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Apoptosis of various cells, primarily macrophages, in atherosclerotic arterial lesions is considered to be an important element in the pathogenesis of this disease. It is assumed that one of the main inducers of cell death in the intima of the affected arteries are oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDLs). In this work, we studied the influence of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), oxLDLs, and the TNF-α factor in different concentrations on macrophage-like cells obtained from mononuclear cells from the peripheral blood of healthy donors. It has been established that oxLDLs in small concentrations can cause the death of human macrophage-like cells after a short-term effect, which indicates their high cytotoxicity. HDLs in physiological concentrations completely block the processes of apoptosis caused by oxLDLs. It has been shown that HDLs are capable not only of protecting cells from oxLDLs, but also of significantly reducing the number of dead cells when exposed to TNF-α. The results obtained suggest that HDLs are capable of protecting cells from a wide range of cytotoxic agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. The aim of this cross-sectional retrospective study was to study the effect of SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 infection on population lipid parameters, which are leading risk factors for the development and progression of atherosclerosis, which can be significantly distorted in systemic inflammation and, in particular, during respiratory viral infections.Material and methods. We analyzed anonymized results of one-time, one-year studies of complete lipid profiles and related laboratory parameters performed in the Helix Laboratory Service from February 1, 2015 to December 30, 2020 in 238541 males and 384437 females aged from 22 to 83 years in 334 populated areas of the European Russia using Roche Cobas C502, C702 (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany), LIAISON XL (DiaSorin S.p.A, Italy) analyzers.Statistical analysis included methods of descriptive statistics, distribution analysis, sample comparisons, and search for dependencies.Results. A dramatic change in the magnitude and nature of seasonal population fluctuations in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) during the COVID-19 spread has been identified.COVID-19 differentially affects the relationship between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and atherogenic and antiatherogenic lipoproteins. These relationships have sex differences, are nonlinear, and in relation to HDL-C are associated with the level of specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 antibodies.Up to a hsCRP level of 2,5 mg/l, there is a significant increase in population levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with a correlation coefficient of 0,14 for women (p2,5 mg/l, the trend reverses. At the same time, HDL-C levels sharply decrease with a negative correlation of -0,23 (p

The review considers changes in the structure and function of high-density lipoproteins (HDL), which play an important role in the pathogenesis of a number of chronic diseases that somehow stimulate the development of atherosclerosis. HDL function has been shown to be impaired in a number of genetic and acquired diseases leading to dyslipidemia and associated with increased cardiovascular risk such as familial hypercholesterolemia, obesity, metabolic syndrome, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.

• Increased low-attenuation (soft) coronary plaques predict heart disease events. • Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) patients have excess soft plaque. • Very small preβ-HDL (produced by plasma delipidation) accepts cell cholesterol. • In HoFH 7 weekly delipidated plasma treatments reduced soft coronary plaque 40%. • This therapy has promise for HoFH patients with significant soft coronary plaque. Increased cholesterol-rich, low-density, non-calcified atheromas as assessed by computer coronary tomography angiography analyses have been shown to predict myocardial infarction significantly better than coronary artery calcium score or the presence of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) as evaluated with standard coronary angiography. Low serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol values are an independent risk factor for CAD. Very small, lipid-poor preβ-1 HDL particles have been shown to be most effective in promoting cellular cholesterol efflux. HDL infusions have been documented to reduce aortic atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed animal models. However, human studies using infusions of either the HDL mimetic containing recombinant apolipoprotein (apo) A-I Milano or Cerenis Compound-001 with native recombinant apoA-I have been mainly negative in promoting coronary atherosclerosis progression as assessed by intravascular ultrasound. In contrast, a study using 7 weekly infusions of autologous delipidated HDL in six homozygous familial hypercholesterolemic patients was effective in promoting significant regression of low-density non-calcified coronary atheroma regression as assessed by computed coronary angiography. This therapy has received Food and Drug Administration approval. Commonwealth Serum Laboratories has carried out a large clinical endpoint trial using an HDL complex (native apoA-I with phospholipid), and the results were negative. Our purpose is to review animal and human studies using various forms of HDL infusion therapy to promote regression of atherosclerosis. In our view, differences in results may be due to: 1) the HDL preparations used, 2) the subjects studied, and 3) the methods used to assess coronary atherosclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) is secreted by hepatocytes and inhibits lipoprotein lipase and endothelial lipase activity. Previous studies reported the correlation between plasma ANGPTL3 levels and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Recently ANGPTL3 was found to preferentially bind to HDL in healthy human circulation. Here, we examined whether ANGPTL3, as a component of HDL, modulates HDL function and affects HDL other components in human and mice with non-diabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods HDL was isolated from the plasma of female non-diabetic subjects and type-2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) patients. Immunoprecipitation, western blot, and ELISA assays were used to examine ANGPTL3 levels in HDL. Db/m and db/db mice, AAV virus mediated ANGPTL3 overexpression and knockdown models and ANGPTL3 knockout mice were used. The cholesterol efflux capacity induced by HDL was analyzed in macrophages preloaded with fluorescent cholesterol. The anti-inflammation capacity of HDL was assessed using flow cytometry to measure VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression levels in TNF-α-stimulated endothelial cells pretreated with HDL. Results ANGPTL3 was found to bind to HDL and be a component of HDL in both non-diabetic subjects and T2DM patients. Flag-ANGPTL3 was found in the HDL of transgenic mice overexpressing Flag-ANGPTL3. ANGPLT3 of HDL was positively associated with cholesterol efflux in female non-diabetic controls (r = 0.4102, p = 0.0117) but not in female T2DM patients (r = − 0.1725, p = 0.3224). Lower ANGPTL3 levels of HDL were found in diabetic (db/db) mice compared to control (db/m) mice and were associated with reduced cholesterol efflux and inhibition of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression in endothelial cells (p

Introduction: Depression is one of the leading causes of morbidity worldwide. It can impact various biomarkers, including proteins, monoamines, and lipids. Lipids play a critical role in regulating cellular function by influencing transport, anchoring, and providing structural support. The present study aimed to explore any correlation between lipid profiles and depression. Aim: To investigate the correlation between different lipid profile parameters (serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, serum Highdensity Lipoproteins (HDL), and Low-density Lipoproteins (LDL) levels) and the severity of depression. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based, cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India, from June 2020 to June 2021. A total of 200 participants aged 18-65 years, diagnosed with depression according to the ICD-10 classification, were enrolled. Clinical assessments were conducted, and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) (17 items) and Beck's Depression Inventory II (BDI II) (21-item scale) were used. Lipid parameters were obtained from fasting blood samples. The Wilcoxon’sMann-Whitney U test was applied to assess the association between gender distribution and lipid profiles. Spearman's correlation test was used to analyse the correlation between HAM-D and BDI scores with lipid profiles. Statistical significance was set at a p-value ≤0.05. Results: The mean age of the participants was 36.05±11.24 years. Correlations between HAM-D levels and lipid profiles revealed that all lipid parameters, except for HDL (which showed a negative correlation), were positively associated with HAM-D scores. These correlations were statistically significant (p ≤0.05). Similarly, a positive correlation was observed between all lipid levels and BDI scores, except for HDL, which exhibited a negative correlation. These correlations were also statistically significant (p≤0.05). Conclusion: Higher levels of LDL cholesterol were found to be associated with elevated depression rating scale scores and increased susceptibility to depression. On the other hand, HDL cholesterol demonstrated protective effects against depression. Adopting a healthy lifestyle, implementing dietary measures, and addressing stressors promptly may help prevent depressive symptoms.

Oxidative stress is one of the primary instigators of the onset of various human ailments, including cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and dementia. Particularly, oxidative stress severely affects low-density lipid & protein (LDL) oxidation, leading to several detrimental health effects. Therefore, in this study, the effect of beeswax alcohol (BWA) was evaluated in the prevention of LDL oxidation, enhancement of paraoxonase 1 (PON-1) activity of high-density lipid & protein (HDL), and zebrafish embryo survivability. Furthermore, the implication of BWA consumption on the oxidative plasma variables was assessed by a preliminary clinical study on middle-aged and older human subjects (n = 50). Results support BWA augmentation of PON-1 activity in a dose-dependent manner (10–30 μM), which was significantly better than the effect exerted by coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). Moreover, BWA significantly curtails LDL/apo-B oxidation evoked by CuSO4 (final 0.5 μM) and a causes a marked reduction in lipid peroxidation in LDL. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed a healing effect of BWA towards the restoration of LDL morphology and size impaired by the exposure of Cu2+ ions (final 0.5 μM). Additionally, BWA counters the toxicity induced by carboxymethyllysine (CML, 500 ng) and rescues zebrafish embryos from development deformities and apoptotic cell death. A completely randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled preliminary clinical study on middle- and older-aged human subjects (n = 50) showed that 12 weeks of BWA (100 mg/day) supplementation efficiently diminished serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and total hydroperoxides and enhanced total antioxidant status by 25%, 27%, and 22%, respectively, compared to the placebo-control and baseline values. Furthermore, the consumption of BWA did not exhibit any noteworthy changes in physical variables, lipid profile, glucose levels, and biomarkers pertinent to kidney and liver function, thus confirming the safety of BWA for consumption. Conclusively, in vitro, BWA prevents LDL oxidation, enhances PON-1 activity in HDL, and positively influences oxidative variables in human subjects.

