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Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are transient radio signals with millisecond-duration, large dispersion measure and extremely high brightness temperature. Among them, FRB 20180916B has been found to have a 16 days periodically modulated activity. However, the physical origin of the periodicity is still a mystery. Here, we utilize the comprehensive observational data to diagnose the periodic models. We find that the ultralong rotation model is the most probable one for the periodic activity. However, this model cannot reproduce the observed rotation measure (RM) variations. We propose a self-consistent model, i.e., a massive star binary containing a slowly rotational neutron star and a massive star with large mass loss, which can naturally accommodate the wealth of observational features for FRB 20180916B. In this model, the RM variation is periodic, which can be tested by future observations.

We model the spectral formation occurring in the binary X-ray pulsar (XRP) RX J0209.6−7427 during the 2019 super-Eddington outburst. Using a theoretical model previously developed by the authors, we are able to produce spectra that closely resemble the phase-averaged X-ray spectra observed using the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array and Insight-HXMT during low- and high-luminosity states of the outburst, respectively. The theoretical model simulates the accretion of fully ionized gas in a dipole magnetic field and includes a complete description of the radiation hydrodynamics, matter distribution, and spectral formation. Type II X-ray outbursts provide an opportunity to study accretion over a large range of luminosities for the same neutron star. The analysis performed here represents the first time both the outburst low and high states of an accretion-powered XRP are modeled using a physics-based model rather than standard phenomenological fitting with arbitrary mathematical functions. We find that the outer polar cap radius remains constant and the column is more fully filled with increasing luminosity, Comptonized bremsstrahlung dominates the formation of the phase-averaged X-ray spectrum, and a negative correlation exists between cyclotron centroid energy and luminosity, as expected. The super-Eddington nature of the outburst is rendered possible owing to the low scattering cross section for photons propagating parallel to the magnetic field. We also find that emission through the column top dominates in both the low and high states, implying that the pulse profiles should have a roughly sinusoidal shape, which agrees with observed properties of ultraluminous XRPs.

We report on the discovery of Swift J010902.6-723710, a rare eclipsing Be/X-ray Binary system by the Swift SMC Survey (S-CUBED). Swift J010902.6-723710 was discovered via weekly S-CUBED monitoring observations when it was observed to enter a state of X-ray outburst on 2023 October 10. X-ray emission was found to be modulated by a 182 s period. Optical spectroscopy is used to confirm the presence of a highly inclined circumstellar disk surrounding a B0-0.5Ve optical companion. Historical UV and IR photometry is then used to identify strong eclipse-like features reoccurring in both light curves with a 60.623 day period, which is adopted as the orbital period of the system. Eclipsing behavior is found to be the result of a large accretion disk surrounding the neutron star. Eclipses are produced when the disk passes in front of the OBe companion, blocking light from both the stellar surface and circumstellar disk. This is only the third Be/X-ray binary to have confirmed eclipses. We note that this rare behavior provides an important opportunity to constrain the physical parameters of a Be/X-ray binary with greater accuracy than is possible in noneclipsing systems.

How astrophysical systems translate the kinetic energy of bulk motion into the acceleration of particles to very high energies is a pressing question. SS 433 is a microquasar that emits TeV γ -rays indicating the presence of high-energy particles. A region of hard X-ray emission in the eastern lobe of SS 433 was recently identified as an acceleration site. We observed this region with the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer and measured a polarization degree in the range 38%–77%. The high polarization degree indicates the magnetic field has a well-ordered component if the X-rays are due to synchrotron emission. The polarization angle is in the range −12° to +10° (east of north), which indicates that the magnetic field is parallel to the jet. Magnetic fields parallel to the bulk flow have also been found in supernova remnants and the jets of powerful radio galaxies. This may be caused by interaction of the flow with the ambient medium.

XTE J1829−098 is a transient X-ray pulsar with a period of ∼7.8 s. It is a candidate Be star system, although the evidence for this is not yet definitive. We investigated the twenty-year-long X-ray light curve using the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer Proportional Counter Array (PCA), Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory Burst Alert Telescope, and the Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image. We find that all three light curves are clearly modulated on the ∼244 days orbital period previously reported from PCA monitoring observations, with outbursts confined to a narrow phase range. The light curves also show that XTE J1829−098 was in an inactive state between approximately 2008 December and 2018 April, and no strong outbursts occurred. Such behavior is typical of Be X-ray binary systems, with the absence of outbursts likely related to the dissipation of the Be star's decretion disk. The mean outburst shapes can be approximated with a triangular profile and, from a joint fit of this to all three light curves, we refine the orbital period to 243.95 ± 0.04 days. The mean outburst profile does not show any asymmetry and has a total phase duration of 0.140 ± 0.007. However, the PCA light curve shows that there is considerable cycle-to-cycle variability of the individual outbursts. We compare the properties of XTE J1829−098 with other sources that show short phase-duration outbursts, in particular GS 1843−02 (2S 1845−024), which has a very similar orbital period, but longer pulse period, and whose orbit is known to be highly eccentric.

