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David J Stevens,1 Sarah Appleton,1 Kelsey Bickley,1 Louis Holtzhausen,2– 4 Robert Adams1,5 1Sleep Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia; 2Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar; 3Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; 4Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; 5Respiratory and Sleep Services, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Bedford Park, South Australia, AustraliaCorrespondence: David J Stevens, Sleep Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Level 2a, 5 Laffer Dve, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5041, Australia, Tel +61 7306 1816, Email david.stevens@flinders.edu.auPurpose: Little is known about sleep after a concussion, a form of mild traumatic brain injury. Given the importance of sleep for both maintaining brain health and recovery from injury, we sought to examine sleep acutely and subacutely after concussion.Methods: Athletes who experienced a sports-related concussion were invited to participate. Participants underwent overnight sleep studies within 7 days of the concussion (acute phase), and again eight-weeks after the concussion (subacute phase). Changes in sleep from both the acute and subacute phases were compared to population normative values. Additionally, changes in sleep from acute to subacute phase were analysed.Results: When compared to normative data, the acute and subacute phases of concussion showed longer total sleep time (p < 0.005) and fewer arousals (p < 0.005). The acute phase showed longer rapid eye movement sleep latency (p = 0.014). The subacute phase showed greater total sleep spent in Stage N3% (p = 0.046), increased sleep efficiency (p < 0.001), shorter sleep onset latency (p = 0.013), and reduced wake after sleep onset (p = 0.013). Compared to the acute phase, the subacute phase experienced improved sleep efficiency (p = 0.003), reduced wake after sleep onset (p = 0.02), and reduced latencies for both stage N3 sleep (p = 0.014) and rapid eye movement sleep (p = 0.006).Conclusion: This study indicated sleep during both the acute and subacute phases of SRC was characterised by longer and less disrupted sleep, along with improvements in sleep from the acute to subacute phases of SRC.Keywords: mild traumatic brain injury, somnolence, neural trauma, nocturnal activity

Background: Concussions are an ever present risk for many sports. Underlying emotional disturbances and drowsiness are associated with worse post-concussion symptom scores. Yet, not study has examined associations of both emotional disturbances and drowsiness on concussion severity and symptomology. Objectives: Examine the associations between baseline sleepiness, emotional complaints, and concussion risk and symptom severity in adolescent athletes. Methods: A cohort of 626 adolescent athletes underwent baseline/pre-season concussion screening. Those who experienced a physician diagnosed concussion underwent follow up concussion symptomology assessment. Over 90% of players were seen within two weeks of the concussion incident. Linear regression examined for associations between concussion symptom scores and baseline drowsiness and baseline emotional symptoms. Logistic regression examined for association between each symptom and baseline drowsiness and baseline emotional symptoms. Results: Of the 626 athletes that underwent baseline testing, 292 experienced a concussion. Of those 292 athletes, 174 (59.6%) reported baseline drowsiness and 183 (62.7%) baseline emotional symptoms. Baseline drowsiness and emotional complaints were associated with a 2.6 (95% confidence interval = 1.9 to 3.6) and 2.8 (95% confidence interval = 2.0 to 3.9) times greater odds of sustaining a concussion respectively. Increased symptomology after concussion was associated with both baseline drowsiness (unstandardised b = 4.6, p < 0.01) and baseline emotional complaints (unstandardised b = 6.0, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Preseason drowsiness and emotional complaints in adolescent athletes are associated with higher risk of adverse clinical outcomes following concussion. Therefore, clinicians and coaches should be aware, and properly screen, for sleep and emotional problems as part of pre-season/baseline health screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child protection organizations (CPOs), as part of the non-profit sector in South Africa, play a vital role in addressing the needs of abused, neglected and vulnerable children. Child protection organizations largely depend on donors for funding, and communication plays a crucial role to ensure their sustainability. However, their communication is restricted due to statutory clauses protecting the identity and best interest of the child by limiting traditional strategies and associated fundraising practices. Niemann's model of strategic integrated communication for the for-profit sector was taken as a point of departure. Against this background, the aim of the article was to determine how strategic integrated communication can be conceptualized and implemented to improve the communication approach and practices of child protection organizations. Focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews were conducted with four of the largest registered national child protection organizations in South Africa to determine the suitability and application of strategic integrated communication in the child protection organization