To investigate the stress response and physiological adaptations of goldfish (Carassius auratus) to critical salinity (CS) waters, we analyzed high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) stoichiometry, stress markers (cortisol, glucose), and plasma osmotic properties (Na+, osmolality, water content) using ichthyology, biochemistry, and proteomics approaches. After 21 days of exposure to CS, plasma concentrations of cortisol, glucose, and Na+ increased, indicating stress. Total plasma osmolality (Osmtotal) and osmolality generated by inorganic (Osminorg) and organic osmolytes (Osmorg) also increased, the latter by ~2%. We associated the increase of Osmorg with (1) increased metabolite concentration (glucose), (2) dissociation of HDL particles resulting in increased HDL number per unit plasma volume (~1.5–2‐fold) and (3) increased HDL osmotic activity. HDL remodeling may be the reason for the redistribution of bound and free water in plasma, which may contribute to water retention in plasma and, at the same time, to hemodynamic disturbances under CS conditions. The study's findings suggest that HDL remodeling is an important mechanism for maintaining osmotic homeostasis in fish, which is consistent with current capillary exchange models in vertebrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Miniature Schnauzer dogs (MSs) are predisposed to both idiopathic hypertriglyceridemia (iHTG) and hypercortisolism (HCort). To our knowledge, the lipoprotein profiles of MSs with iHTG have not been compared to those with HCort. We analyzed cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations and lipoprotein fractions in 4 groups of MSs: normotriglyceridemia (NTG) without concurrent disease (Healthy-NTG), HCort and NTG (HCort-NTG), HCort and HTG (HCort-HTG), and iHTG. Lipoprotein fractions were assessed by lipoprotein electrophoresis and compared between groups. Fifty-one plasma samples were analyzed. Twenty-five dogs had NTG (16 Healthy-NTG, 9 HCort-NTG) and 26 dogs had HTG (7 iHTG, 19 HCort-HTG). Dogs with iHTG or HCort-HTG had significantly higher cholesterol concentrations than Healthy-NTG dogs. Dogs with HCort-HTG had higher cholesterol than HCort-NTG dogs. There was a significantly higher low-density lipoprotein (LDL) percentage in iHTG and HCort-HTG dogs than HCort-NTG dogs. HCort-HTG dogs also had lower high-density lipoproteins (HDL) than HCort-NTG dogs. It was not possible to readily distinguish MSs with iHTG from MSs with HCort-HTG or Healthy-NTG using lipoprotein electrophoresis fractions. The diagnosis of iHTG remains a diagnosis by exclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have implicated pre-beta and beta lipoproteins (VLDL and LDL) in the etiopathogenesis of complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). In contrast, alpha lipoprotein (HDL) is protective of the beta cells of the pancreas. This study examined the distribution of HDL in the islets of Langerhans of murine models of type 1 diabetic rats (streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DM in Wistar rats) and type 2 models of DM rats (Goto–Kakizaki (GK), non-diabetic Zucker lean (ZL), and Zucker diabetic and fatty (ZDF)). The extent by which HDL co-localizes with insulin or glucagon in the islets of the pancreas was also investigated. Pancreatic tissues of Wistar non-diabetic, diabetic Wistar, GK, ZL, and ZDF rats were processed for immunohistochemistry. Pancreatic samples of GK rats fed with either a low-fat or a high-fat diet were prepared for transmission immune-electron microscopy (TIEM) to establish the cytoplasmic localization of HDL in islet cells. HDL was detected in the core and periphery of pancreatic islets of Wistar non-diabetic and diabetic, GK, ZL, and ZDF rats. The average total of islet cells immune positive for HDL was markedly (<0.05) reduced in GK and ZDF rats in comparison to Wistar controls. The number of islet cells containing HDL was also remarkably (p < 0.05) reduced in Wistar diabetic rats and GK models fed on high-fat food. The co-localization study using immunofluorescence and TIEM techniques showed that HDL is detected alongside insulin within the secretory granules of β-cells. HDL did not co-localize with glucagon. This observation implies that HDL may contribute to the metabolism of insulin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity and overweight, frequently caused by a lack of exercise, are associated with many metabolic diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Aerobic exercise effectively increases the high-density lipoproteins-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and alleviates the triglyceride (TG) levels. The consumption of Cuban policosanol (Raydel®) is also effective in enhancing the HDL-C quantity and HDL functionality to treat dyslipidemia and hypertension. On the other hand, no study has examined the effects of a combination of high-intensity exercise and policosanol consumption in obese subjects to improve metabolic disorders. In the current study, 17 obese subjects (average BMI 30.1 ± 1.1 kg/m2, eight male and nine female) were recruited to participate in a program combining exercise and policosanol (20 mg) consumption for 12 weeks. After completion, their BMI, waist circumference, total fat mass, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) reduced significantly up to around −15%, −13%, −33%, −11%, and −13%, respectively. In the serum lipid profile, at Week 12, a significant reduction was observed in the total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels, up to −17% and −54% from the baseline, respectively. The serum HDL-C was elevated by approximately +12% from the baseline, as well as the percentage of HDL-C in TC, and HDL-C/TC (%), was enhanced by up to +32% at Week 12. The serum coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) level was increased 1.2-fold from the baseline in all participants at Week 12. In particular, the male participants exhibited a 1.4-fold increase from the baseline. The larger rise in serum CoQ10 was correlated with the larger increase in the serum HDL-C (r = 0.621, p = 0.018). The hepatic function parameters were improved; the serum γ-glutamyl transferase decreased at Week 12 by up to −55% (p < 0.007), while the aspartate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase levels diminished within the normal range. In the lipoprotein level, the extent of oxidation and glycation were reduced significantly with the reduction in TG content. The antioxidant abilities of HDL, such as paraoxonase (PON) and ferric ion reduction ability (FRA), were enhanced significantly by up to 1.8-fold and 1.6-fold at Week 12. The particle size and number of HDL were elevated up to +10% during the 12 weeks, with a remarkable decline in the TG content, glycation extent, and oxidation. The improvements in HDL quality and functionality were linked to the higher survivability of adult zebrafish and their embryos, under the co-presence of carboxymethyllysine (CML), a pro-inflammatory molecule known to cause acute death. In conclusion, 12 weeks of Cuban policosanol (Raydel®, 20 mg) consumption with high-intensity exercise displayed a significant improvement in blood pressure, body fat mass, blood lipid profile without liver damage, CoQ10 metabolism, and renal impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Depression is one of the leading causes of morbidity worldwide. It can impact various biomarkers, including proteins, monoamines, and lipids. Lipids play a critical role in regulating cellular function by influencing transport, anchoring, and providing structural support. The present study aimed to explore any correlation between lipid profiles and depression. Aim: To investigate the correlation between different lipid profile parameters (serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, serum High-density Lipoproteins (HDL), and Low-density Lipoproteins (LDL) levels) and the severity of depression. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based, cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India, from June 2020 to June 2021. A total of 200 participants aged 18-65 years, diagnosed with depression according to the ICD-10 classification, were enrolled. Clinical assessments were conducted, and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) (17 items) and Beck's Depression Inventory II (BDI II) (21-item scale) were used. Lipid parameters were obtained from fasting blood samples. The Wilcoxon's-Mann-Whitney U test was applied to assess the association between gender distribution and lipid profiles. Spearman's correlation test was used to analyse the correlation between HAM-D and BDI scores with lipid profiles. Statistical significance was set at a p-value ≤0.05. Results: The mean age of the participants was 36.05±11.24 years. Correlations between HAM-D levels and lipid profiles revealed that all lipid parameters, except for HDL (which showed a negative correlation), were positively associated with HAM-D scores. These correlations were statistically significant (p ≤0.05). Similarly, a positive correlation was observed between all lipid levels and BDI scores, except for HDL, which exhibited a negative correlation. These correlations were also statistically significant (p≤0.05). Conclusion: Higher levels of LDL cholesterol were found to be associated with elevated depression rating scale scores and increased susceptibility to depression. On the other hand, HDL cholesterol demonstrated protective effects against depression. Adopting a healthy lifestyle, implementing dietary measures, and addressing stressors promptly may help prevent depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Type 2 DM is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, increased glucose production, and abnormal fat metabolism. Diabetes mortality primarily results from microvascular complications such as diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy, as well as macrovascular complications like coronary artery, peripheral vascular, and cerebrovascular diseases. Patients with diabetes usually have changes in adipose tissue metabolism and abnormalities in the secretion of adipokines such as leptin. The present study aims to study the relationship between serum leptin levels and lipid profile parameters among non-obese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and non-diabetic individuals. Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 41 type 2 diabetic patients and 41 non-diabetic individuals of both sexes between the ages of 40 and 70. Fasting blood glucose (FBS), serum leptin, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were assayed. Results: The mean serum leptin levels among diabetic patients were lower than those of non-diabetic individuals, and this difference in mean was statistically significant. The study showed a significant negative correlation between serum leptin, TC, TG, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and a positive correlation with HDL. In the final regression model, serum leptin showed a statistically significant association with FBS and HDL. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that serum leptin levels can be a strong predictor of low HDL levels in diabetic patients. It can also contribute to raised levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL, which are responsible for macrovascular complications in diabetics.

