costs. However, designing an effective hybrid beamformer is challenging, and interference between multiple users can negatively impact system performance. In this paper, we develop a scheme called Subset Optimization Algorithm-Hybrid Beamforming (SOA-HBF) that is based on the subset optimization algorithm (SOA), which effectively reduces inter-user interference by dividing the users set into subsets while optimizing the hybrid beamformer to maximize system capacity. To validate the proposed scheme, we constructed a system model that incorporates an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) to address obstacles between the base station (BS) and the users set, enabling efficient wireless communication. Simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme outperforms the baseline by approximately 8.1% to 59.1% under identical system settings. Furthermore, the proposed scheme was applied to a classical BS–users set link without obstacles; the results show its effectiveness in both mmWave massive MIMO and IRS-assisted fully connected hybrid beamforming systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) carry disease‐specific molecular profiles, demonstrating massive potential in biomarker discovery. In this study, we developed an integrated biochip platform, termed EVID‐biochip (EVs identification and detection biochip), which integrates in situ electrochemical protein detection with on‐chip antifouling‐immunomagnetic beads modified with CD81 antibodies and zwitterion molecules, enabling efficient isolation and detection of neuronal EVs. The capability of the EVID‐biochip to isolate common EVs and detect neuronal EVs associated with Parkinson's disease in human serum is successfully demonstrated, using the transmembrane protein L1‐cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) as a target biomarker. The EVID‐biochip exhibited high efficiency and specificity for the detection of L1CAM with a sensitivity of 1 pg/mL. Based on the validation of 76 human serum samples, for the first time, this study discovered that the level of L1CAM/neuronal EV particles in serum could serve as a reliable indicator to distinguish Parkinson's disease from control groups with AUC = 0.973. EVID‐biochip represents a reliable and rapid liquid biopsy platform for the analysis of complex biofluids offering EVs isolation and detection in a single chip, requiring a small sample volume (300 µL) and an assay time of 1.5 h. This approach has the potential to advance the diagnosis and biomarker discovery of various neurological disorders and other diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electro-optical effect-based liquid crystal devices have been extensively used in optical modulation techniques, in which the Kerr coefficient reflects the sensitivity of the liquid crystals and determines the strength of the device's operational electric field. The Peterlin–Stuart theory and the O'Konski model jointly indicate that a giant Kerr coefficient could be obtained in a material with both a large geometrical anisotropy and an intrinsic polarization, but such a material is not yet reported. Here we reveal a ferroelectric effect in a monolayer two-dimensional mineral vermiculite. A large geometrical anisotropy factor and a large inherent electric dipole together raise the record value of Kerr coefficient by an order of magnitude, till 3.0 × 10−4 m V−2. This finding enables an ultra-low operational electric field of 102–104 V m−1 and the fabrication of electro-optical devices with an inch-level electrode separation, which has not previously been practical. Because of its high ultraviolet stability (decay <1% under ultraviolet exposure for 1000 hours), large-scale production, and energy efficiency, prototypical displayable billboards have been fabricated for outdoor interactive scenes. This work provides new insights for both liquid crystal optics and two-dimensional ferroelectrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugar transporters play important roles in plant growth and development, flowering and fruiting, as well as responses to adverse abiotic and biotic environmental conditions. Lilies (Lilium spp.) are some of the most representative ornamental bulbous flowers. Sugar metabolism is critical for bulb formation in lilies; therefore, clarifying the amount and expression pattern of sugar transporters is essential for further analyzing their roles in bulb formation. In this study, based on the transcriptome data of the Lilium Oriental hybrid 'Sorbonne' and Lilium × formolongi, a total of 69 and 41 sugar transporters were identified in 'Sorbonne' and Lilium × formolongi, respectively, by performing bioinformatics analysis. Through phylogenetic analysis, monosaccharide transporters (MSTs) can be divided into seven subfamilies, sucrose transporters (SUTs) can be divided into three subgroups, and sugars will eventually be exported transporters (SWEETs) can be divided into four clades. According to an analysis of conserved motifs, 20, 14, and 12 conserved motifs were predicted in MSTs, SUTs, and SWEETs, respectively. A conserved domain analysis showed that MSTs and SUTs contained a single domain, whereas most of the SWEETs harbored two MtN3/saliva domains, also known as a PQ-loop repeat. The LohINT1, which was predicted to have a smaller number of transmembrane structural domains, was cloned and analyzed for subcellular localization. It was found that the LohINT1 protein is mainly localized in the cell membrane. In addition, the expression analysis indicated that 22 LohMSTs, 1 LohSUTs, and 5 LohSWEETs were upregulated in 'Sorbonne' 1 day after scale detachment treatment, suggesting that they may regulate the initiation of the bulblet. A total of 10 LflMSTs, 1 LflSUTs, and 6 LflSWEETs were upregulated 4~6 months after sowing, which corresponds to the juvenile-to-adult transition phase of Lilium × formolongi, suggesting that they may also play a role in the accompanying bulb swelling process. Combined with quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis, LohSTP8 and LohSTP12 were significantly overexpressed during the extremely early stage of bulblet initiation, and LflERD6.3 was significantly overexpressed during the growth of the underground bulblet, suggesting that they may be key sugar transporters in the formation of lily bulbs, which needs further functional verification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. The diagnosis is based on the symptoms and physical signs, which still lacks objective laboratory tests or imaging tests. Objectives: To propose and evaluate the upper eyelid network pattern in rosacea. Methods: Participants included patients diagnosed with rosacea, other facial erythematous skin diseases, and normal controls, all of whom underwent full‐face imaging utilizing the VISIA® system software. According to these images, researchers evaluated the condition of the upper eyelid vascular network, developed the grading scale and then compared the difference of distribution in the three groups. Results: The occurrence rate of upper eyelid vascular network in rosacea was significantly higher than that in other facial erythematous skin diseases (84.3 vs. 32.0%, P < 0.001) and normal controls (84.3 vs. 28.0%, P < 0.001). The upper eyelid vascular network pattern was proposed (none [no clearly reticular vessels], mild [10–50% area of reticular vessels], moderate‐to‐severe [>50% area of reticular vessels]). Moderate‐to‐severe grade was defined as well‐defined upper eyelid vascular network pattern, which was specific to patients with rosacea (rosacea vs. other facial erythematous skin diseases, adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 5.814, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.899–8.670) (rosacea vs. heathy controls, aOR = 12.628, 95% CI: 8.334–19.112). The severity of the well‐defined pattern had no significant association with age, duration, and phenotypes of rosacea (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The well‐defined upper eyelid vascular network pattern specifically appeared in patients with rosacea, which could be a possible clue to the diagnosis of rosacea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]