context. Based on source and data triangulation, a strategic integrated communication framework, premised on Niemann's model, is proposed. This framework not only contributes to the growing body of knowledge regarding strategic integrated communication but also contributes towards practice in the child protection organization context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is a need for ongoing scrutiny of injury and illness profiles of ultra-distance athletes. This study aimed to record the medical history, illness and injuries of athletes receiving medical attention during the 2014 Ironman South Africa (IMSA) triathlon, and to investigate the temporal presentation of medical encounters. Methods: This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study. All athletes who required medical attention at the main medical tent and all of the medical posts or mobile units along the route were included in this study A total of 2 331 athletes started the race. Data included age, gender, time and stage of the race when medical attention was required, pre-race medical history and medication use, illness and injuries treated, special investigations performed, and weather conditions. Results: Overall, 179 athletes (7.7%) required medical attention. The incidence of medical encounters was 7.8%. A significantly higher percentage of younger participants encountered medical problems (P = 0.04). Most patient encounters (80.1%) occurred after the race. The median duration of treatment was 26 minutes. Medication was used by 35.1% of patients during the race. The most common medical encounters were exertion-related (71.2%), gastrointestinal (16.4%), dermatological (11.9%), musculoskeletal (9.6%) and cardiorespiratory conditions (2.4%). Conclusion: Medical encounters occurred more frequently in later stages of the race. Most medical conditions were exertionrelated. Potential higher risk may be associated with medication use, recent illness, and in younger participants. Temporal stacking of medical personnel, planning of resources according to expected conditions, preventative measures for high-risk behaviour, and on-going data collection with comparable methodology are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marketing communication practitioners lack a guideline for implementing social media strategically. In the light of this, the authors of this article explored the strategic implementation of social media within a marketing communication context. A grounded theory process was firstly followed in order to compile a list of social media messaging categories. This list was then paired with the disciplines of the marketing communication mix, based on their inherent similarities. To demonstrate the practical relevance of the pairings thereafter, the authors followed a process of action research as a way of analysing an organisation's existing social media messaging plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apart from historical and contextual factors complicating the mining industry, Lonmin Platinum's management of employee relationships was further complicated by its diverse workforce of approximately 20,000 employees consisting of literates, semi-literates and illiterates. In addition, the company comprised five business units, each with their own corporate identity. Within this context it was expected that Lonmin's relationship with its employees would take some strain. While the relationship between corporate image and stakeholder management has been debated, the impact of symbolic corporate identity elements on specific relationship dimensions has not yet been investigated and is addressed in this article by means of the following research question: What is the relationship between employees' perceptions of symbolic corporate identity elements and employer-employee relationships at Lonmin Platinum? This study indicated a relationship between employees' perceptions of how effectively the company reached it objectives, specifically a safe working environment, a healthy working environment, socio-economic empowerment and accountability, and the quality of its employee relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exercise-associated collapse (EAC) is the most common reason that athletes are treated in the medical tent following an endurance event. The pathophysiology of EAC is postural hypotension that results when the loss of muscle pumping action caused by the cessation of exercise is combined with cutaneous vasodilation. EAC usually occurs after an athlete crosses the finish line. If an athlete collapses during a race, then another serious medical cause is more likely. A brief assessment of the collapsed athlete should be carried out to obtain a working diagnosis. Prompt treatment of EAC includes elevating the legs and pelvis of the athlete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there is growing interest in evidence-based practice (EBP), the implementation of research into clinical practice is still underutilised (DiCenso, Guyatt & Ciliska, 2005; Rycroft-Malone & Bucknall 2010). One emerging method in clinical practice with child survivors of sexual abuse is trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (TF-CBT). This study aimed to systematically review the literature on TF-CBT work with child survivors of sexual abuse in an attempt to provide social work educators and practitioners with sufficient information about these treatments, which they can pursue in ongoing education and training.