Background: Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disease associated with a partial or absolute deficiency of insulin, hyperlipidemia, and impaired metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The present study aimed to compare the effects of different types of exercises on lipid profiles in menopausal women with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Fifty-six sedentary obese menopausal women with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into 4 groups: aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, combined exercise, and a control group. Each group, except the control group, participated in their respective exercises for 8 weeks. Blood samples were collected from the subjects before and 48 hours after the training period. Data were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and paired sample t tests, with a significance level set at P≤0.05. All calculations were performed using SPSS v. 20. Results: Triglyceride levels significantly decreased in the aerobic exercise (P = 0.017) and combined exercise (P = 0.0001) groups. Low-density lipoprotein levels significantly decreased in aerobic exercise (P = 0.034), resistance exercise (P = 0.003), and combined exercise groups (P = 0.009). Cholesterol levels significantly decreased in the aerobic exercise (P = 0.0001), resistance exercise (P = 0.030), and combined exercise (P = 0.01) groups. Additionally, high-density lipoprotein levels significantly increased in the aerobic exercise (P = 0.041) and combined exercise (P = 0.002) groups. Conclusion: It appears that combined exercises, rather than resistance or endurance exercises alone, are a more appropriate intervention for improving lipid profiles in menopausal women with type 2 diabetes.

The effect of mercury, supplied with food for three months, was studied on some biochemical parameters (concentration of total protein, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoproteins) of the blood serum of goldfish Carassius auratus (L., 1758). The content of mercury in the muscles of the fish that consumed the food with a high content of mercury (“HM”) increased by 5.8, 10.4, and 11.7 times, with a low content (“LM”), by 1.4, 3.2, and 3.2 times after 1, 2, and 3 months, respectively (p < 0.05). Accumulation of mercury resulted in increasing of all the studied parameters; the total cholesterol concentration increased to the maximum in the fish of the experimental group by the end of the experiment (by 3.1 times). At the same time, there was a significant positive relationship between the biochemical parameters of blood and the mercury content in the fish muscles. The obtained results indicated significant changes in the lipid and protein metabolism of fish under the influence of mercury, their intensity depended on the amount of mercury in the feed and the exposure time.

Abstract Background High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) have antiatherogenic properties related to their chemical structure. Adipose tissue (AT) influences HDL reverse cholesterol transport and plasma HDL cholesterol levels. However, whether AT dysfunction affects HDL subpopulations and their glycation in early type 2 diabetes (T2D) is still unknown. Objective To investigate the association of inflammation and AT dysfunction serum markers with the size and glycation of HDLs in normoglycemic, prediabetes, and T2D subjects. Methods We assessed HDL particle size and advanced glycation end-product (AGE) content in HDLs isolated from normoglycemic (n = 17), prediabetes (n = 17), and recently T2D-diagnosed (n = 18) subjects. Insulin, adiponectin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) were determined using the Bio-Rad Multiplex Platform, and free fatty acids (FFAs) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were determined by standard procedures. The AT insulin resistance (ATIR) index and ATIR/adiponectin and adiponectin/leptin ratios were calculated. Results HDL was progressively smaller (nm) and enriched with AGE (mg-BSA-AGE/mg protein) according to the glucose categories: 8.49 and 7.5 in normoglycemic subjects, 8.44 and 12.4 in prediabetic subjects, and 8.32 and 14.3 in T2D subjects (P = 0.033 and P = 0.009 for size and AGE, respectively). In multivariable regression analysis, the ATIR/adiponectin ratio was inversely associated with HDL size (β = -0.257, P = 0.046), and the ATIR ratio was directly associated with HDL glycation (β = 0.387, P = 0.036). In contrast, adiponectin and the adiponectin/leptin ratio were not associated with alterations in HDL particles. Furthermore, HDL size was associated with resistin (β = -0.348, P = 0.007) and PAI-1 (β = -0.324, P = 0.004). HDL and AGE were related to insulin concentrations (β = 0.458, P = 0.015). Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, triglycerides, and HDL-cholesterol. Conclusion HDL size was significantly associated with the ATIR/adiponectin ratio and inflammation, whereas glycation was more strongly related to the ATIR index. These findings have important implications for the management and prevention of cardiovascular disease in T2D patients.

