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Study objectives: Snoring is a common phenomenon which is generated by vibration of soft tissue of the upper airway during sleep. Due to the high incidence of isolated snoring and the substantial burden for the patient and the bed partner, a thorough examination and appropriate therapy are required. Many recommendations for the treatment of isolated snoring are either not evidence-based or are derived from recommendations for the management of obstructive sleep apnea. Therefore, the aim of this study is the identification and description of open questions in the diagnosis and treatment of isolated snoring and the illustration of areas for further research. Methods: In the context of the development of the new version of the German guideline "Diagnosis and treatment of isolated snoring in adults," a multidisciplinary team of experts performed a systematic literature search on the relevant medical data and rated the current evidence regarding the key diagnostic and therapeutic measures for snoring. Results: The systematic literature review identified 2293 articles. As a major inclusion criterion, only studies on primary snoring based on objective sleep medical assessment were selected. After screening and evaluation, 33 full-text articles remained for further analysis. Based on these articles, open questions and areas for future research were identified for this review. Conclusion: Several major gaps in the literature on the diagnosis and treatment of isolated snoring were identified. For the majority of diagnostic and therapeutic measures for snoring, high-level scientific evidence is still lacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of HNO is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of HNO is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of HNO is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of HNO is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hintergrund: Die obstruktive Schlafapnoe ist eine häufige Erkrankung, bei der es im Schlaf auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen im Bereich der oberen Atemwege zu massiven Einschränkungen bis zum kompletten Sistieren des Atemluftstroms kommen kann. Für die individualisierte Therapie hat sich in den letzten Jahren die Schlafendoskopie unter medikamentöser Sedierung als wichtiges Diagnostikum etabliert.Ziel der Arbeit: Diese Arbeit soll einen Überblick über die pharmakologischen Eigenschaften der Sedativa zur Schlafendoskopie geben.Material und Methoden: Übersichtsarbeit/ReviewErgebnisse: Zur Durchführung einer Schlafendoskopie ist eine medikamentöse Sedierung unabdingbar. Aktuell werden hierfür vor allem Propofol, Midazolam und in klinischen Studien Dexmedetomidin verwendet. Für Midazolam besteht die meiste Erfahrung. Aufgrund seiner pharmakologischen Eigenschaften ist die Dosierung individuell sehr variabel. Es ist mit einer langen Wirkdauer zu rechnen, die relevante Überwachungszeiten nach sich zieht. Propofol ist sehr kurzwirksam und kann bei Verwendung neuer Infusionssysteme wie TCI („target-controlled infusion“) zu einer besseren Vergleichbarkeit führen. Bei höheren Dosierungen besteht allerdings im Vergleich zu Midazolam die Gefahr einer Apnoe und Kardiodepression. Die neuere Substanz Dexmedetomidin scheint einen schlafähnlicheren Zustand als Propofol und Midazolam zu erzeugen. Allerdings sind für Dexmedetomidin die Erfahrungen im Bereich prozeduraler Sedierungen noch gering.Diskussion: Für die Schlafendoskopie stehen mehrere Medikamente mit charakteristischen pharmakologischen Eigenschaften zur Verfügung. Kenntnisse über Pharmakologie und eine Erfahrung im Umgang mit diesen Medikamenten sind für eine sichere und zielführende Diagnostik unabdingbar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of HNO is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of HNO is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)