Aim: The impacts of synthetic high-density lipoprotein (sHDL) phospholipid components on anti-sepsis effects were investigated. Methods: sHDL composed with ApoA-I mimetic peptide (22A) and different phosphatidylcholines were prepared and characterized. Anti-inflammatory effects were investigated in vitro and in vivo on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation models. Results: sHDLs composed with 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (22A-DMPC) most effectively neutralizes LPS, inhibits toll-like receptor 4 recruitment into lipid rafts, suppresses nuclear factor κB signaling and promotes activating transcription factor 3 activating. The lethal endotoxemia animal model showed the protective effects of 22A-DMPC. Conclusion: Phospholipid components affect the stability and fluidity of nanodiscs, impacting the anti-septic efficacy of sHDLs. 22A-DMPC presents the strongest LPS binding and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo, suggesting a potential sepsis treatment. Sepsis is triggered by endotoxins released by bacteria. These endotoxins trigger an exaggerated inflammatory response, leading to widespread inflammation and organ damage. Synthetic high-density lipoprotein (sHDL) is a potential treatment of sepsis by neutralizing endotoxins and regulating inflammatory responses. The phospholipid components of sHDL may affect the effectiveness of sHDL against sepsis. In this study, we prepared sHDLs with different phospholipids and compared their anti-septic effects on cells and in animal models. We found that sHDL made from DMPC presented the best anti-septic effects, possibly because DMPC-sHDL had the best fluidity at body temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized primarily by dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance. High‐density lipoprotein (HDL) play a significant role in preventing the incidence of dyslipidemia and its complications. HDL has different protective functions, such as reducing oxidation, vascular inflammation, and thrombosis; additionally, its anti‐diabetic role is one of the most significant recent discoveries about HDL and some of its constituent lipoproteins. Methods: This research reviews ongoing studies and preliminary investigations into the assessment of relation between decreased level of HDL and T2DM. Results: The levels of HDL and its functions contribute to glucose hemostasis and the development of T2DM through four possible mechanisms, including insulin secretion by beta cells, peripheral insulin sensitivity, non‐insulin‐dependent glucose uptake, and adipose tissue metabolic activity. Additionally, the anti‐oxidant properties of HDL protect beta cells from apoptosis caused by oxidative stress and inflammation induced by low‐density lipoprotein, which facilitate insulin secretion. Conclusion: Therefore, HDL and its compositions, especially Apo A‐I, play an important role in regulating glucose metabolism, and decreased levels of HDL can be considered a risk factor for DM. Different factors, such as hypoalphalipoproteinemia that manifests as a consequence of genetic factors, such as Apo A‐I deficiency, as well as secondary causes arising from lifestyle choices and underlying medical conditions that decrease the level of HDL, could be associated with DM. Moreover, intricate connections between HDL and diabetic complications extend beyond glucose metabolism to encompass complications like cardiovascular disease and kidney disease. Therefore, the exact interactions between HDL level and DM should be evaluated in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The function of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles has emerged as a promising therapeutic target and the measurement of HDL function is a promising diagnostic across several disease states. The vast majority of research on HDL functional biology has focused on adult participants with underlying chronic diseases, whereas limited research has investigated the role of HDL in childhood, pregnancy, and old age. Yet, it is apparent that functional HDL is essential at all life stages for maintaining health. In this review, we discuss current data regarding the role of HDL during childhood, pregnancy and in the elderly, how disturbances in HDL may lead to adverse health outcomes, and knowledge gaps in the role of HDL across these life stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammation and oxidative stress are essential components in a myriad of pathogenic entities that lead to metabolic and chronic diseases. Moreover, inflammation in its different phases is necessary for the initiation and maintenance of a healthy pregnancy. Therefore, an equilibrium between a necessary/pathologic level of inflammation and oxidative stress during pregnancy is needed to avoid disease development. High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are important for a healthy pregnancy and a good neonatal outcome. Their role in fetal development during challenging situations is vital for maintaining the equilibrium. However, in certain conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, and other cardiovascular diseases, it has been observed that HDL loses its protective properties, becoming dysfunctional. Bioactive compounds have been widely studied as mediators of inflammation and oxidative stress in different diseases, but their mechanisms of action are still unknown. Nonetheless, these agents, which are obtained from functional foods, increase the concentration of HDL, TRC, and antioxidant activity. Therefore, this review first summarizes several mechanisms of HDL participation in the equilibrium between inflammation and oxidative stress. Second, it gives an insight into how HDL may act as a vector for bioactive compounds. Third, it describes the relationships between the inflammation process in pregnancy and HDL activity. Consequently, different databases were used, including MEDLINE, PubMed, and Scopus, where scientific articles published in the English language up to 2023 were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Maternal physiological hypercholesterolemia (MPH) occurs in pregnancy for a proper fetal development. When cholesterol increases over the physiological range, maternal supraphysiological hypercholesterolemia (MSPH) is described, a condition underdiagnosed by a lack of evidence showing its biological and clinical relevance. Aim: To determine if MSPH associates with maternal vascular dysfunction, along with changes in the composition and function of maternal HDL leading to increased cardiovascular risk. Methods: This study included 57 women at term of pregnancy in which a lipid profile was determined. Results: Maternal total cholesterol (TC) and LDL but not HDL were increased in MSPH women. The isolated HDL from a subgroup of MSPH women had a lower protein abundance and a reduced activity of the antioxidant enzyme PON1; however, an increased antioxidant capacity compared to MPH was observed, along with higher serum levels of α-tocopherol. Moreover, HDL from a subgroup of MSPH women had a lower capacity to induce NO synthesis in endothelial cells compared to MPH. In the circulation, we observed a reduced total antioxidant capacity and augmented levels of soluble VCAM, ApoB, ApoCII, ApoCIII, IL-10, and IL-12p70, as well as the cardiovascular risk ratio ApoB/ApoAI, compared to MPH women. Conclusion: MSPH women present dysfunctional HDL and increased atherogenic cardiovascular risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate cholesterol esterification and HDL subclasses in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. Methods The study enrolled 70 AD patients and 74 cognitively normal controls comparable for age and sex. Lipoprotein profile, cholesterol esterification, and cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) were evaluated in plasma and CSF. Results AD patients have normal plasma lipids but significantly reduced unesterified cholesterol and unesterified/total cholesterol ratio. Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity and cholesterol esterification rate (CER), two measures of the efficiency of the esterification process, were reduced by 29% and 16%, respectively, in the plasma of AD patients. Plasma HDL subclass distribution in AD patients was comparable to that of controls but the content of small discoidal preβ-HDL particles was significantly reduced. In agreement with the reduced preβ-HDL particles, cholesterol efflux capacity mediated by the transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1 was reduced in AD patients’ plasma. The CSF unesterified to total cholesterol ratio was increased in AD patients, and CSF CER and CEC from astrocytes were significantly reduced in AD patients. In the AD group, a significant positive correlation was observed between plasma unesterified cholesterol and unesterified/total cholesterol ratio with Aβ1-42 CSF content. Conclusion Taken together our data indicate that cholesterol esterification is hampered in plasma and CSF of AD patients and that plasma cholesterol esterification biomarkers (unesterified cholesterol and unesterified/total cholesterol ratio) are significantly associated to disease biomarkers (i.e., CSF Aβ1-42).

Abstract Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized primarily by dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance. High‐density lipoprotein (HDL) play a significant role in preventing the incidence of dyslipidemia and its complications. HDL has different protective functions, such as reducing oxidation, vascular inflammation, and thrombosis; additionally, its anti‐diabetic role is one of the most significant recent discoveries about HDL and some of its constituent lipoproteins. Methods This research reviews ongoing studies and preliminary investigations into the assessment of relation between decreased level of HDL and T2DM. Results The levels of HDL and its functions contribute to glucose hemostasis and the development of T2DM through four possible mechanisms, including insulin secretion by beta cells, peripheral insulin sensitivity, non‐insulin‐dependent glucose uptake, and adipose tissue metabolic activity. Additionally, the anti‐oxidant properties of HDL protect beta cells from apoptosis caused by oxidative stress and inflammation induced by low‐density lipoprotein, which facilitate insulin secretion. Conclusion Therefore, HDL and its compositions, especially Apo A‐I, play an important role in regulating glucose metabolism, and decreased levels of HDL can be considered a risk factor for DM. Different factors, such as hypoalphalipoproteinemia that manifests as a consequence of genetic factors, such as Apo A‐I deficiency, as well as secondary causes arising from lifestyle choices and underlying medical conditions that decrease the level of HDL, could be associated with DM. Moreover, intricate connections between HDL and diabetic complications extend beyond glucose metabolism to encompass complications like cardiovascular disease and kidney disease. Therefore, the exact interactions between HDL level and DM should be evaluated in future studies.

Reconstituted high-density lipoproteins (rHDL) containing each policosanol from Cuba (Raydel®), China (Shaanxi Pioneer), and the United States (Lesstanol®) were synthesized to compare the physiological properties of policosanol depending on sources and origin countries. After synthesis with apolipoproteinA-I (apoA-I) into rHDL, all policosanols bound well with phospholipid and apoA-I to form discoidal rHDL. An rHDL containing Cuban policosanol (rHDL-1) showed the largest rHDL particle size of around 83 ± 3 nm, while rHDL containing Chinese policosanol (rHDL-2) or American policosanol (rHDL-3) showed smaller particles around 63 ± 3 nm and 60 ± 2 nm in diameter, respectively. The rHDL-1 showed the strongest anti-glycation activity to protect the apoA-I degradation of HDL from fructose-mediated glycation: approximately 2.7-times higher ability to suppress glycation and 1.4-times higher protection ability of apoA-I than that of rHDL-2 and rHDL-3. The rHDL-1 showed the highest antioxidant ability to inhibit cupric ion-mediated LDL oxidation in electromobility and the quantification of oxidized species. A microinjection of each rHDL into a zebrafish embryo in the presence of carboxymethyllysine (CML) showed that rHDL-1 displayed the strongest anti-oxidant activity with the highest embryo survivability, whereas rHDL-2 and rHDL-3 showed much weaker protection ability, similar to rHDL alone (rHDL-0). An intraperitoneal injection of CML (250 μg) into adult zebrafish caused acute death and hyperinflammation with an elevation of infiltration of neutrophils and IL-6 production in the liver. On the other hand, a co-injection of rHDL-1 resulted in the highest survivability and the strongest anti-inflammatory ability to suppress IL-6 production with an improvement of the blood lipid profile, such as elevation of HDL-C and lowering of the total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride. In conclusion, Cuban policosanol exhibited the most desirable properties for the in vitro synthesis of rHDL with the stabilization of apoA-I, the largest particle size, anti-glycation against fructation, and antioxidant activities to prevent LDL oxidation. Cuban policosanol in rHDL also exhibited the strongest in vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities with the highest survivability in zebrafish embryos and adults via the prevention of hyperinflammation in the presence of CML. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many policosanols from different sources, such as sugar cane and rice bran, have been marketed worldwide to improve blood lipid profiles. But so far, no comparative study has commenced elucidating the effect of different policosanols to improve the blood lipid profile and other beneficial effects. This study compared the efficacy of four different policosanols, including one sugar cane wax alcohol from Cuba (Raydel®) and three policosanols from China (Xi'an Natural sugar cane, Xi'an Realin sugar cane, and Shaanxi rice bran), to treat dyslipidemia in hyperlipidemic zebrafish. After 12 weeks of consumption of each policosanol (final 0.1% in diet, wt/wt) and a high-cholesterol diet (HCD, final 4%, wt/wt), the Raydel policosanol group and the Xi'an Natural policosanol group showed the highest survivability, of approximately 81%. In contrast, the Xi'an Realin policosanol and the Shaanxi policosanol groups showed 57% and 67% survivability, respectively. Among the five HCD groups, the Raydel policosanol group showed the lowest serum total cholesterol (TC, p < 0.001 versus HCD control) and triglyceride (p < 0.001 versus HCD control), with the highest percentage of high-density lipoproteins-cholesterol in TC. The Raydel policosanol group also showed the lowest serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels, with the least infiltration of inflammatory cells and interleukin-6 production in hepatocytes with a marked reduction in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and fatty liver changes. In the ovary, the Raydel policosanol group also showed the highest content of mature vitellogenic oocytes with the lowest production of reactive oxygen species and cellular apoptosis in ovarian cells. In the testes, the Raydel policosanol group also showed the healthiest morphology for spermatogenesis, with the lowest interstitial area and reactive oxygen species production in testicular cells. Conclusively, among the tested policosanols, Cuba (Raydel®) policosanol exhibited a comparatively better effect in maintaining zebrafish body weight, survivability, blood lipid profile, hepatic function biomarkers, fatty liver changes, ROS generation, inflammation, and restoration of the cell morphology in ovaries and testes affected by the HCD consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: High-density lipoproteins are often described as the 'good' cholesterol in the bloodstream, as this complex of lipids (fats) and proteins is known to protect many cells and tissues against damage. One aspect of this protective function may be the ability of this lipoprotein class to modify the expression of small pieces of RNA (microRNA) which can regulate the expression of networks of genes which encode proteins that mediate cellular functions. Understanding the sequences involved in sustaining cellular function may provide a novel route to new therapeutics. High-density lipoproteins (HDL) play an established role in protecting against cellular dysfunction in a variety of different disease contexts; however, harnessing this therapeutic potential has proved challenging due to the heterogeneous and relative instability of this lipoprotein and its variable cargo molecules. The purpose of this study is to examine the contribution of microRNA (miRNA; miR) sequences, either delivered directly or modulated endogenously, to these protective functions. This narrative review introduces the complex cargo carried by HDL, the protective functions associated with this lipoprotein, and the factors governing biogenesis, export and the uptake of microRNA. The possible mechanisms by which HDL can modulate the cellular miRNA landscape are considered, and the impact of key sequences modified by HDL is explored in diseases such as inflammation and immunity, wound healing, angiogenesis, dyslipidaemia, atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease, potentially offering new routes for therapeutic intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• PCSK9 GOF genetic variants deleteriously affected several metrics of HDL functionality. • Proteomic, glycomic and lipidomic composition of HDL was altered. • HDL from FH-PCSK9 patients was enriched in several lysophospholipids. • A2G2S2 glycan and apolipoprotein A-IV were enriched in HDL from FH-PCSK9 patients. • A novel mosaic structure-function model of HDL in FH was developed using network analysis. The role of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) in dyslipidemia may go beyond its immediate effects on low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) activity. This study aimed to assess PCSK9-derived alterations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) physiology, which bear a potential to contribute to cardiovascular risk profile. HDL was isolated from 33 patients with familial autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia (FH), including those carrying PCSK9 gain-of-function (GOF) genetic variants (FH-PCSK9, n = 11), together with two groups of dyslipidemic patients employed as controls and carrying genetic variants in the LDL-R not treated (ntFH-LDLR, n = 11) and treated (tFH-LDLR, n = 11) with statins, and 11 normolipidemic controls. Biological evaluations paralleled by proteomic, lipidomic and glycomic analyses were applied to characterize functional and compositional properties of HDL. Multiple deficiencies in the HDL function were identified in the FH-PCSK9 group relative to dyslipidemic FH-LDLR patients and normolipidemic controls, which involved reduced antioxidative, antiapoptotic, anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory activities. By contrast, cellular cholesterol efflux capacity of HDL was unchanged. In addition, multiple alterations of the proteomic, lipidomic and glycomic composition of HDL were found in the FH-PCSK9 group. Remarkably, HDLs from FH-PCSK9 patients were systematically enriched in several lysophospholipids as well as in A2G2S2 (GP13) glycan and apolipoprotein A-IV. Based on network analysis of functional and compositional data, a novel mosaic structure-function model of HDL biology involving FH was developed. Several metrics of anti-atherogenic HDL functionality are altered in FH-PCSK9 patients paralleled by distinct compositional alterations. These data provide a first-ever overview of the impact of GOF PCSK9 genetic variants on structure-function relationships in HDL. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are complex particles composed of a wide range of lipids, proteins, hormones and vitamins that confer to the HDL particles multiple cardiovascular protective properties, mainly against the development of atherosclerosis. Among other factors, the HDL lipidome is affected by diet. We hypothesized that diet supplementation with ω3 (docosahexaenoic acid: DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid: EPA) and phytosterols (PhyS) would improve the HDL lipid profile. Overweight subjects (n = 20) were enrolled in a two-arm longitudinal crossover study. Milk (250 mL/day), supplemented with either ω3 (EPA + DHA, 375 mg) or PhyS (1.6 g), was administered to the volunteers over two consecutive 28-day intervention periods, followed by HDL lipidomic analysis. The comprehensive lipid pattern revealed that the HDL lipidome is diet-dependent. ω3-milk supplementation produced more changes than PhyS, mainly in cholesteryl esters (CEs). After ω3-milk intake, levels of DHA and EPA within phosphatylcholines, triglycerides and CE lipids in HDLs increased (p < 0.05). The correlation between lipid species showed that lipid changes occur in a coordinated manner. Finally, our analysis revealed that the HDL lipidome is also sex-dependent. The HDL lipidome is affected by diet and sex, and the 4 weeks of ω3 supplementation induced HDL enrichment with EPA and DHA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atherosclerosis is a major contributor to the onset and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Cholesterol‐loaded foam cells play a pivotal role in forming atherosclerotic plaques. Induction of cholesterol efflux from these cells may be a promising approach in treating CVD. The reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway delivers cholesteryl ester (CE) packaged in high‐density lipoproteins (HDL) from non‐hepatic cells to the liver, thereby minimising cholesterol load of peripheral cells. RCT takes place via a well‐organised interplay amongst apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), scavenger receptor‐B1 (SR‐B1), and the amount of free cholesterol. Unfortunately, modulation of RCT for treating atherosclerosis has failed in clinical trials owing to our lack of understanding of the relationship between HDL function and RCT. The fate of non‐hepatic CEs in HDL is dependent on their access to proteins involved in remodelling and can be regulated at the structural level. An inadequate understanding of this inhibits the design of rational strategies for therapeutic interventions. Herein we extensively review the structure–function relationships that are essential for RCT. We also focus on genetic mutations that disturb the structural stability of proteins involved in RCT, rendering them partially or completely non‐functional. Further studies are necessary for understanding the structural aspects of RCT pathway completely, and this review highlights alternative theories and unanswered questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ozonated sunflower oil (OSO) is an established therapeutic agent and nutraceutical harboring various therapeutic values, including antiallergic, derma-protective, and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Conversely, the medicinal aspects of OSO for wound healing, tissue regeneration, and treatment of inflammation in dyslipidemia have yet to be fully elucidated. Herein, a comparative effect of OSO and sunflower oil (SO) was investigated to heal cutaneous wound and tissue regeneration of zebrafish impediment by carboxymethyllysine (CML) toxicity, following impact on hepatic inflammation and blood lipid profile. After OSO (final 2%, 1 μL) and SO's (final 2%, 1 μL) treatment, substantial healing was elicited by OSO in the cutaneous wound of zebrafish impaired by CML (final 25 μg). As an important event of wound healing, OSO scavenges the reactive oxygen species (ROS), rescues the wound from oxidative injury, and triggers the essential molecular events for the wound closer. Furthermore, the intraperitoneal injection of OSO was noted to counter the CML-induced adversity and prompt tissue regeneration in the amputated tail fin of zebrafish. Additionally, OSO counters the CML-induced neurotoxicity and rescues the zebrafish from acute mortality and paralysis, along with meticulous recovery of hepatic inflammation, fatty liver changes, and diminished ROS and proinflammatory interleukin (IL)-6 production. Moreover, OSO efficiently ameliorated CML-induced dyslipidemia by alleviating the total blood cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and increasing high-density lipoproteins cholesterol (HDL-C). The outcome of multivariate assessment employing principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis supports a superior therapeutic potential of OSO over SO against the clinical manifestation of CML. Conclusively, OSO owing to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, counters CML-induced toxicity and promotes wound healing, tissue regeneration, hepatoprotection, improved blood lipid profile, and survivability of zebrafish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the primary contributor to global mortality rates, which significantly escalates healthcare expenditures. Risk factors for ASCVD (including dyslipidemia) frequently present in clusters rather than separately. Addressing these risk factors is crucial in the early initiation of a comprehensive management plan that involves both lifestyle modifications and pharmacotherapy to reduce the impact of ASCVD. A team of Jordanian professionals from various medical organizations and institutes took the initiative to create a set of guidelines for dyslipidemia screening and therapy. A detailed, comprehensive literature review was undertaken utilizing several databases and keywords. This consensus statement provides recommendations for dyslipidemia management in Jordanians on several issues including cardiovascular risk estimation, screening eligibility, risk categories, treatment goals, lifestyle changes, and statin and non-statin therapies. It is recommended that all Jordanian individuals aged 20 years old or older undergo lipid profile testing. This should be followed by determining the level of cardiovascular risk depending on the presence or absence of ASCVD and cardiovascular risk factors, eligibility for lipid-lowering therapy, and the target low-density cholesterol serum level to be achieved. In conclusion, prioritizing the management of dyslipidemia is of the utmost importance in improving public health and reducing the burden of cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disease associated with a partial or absolute deficiency of insulin, hyperlipidemia, and impaired metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The present study aimed to compare the effects of different types of exercises on lipid profiles in menopausal women with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Fifty-six sedentary obese menopausal women with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into 4 groups: aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, combined exercise, and a control group. Each group, except the control group, participated in their respective exercises for 8 weeks. Blood samples were collected from the subjects before and 48 hours after the training period. Data were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and paired sample t tests, with a significance level set at P<0.05. All calculations were performed using SPSS v. 20. Results: Triglyceride levels significantly decreased in the aerobic exercise (P = 0.017) and combined exercise (P = 0.0001) groups. Low-density lipoprotein levels significantly decreased in aerobic exercise (P = 0.034), resistance exercise (P = 0.003), and combined exercise groups (P = 0.009). Cholesterol levels significantly decreased in the aerobic exercise (P = 0.0001), resistance exercise (P = 0.030), and combined exercise (P = 0.01) groups. Additionally, high - density lipoprotein levels significantly increased in the aerobic exercise (P = 0.041) and combined exercise (P = 0.002) groups. Conclusion: It appears that combined exercises, rather than resistance or endurance exercises alone, are a more appropriate intervention for improving lipid profiles in menopausal women with type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heart and metabolic diseases are very common in society today. There are many special features in their manifestation that have influence on prognosis and therapy approaches. Among them are gender characteristics. The aim of the research was to determine the gender peculiarities of disorders of lipid metabolism in patients with coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The study of the blood lipid spectrum in patients with coronary heart disease and T2DM was conducted in 72 patients aged 37 to 85 years old. The patients with coronary heart disease were divided into 2 groups depending on the presence or absence of T2DM: 1 group (n = 40) – patients with coronary heart disease only (Stable Angina Pectoris); group 2 (n = 32) – patients with coronary heart disease and T2DM. Each group was divided into subgroups depending on the gender of the patients: 1A and 2A – males, 1B and 2B – females. Despite the presence of T2DM, a majority of patients with coronary heart disease were overweight and obese. At the same time, obesity was more common in the female subgroups (1B – 45.0%, 2B – 64.7%) than in the male subgroups (1A – 35.0% and 2A – 33.3% respectively). There was an increase in the levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoproteins for impaired lipid metabolism in patients with coronary heart disease. There was a slightly higher level of total cholesterol (6.12 ± 2.06 mmol/L) and low-density lipoproteins (4.24 ± 1.79 mmol/L) and a lower level of triglycerides (1.63 ± 0.65 mmol/L) in females than in males (5.15 ± 1.29, 3.71 ± 1.14 and 2.40 ± 1.06 mmol/l, respectively). Disruption of lipid metabolism was characterized predominantly by an increase in levels of triglycerides and low-density lipoproteins in blood in patients with coronary heart disease and T2DM regardless of gender. About a quarter of males (25.0% with coronary heart disease and 26.7% with coronary heart disease with T2DM) and females with T2DM (23.5%) reached the target total cholesterol level (

El impacto de los cambios bioquímicos en el adulto mayor tiene el mismo factor en común ya que, presentan alteraciones en su vejez y los descritos se ven en el metabolismo de la glucosa como: morfológicos y funcionales. Los primeros se asocian a un aumento de grasa visceral, infiltración grasa de tejidos y menor masa de células beta, los segundos se observan en una mayor producción de adipocinas factores inflamatorios, al igual que, una mayor resistencia insulínica y diabetes. Los cambios en el metabolismo lipídico fluctúan y alteran las lipoproteínas, colesterol y triglicéridos; se puede evidenciar al medir dichos analitos séricos provocando así dislipidemias. La investigación está enfocada en identificar los principales cambios bioquímicos en los análisis de glucosa y perfil lipídico (colesterol, triglicéridos, HDL y LDL) en una población de 89 adultos mayores de la provincia de Tungurahua, Ecuador, a través de un estudio con diseño descriptivo, transversal, de campo. Mediante el software Minitab versión 18.1, se pudo determinar que con un intervalo de confianza del 95% no existen cambios en los analitos de glucosa, colesterol total, HDL y LDL. Por otra parte, con un intervalo de confianza del 95% del 100%, el 14% pueden tener un valor sobre los 150mg/dL en el analito de triglicéridos tanto en hombres como en mujeres. El porcentaje de pacientes con tendencia a padecer cambios bioquímicos es relativamente bajo en nuestra investigación, por lo que se ha determinado como un factor protector la actividad física que desarrollan los pacientes del estudio dado su forma de trabajo, pese a ello se destaca a la hipertrigliceridemia en un 14%. Asimismo, un alto porcentaje de pacientes geriátricos manifiesta haber desarrollado diabetes en un 64% (n= 57), pero demuestran un escaso conocimiento de la enfermedad, ya que dicen padecerla, pero no se refleja en los resultados de laboratorio que presenten tal enfermedad.

Background: High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) have antiatherogenic properties related to their chemical structure. Adipose tissue (AT) influences HDL reverse cholesterol transport and plasma HDL cholesterol levels. However, whether AT dysfunction affects HDL subpopulations and their glycation in early type 2 diabetes (T2D) is still unknown. Objective: To investigate the association of inflammation and AT dysfunction serum markers with the size and glycation of HDLs in normoglycemic, prediabetes, and T2D subjects. Methods: We assessed HDL particle size and advanced glycation end-product (AGE) content in HDLs isolated from normoglycemic (n = 17), prediabetes (n = 17), and recently T2D-diagnosed (n = 18) subjects. Insulin, adiponectin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) were determined using the Bio-Rad Multiplex Platform, and free fatty acids (FFAs) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were determined by standard procedures. The AT insulin resistance (ATIR) index and ATIR/adiponectin and adiponectin/leptin ratios were calculated. Results: HDL was progressively smaller (nm) and enriched with AGE (mg-BSA-AGE/mg protein) according to the glucose categories: 8.49 and 7.5 in normoglycemic subjects, 8.44 and 12.4 in prediabetic subjects, and 8.32 and 14.3 in T2D subjects (P = 0.033 and P = 0.009 for size and AGE, respectively). In multivariable regression analysis, the ATIR/adiponectin ratio was inversely associated with HDL size (β = -0.257, P = 0.046), and the ATIR ratio was directly associated with HDL glycation (β = 0.387, P = 0.036). In contrast, adiponectin and the adiponectin/leptin ratio were not associated with alterations in HDL particles. Furthermore, HDL size was associated with resistin (β = -0.348, P = 0.007) and PAI-1 (β = -0.324, P = 0.004). HDL and AGE were related to insulin concentrations (β = 0.458, P = 0.015). Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, triglycerides, and HDL-cholesterol. Conclusion: HDL size was significantly associated with the ATIR/adiponectin ratio and inflammation, whereas glycation was more strongly related to the ATIR index. These findings have important implications for the management and prevention of cardiovascular disease in T2D patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several preclinical studies have focused on the beneficial effects of garlic on cardiovascular diseases, but the results were inconsistent. We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis on the effect of garlic powder tablets and aged garlic extract (AGE) in CAD patients, mainly focusing on blood pressure, coronary artery calcification, lipid profile, and inflammatory markers. We searched PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Google Scholar to identify randomized controlled trials which examined garlic's effect on CAD patients. The standardized mean difference with 95% CI was calculated using fixed‐effect or random‐effect models. Garlic has shown statistically significant changes of HDL (SMD = 0.18; 95% CI = −0.00 to 0.37; p =.05); LDL (SMD = −0.27; 95% CI = −0.46 to −0.08; p =.004), apolipoprotein‐A (SMD = 0.68; 95% CI = 0.24 1.13; p =.002), C‐RP (SMD = −0.59; 95% CI = −0.92 to −0.25; p =.0007), IL‐6 (SMD = −1.08; 95% CI = −2.17 to 0.01; p =.05), homocysteine (SMD = −0.66; 95% CI = −1.04 to −0.28; p =.0007) and CAC score (SMD = −1.61; 95% CI = −2.66 to −0.57; p =.003). In the case of subgroup analysis, the overall effect was significantly effective in reducing TC, LDL levels and improving HDL levels in CV risk patients. Our study findings provide consistent evidence that intake of garlic reduces CVD risk factors. However, garlic could be considered a safe natural medicine to debilitate inflammation in CAD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate cholesterol esterification and HDL subclasses in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Methods: The study enrolled 70 AD patients and 74 cognitively normal controls comparable for age and sex. Lipoprotein profile, cholesterol esterification, and cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) were evaluated in plasma and CSF. Results: AD patients have normal plasma lipids but significantly reduced unesterified cholesterol and unesterified/total cholesterol ratio. Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity and cholesterol esterification rate (CER), two measures of the efficiency of the esterification process, were reduced by 29% and 16%, respectively, in the plasma of AD patients. Plasma HDL subclass distribution in AD patients was comparable to that of controls but the content of small discoidal preβ-HDL particles was significantly reduced. In agreement with the reduced preβ-HDL particles, cholesterol efflux capacity mediated by the transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1 was reduced in AD patients' plasma. The CSF unesterified to total cholesterol ratio was increased in AD patients, and CSF CER and CEC from astrocytes were significantly reduced in AD patients. In the AD group, a significant positive correlation was observed between plasma unesterified cholesterol and unesterified/total cholesterol ratio with Aβ1-42 CSF content. Conclusion: Taken together our data indicate that cholesterol esterification is hampered in plasma and CSF of AD patients and that plasma cholesterol esterification biomarkers (unesterified cholesterol and unesterified/total cholesterol ratio) are significantly associated to disease biomarkers (i.e., CSF Aβ1-42). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity and overweight, frequently caused by a lack of exercise, are associated with many metabolic diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Aerobic exercise effectively increases the high-density lipoproteins-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and alleviates the triglyceride (TG) levels. The consumption of Cuban policosanol (Raydel®) is also effective in enhancing the HDL-C quantity and HDL functionality to treat dyslipidemia and hypertension. On the other hand, no study has examined the effects of a combination of high-intensity exercise and policosanol consumption in obese subjects to improve metabolic disorders. In the current study, 17 obese subjects (average BMI 30.1 ± 1.1 kg/m2, eight male and nine female) were recruited to participate in a program combining exercise and policosanol (20 mg) consumption for 12 weeks. After completion, their BMI, waist circumference, total fat mass, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) reduced significantly up to around −15%, −13%, −33%, −11%, and −13%, respectively. In the serum lipid profile, at Week 12, a significant reduction was observed in the total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels, up to −17% and −54% from the baseline, respectively. The serum HDL-C was elevated by approximately +12% from the baseline, as well as the percentage of HDL-C in TC, and HDL-C/TC (%), was enhanced by up to +32% at Week 12. The serum coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) level was increased 1.2-fold from the baseline in all participants at Week 12. In particular, the male participants exhibited a 1.4-fold increase from the baseline. The larger rise in serum CoQ10 was correlated with the larger increase in the serum HDL-C (r = 0.621, p = 0.018). The hepatic function parameters were improved; the serum γ-glutamyl transferase decreased at Week 12 by up to −55% (p < 0.007), while the aspartate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase levels diminished within the normal range. In the lipoprotein level, the extent of oxidation and glycation were reduced significantly with the reduction in TG content. The antioxidant abilities of HDL, such as paraoxonase (PON) and ferric ion reduction ability (FRA), were enhanced significantly by up to 1.8-fold and 1.6-fold at Week 12. The particle size and number of HDL were elevated up to +10% during the 12 weeks, with a remarkable decline in the TG content, glycation extent, and oxidation. The improvements in HDL quality and functionality were linked to the higher survivability of adult zebrafish and their embryos, under the co-presence of carboxymethyllysine (CML), a pro-inflammatory molecule known to cause acute death. In conclusion, 12 weeks of Cuban policosanol (Raydel®, 20 mg) consumption with high-intensity exercise displayed a significant improvement in blood pressure, body fat mass, blood lipid profile without liver damage, CoQ10 metabolism, and renal impairment.

Abstract Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anthracycline antibiotic frequently used against a wide range of cancers, including breast cancer. Although the drug is effective as a treatment against cancer, many patients develop heart failure (HF) months to years following their last treatment with DOX. The challenge in preventing DOX-induced cardiotoxicity is that symptoms present after damage has already occurred in the myocardium. Therefore, early biomarkers to assess DOX-induced cardiotoxicity are urgently needed. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the toxicity is important as this may facilitate the development of novel early biomarkers or therapeutic approaches. In this review, we discuss the role of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles and its components as possible key players in the early development of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. HDL particles exist in different subclasses which vary in composition and biological functionality. Multiple cardiovascular risk factors are associated with a change in HDL subclasses, resulting in modifications of their composition and physiological functions. There is growing evidence in the literature suggesting that cancer affects HDL subclasses and that healthy HDL particles enriched with sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) protect against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. Here, we therefore discuss associations and relationships between HDL, DOX and cancer and discuss whether assessing HDL subclass/composition/function may be considered as a possible early biomarker to detect DOX-induced cardiotoxicity.

Aim of the study was to analyze the course and outcomes of a new coronavirus infection depending on the level of high-density lipoproteins in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Material and methods. A retrospective analysis of the medical histories of 208 patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of COVID-19 was carried out. Depending on the level of high-density lipoproteins (HDL), patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 – patients with «low» HDL < 0.83 mmol/l, group 2 – patients with «high» HDL ≥ 0.83 mmol/l. The relationship between HDL levels measured at the beginning of hospitalization and the severity of the course and outcomes of coronavirus infection was evaluated. The primary endpoint was nosocomial death, secondary points: the development of complications of coronavirus infection, the duration of hospitalization, the duration of fever, the duration of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU). Results. In hospitalized patients with COVID-19, lipid profile disorders were observed in the form of a decrease in HDL (

Policosanols from various sources, such as sugar cane, rice bran, and insects, have been marketed to prevent dyslipidemia, diabetes, and hypertension by increasing the blood high-density lipoproteins cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. On the other hand, there has been no study on how each policosanol influences the quality of HDL particles and their functionality. Reconstituted high-density lipoproteins (rHDLs) with apolipoprotein (apo) A-I and each policosanol were synthesized using the sodium cholate dialysis method to compare the policosanols in lipoprotein metabolism. Each rHDL was compared regarding the particle size and shape, antioxidant activity, and anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in zebrafish embryos. This study compared four policosanols including one policosanol from Cuba (Raydel® policosanol) and three policosanols from China (Xi'an Natural sugar cane, Xi'an Realin sugar cane, and Shaanxi rice bran). The synthesis of rHDLs with various policosanols (PCO) from Cuba or China using a molar ratio of 95:5:1:1 with palmitoyloleoyl phosphatidylcholine (POPC): free cholesterol (FC): apoA-I:PCO (wt:wt) showed that rHDL containing Cuban policosanol (rHDL-1) showed the largest particle size and the most distinct particle shape. The rHDL-1 showed a 23% larger particle diameter and increased apoA-I molecular weight with a 1.9 nm blue shift of the maximum wavelength fluorescence than rHDL alone (rHDL-0). Other rHDLs containing Chinese policosanols (rHDL-2, rHDL-3, and rHDL-4) showed similar particle sizes with an rHDL-0 and 1.1–1.3 nm blue shift of wavelength maximum fluorescence (WMF). Among all rHDLs, the rHDL-1 showed the strongest antioxidant ability to inhibit cupric ion-mediated LDL oxidation. The rHDL-1-treated LDL showed the most distinct band intensity and particle morphology compared with the other rHDLs. The rHDL-1 also exerted the highest anti-glycation activity to inhibit the fructose-mediated glycation of human HDL2 with the protection of apoA-I from proteolytic degradation. At the same time, other rHDLs showed a loss of anti-glycation activity with severe degradation. A microinjection of each rHDL alone showed that rHDL-1 had the highest survivability of approximately 85 ± 3%, with the fastest developmental speed and morphology. In contrast, rHDL-3 showed the lowest survivability, around 71 ± 5%, with the slowest developmental speed. A microinjection of carboxymethyllysine (CML), a pro-inflammatory advanced glycated end product, into zebrafish embryos resulted in severe embryo death of approximately 30 ± 3% and developmental defects with the slowest developmental speed. On the other hand, the phosphate buffered saline (PBS)-injected embryo showed 83 ± 3% survivability. A co-injection of CML and each rHDL into adult zebrafish showed that rHDL-1 (Cuban policosanol) induced the highest survivability, around 85 ± 3%, while rHDL-0 showed 67 ± 7% survivability. In addition, rHDL-2, rHDL-3, and rHDL-4 showed 67 ± 5%, 62 ± 37, and 71 ± 6% survivability, respectively, with a slower developmental speed and morphology. In conclusion, Cuban policosanol showed the strongest ability to form rHDLs with the most distinct morphology and the largest size. The rHDL-containing Cuban policosanol (rHDL-1) showed the strongest antioxidant ability against LDL oxidation, anti-glycation activity to protect apoA-I from degradation, and the highest anti-inflammatory activity to protect embryo death under the presence of CML. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regular exercise, especially aerobic exercise, is beneficial for increasing serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in the general population. In addition to the HDL-C quantity, exercise enhances HDL functionality, antioxidants, and cholesterol efflux. On the other hand, the optimal intensity and frequency of exercise to increase HDL quantity and enhance HDL quality in middle-aged women need to be determined. The current study was designed to compare the changes in HDL quantity and quality among middle-aged women depending on exercise intensity, frequency, and duration; participants were divided into a sedentary group (group 1), a middle-intensity group (group 2), and a high-intensity group (group 3). There were no differences in anthropometric parameters among the groups, including blood pressure, muscle mass, and handgrip strength. Although there was no difference in serum total cholesterol (TC) among the groups, the serum HDL-C and apolipoprotein (apo)A-I levels remarkably increased to 17% and 12%, respectively, in group 3. Serum low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), glucose, triglyceride, and the apo-B/apoA-I ratio were remarkably decreased in the exercise groups depending on the exercise intensity; group 3 showed 13%, 10%, and 45% lower LDL-C, glucose, and triglyceride (TG), respectively, than group 1. The hepatic and muscle damage parameter, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), was significantly decreased in the exercise groups, but high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-GTP) were similar in the three groups. In LDL, the particle size was increased 1.5-fold (p < 0.001), and the oxidation extent was decreased by 40% with a 23% lower TG content in group 3 than in group 1. In the exercise groups (groups 2 and 3), LDL showed the slowest electromobility with a distinct band intensity compared to the sedentary group (group 1). In HDL2, the particle size was 2.1-fold increased (p < 0.001) in the exercise group (group 3) with a 1.5-fold increase in TC content compared to that in group 1, as well as significantly enhanced antioxidant abilities, paraoxonase (PON) activity, and ferric ion reduction ability (FRA). In HDL3, the particle size was increased 1.2-fold with a 45% reduction in TG in group 3 compared to group 1. With increasing exercise intensity, apoA-I expression was increased in HDL2 and HDL3, and PON activity and FRA were enhanced (p < 0.001). In conclusion, regular exercise in middle-aged women is associated with the elevation of serum HDL-C and apoA-I with the enhancement of HDL quality and functionality and an increase in the TC content, particle size, and antioxidant abilities. With the reduction in TG and oxidized products in LDL and HDL, lipoproteins could have more anti-atherogenic properties through regular exercise in an intensity-dependent manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcohol abuse, a global health problem, is closely associated with many pathological processes, such as dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease. In particular, excessive alcohol consumption promotes dyslipidemia and liver damage, such as hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Beeswax alcohol (BWA) is a natural product used for its antioxidant properties that has not been evaluated for its efficacy in alcohol-induced liver injury. In the present study, zebrafish were exposed to 1% ethanol with supplementation of 10% fermented black rice bran (BRB-F), 10% BWA, or 10% mixtures of BWA+BRB-F (MIX). The BRB-F, BWA, and MIX supplementation increased the survival rate dramatically without affecting the body weight changes. In histology of hepatic tissue, alcoholic foamy degeneration was ameliorated by the BWA or MIX supplements. Moreover, dihydroethidium (DHE) and immunohistochemistry staining suggested that the MIX supplement decreased the hepatic ROS production and interleukin-6 expression significantly owing to the enhanced antioxidant properties, such as paraoxonase. Furthermore, the MIX supplement improved alcohol-induced dyslipidemia and oxidative stress. The BWA and MIX groups showed lower blood total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels with higher high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) than the alcohol-alone group. The MIX group showed the highest HDL-C/TC ratio and HDL-C/TG ratio with the lowest low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-C/HDL-C ratio. In conclusion, BWA and BRB-F showed efficacy to treat alcohol-related metabolic disorders, but the MIX supplement was more effective in ameliorating the liver damage and dyslipidemia, which agrees with an enhanced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity exhibited by BWA/BRB-F in a synergistic manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Today, the possible side effects of chemical medicines in the treatment of various diseases, on the one hand and the positive effects of herbal medicines and reducing the negative effects of their use on the other hand, have led researchers to identify, analyze, purify and use beneficial compounds in such plants. Olive leaf extract, due to its beneficial chemical compounds, has been used as an effective herbal medicine in the treatment of various human and animal diseases. Methods: In this study, the effect of olive leaf nutrition in different weeks of breeding period on performance and metabolic abnormalities was investigated; using 336 male Arian strain chickens in a completely randomized format with six treatments, four replications, and14 birds in each replication for of broiler blood, such as triglycerides, cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), total protein, and blood glucose based on the AOAO 1990 method, were assessed. Results: The mean difference of blood metabolites such as triglyceride and HDL among different treatments were not significant (P=0.05), however, for LDL and blood cholesterol levels this difference was significant (P <0.05). Regarding the anti-diabetic and hypoglycemic function of olive leaf extract in regulating blood glucose and increasing serum insulin, as well as the average total protein, the results showed no significant difference. Conclusions: As a conclusion, the results of this research showed that the use of 1% olive leaves in broiler chickens' diet does not have a negative effect on functional traits and live weight. Therefore, present results emphasize that broiler chickens can be given olive leaf extract at 1%, while future studies conducting onfarm conditions may pronounce its impact on growth performance. Olive leaf can be used in diets of broilers and further studies on-farm conditions may justify its impact on growth performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammation and oxidative stress are essential components in a myriad of pathogenic entities that lead to metabolic and chronic diseases. Moreover, inflammation in its different phases is necessary for the initiation and maintenance of a healthy pregnancy. Therefore, an equilibrium between a necessary/pathologic level of inflammation and oxidative stress during pregnancy is needed to avoid disease development. High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are important for a healthy pregnancy and a good neonatal outcome. Their role in fetal development during challenging situations is vital for maintaining the equilibrium. However, in certain conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, and other cardiovascular diseases, it has been observed that HDL loses its protective properties, becoming dysfunctional. Bioactive compounds have been widely studied as mediators of inflammation and oxidative stress in different diseases, but their mechanisms of action are still unknown. Nonetheless, these agents, which are obtained from functional foods, increase the concentration of HDL, TRC, and antioxidant activity. Therefore, this review first summarizes several mechanisms of HDL participation in the equilibrium between inflammation and oxidative stress. Second, it gives an insight into how HDL may act as a vector for bioactive compounds. Third, it describes the relationships between the inflammation process in pregnancy and HDL activity. Consequently, different databases were used, including MEDLINE, PubMed, and Scopus, where scientific articles published in the English language up to 2023 were identified.

IntroductionApolipoprotein-A1 (Apo-A1) acts as a negative acute phase protein (APP) during inflammatory states, and has a potential prognostic value in people and dogs with sepsis. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the association of serum Apo-A1 concentration with disease severity, multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and outcome in a population of dogs with sepsis, and to assess its correlation with major canine APPs.MethodsNinety-nine dogs with uncomplicated sepsis (n = 78) or septic shock (n = 21) were included. The serum concentration of Apo-A1, C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA) were recorded, alongside the canine acute patient physiologic and laboratory evaluation fast (APPLEfast) score and the presence of MODS.ResultsDogs with septic shock had significantly lower serum Apo-A1 concentrations (106.3 ± 22.7 mg/dl; reference interval: 123.0–142.3 mg/dl), higher APPLEfast score (30, 13–38) and greater frequency of MODS (67%) compared to those with uncomplicated sepsis (117.9 ± 19.3 mg/dl; 25, 6–33 and 8%, respectively) (P = 0.0201; P = 0.0005; P < 0.0001, respectively). Similarly, dogs with MODS had significantly lower serum Apo-A1 concentrations (104.1 ± 4.6 mg/dl) and higher APPLEfast score values (31, 13–38) compared to those without MODS (118.32 ± 2.1 mg/dl and 26, 6–33, respectively) (P = 0.0050 and P = 0.0038, respectively). Conversely, neither CRP nor SAA were different between these groups. No difference in serum APPs concentrations was detected between survivors and non-survivors. Significant negative correlations were detected between serum Apo-A1 and SAA (P = 0.0056, r = −0.277), and between serum Apo-A1 and the APPLEfast score (P = 0.0027, r = −0.3). In this population, higher values of the APPLEfast score and the presence of MODS were independently associated with a higher risk of death.DiscussionOur study shows that Apo-A1 is a useful biomarker of sepsis severity in dogs, since it is decreased in those with septic shock and MODS. Further prospective investigations are deemed to evaluate the applicability of Apo-A1 to predict sepsis course and response to treatment in septic dogs.