Very-high-energy (0.1–100 TeV) gamma-ray emissions were observed in High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) data from the lobes of the microquasar SS 433, making them the first set of astrophysical jets that were resolved at TeV energies. In this work, we update the analysis of SS 433 using 2565 days of data from the HAWC observatory. Our analysis reports the detection of a point-like source in the east lobe at a significance of 6.6 σ and in the west lobe at a significance of 8.2 σ . For each jet lobe, we localize the gamma-ray emission and identify a best-fit position. The locations are close to the X-ray emission sites “e1” and “w1” for the east and west lobes, respectively. We analyze the spectral energy distributions and find that the energy spectra of the lobes are consistent with a simple power law d N / d E ∝ E ^α with $\alpha =-{2.44}_{-0.12-0.04}^{+0.13+0.04}$ and $\alpha =-{2.35}_{-0.11-0.03}^{+0.12+0.03}$ for the east and west lobes, respectively. The maximum energy of photons from the east and west lobes reaches 56 TeV and 123 TeV, respectively. We compare our observations to various models and conclude that the very-high-energy gamma-ray emission can be produced by a population of electrons that were efficiently accelerated.

Binary stars are responsible for many unusual astrophysical phenomena, including some important explosive cosmic events. The stability criteria for rapid mass transfer and common-envelope evolution are fundamental to binary star evolution. They determine the mass, mass ratio, and orbital distribution of systems such as X-ray binaries and merging gravitational-wave sources. We use our adiabatic mass-loss model to systematically survey metal-poor and solar-metallicity donor thresholds for dynamical timescale mass transfer. The critical mass ratios q _ad are systematically explored and the impact of metallicity and nonconservative mass transfer are studied. For metal-poor radiative-envelope donors, q _ad are smaller than those for solar-metallicity stars at the same evolutionary stage. However, q _ad do the opposite for convective-envelope donors. Nonconservative mass transfer significantly decreases q _ad for massive donors. This is because it matters how conservative mass transfer is during the thermal timescale phase immediately preceding a delayed dynamical mass transfer. We apply our theoretical predictions to observed high-mass X-ray binaries that have overfilled their Roche lobes and find a good agreement with their mass ratios. Our results can be applied to study individual binary objects or large samples of binary objects with binary population synthesis codes.

Gamma-ray emission is observed coincident in position to the evolved, composite supernova remnant (SNR) B0453–685. Prior multiwavelength investigations of the region indicate that the pulsar wind nebula (PWN) within the SNR is the most likely origin for the observed gamma rays, with a possible pulsar contribution that becomes significant at energies below E ∼ 5 GeV. Constraints on the PWN hard X-ray spectrum are important for the most accurate broadband representation of PWN emission and determining the presence of a gamma-ray pulsar component. The results of Parkes radio and Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) X-ray observations are presented on PWN B0453–685. We perform a search for the central pulsar in the new Parkes radio data, finding an upper limit of 12 μ Jy. A pulsation search in the new NuSTAR observations additionally provides a 3 σ upper limit on the hard X-ray pulsed fraction of 56%. The PWN is best characterized with a photon index Γ _X = 1.91 ± 0.20 in the 3–78 keV NuSTAR data, and the results are incorporated into existing broadband models. Last, we characterize a serendipitous source detected by Chandra and NuSTAR that is considered a new high-mass X-ray binary candidate.

While binary merger events have been an active area of study in both simulations and observational work, the formation channels by which a high-mass star extends from Roche lobe overflow (RLO) in a decaying orbit of a black-hole (BH) companion to a binary black-hole (BBH) system merits further investigation. Variable length-scales must be employed to accurately represent the dynamical fluid transfer and morphological development of the primary star as it conforms to a diminishing Roche lobe under the runaway influence of the proximal BH. We have simulated and evolved binary mass flow under these conditions to better identify the key transitional processes from RLO to BBHs. We demonstrate a new methodology to model RLO systems to unprecedented resolution simultaneously across the envelope, donor wind, tidal stream, and accretion disk regimes without reliance upon previously universal symmetry, mass flux, and angular momentum flux assumptions. We have applied this method to the semidetached high-mass X-ray binary M33 X-7 in order to provide a direct comparison to recent observations of an RLO candidate system at two overflow states of overfilling factors f = 1.01 and f = 1.1. We found extreme overflow ( f = 1.1) to be entirely conservative in both mass and angular momentum transport, forming a conical L1 tidal stream of density and deflected angle comparable to existing predictions. This case lies within the unstable mass transfer (MT) regime as recently proposed of M33 X-7. The f = 1.01 case differed in stream geometry, accretion disk size, and efficiency, demonstrating nonconservative stable MT through a ballistic uniform-width stream. The nonconservative and stable nature of the f = 1.01 case MT also suggests that existing assumptions of semidetached binaries undergoing RLO may mischaracterize their role and distribution as progenitors of BBHs and common envelopes.

We report the timing and spectral studies of the accreting X-ray pulsar 4U 2206+54 using AstroSat and Insight-HXMT observations taken in 2016 and 2020 respectively. X-ray pulsations from the system are detected by both missions. The AstroSat discovered a significant periodic signal at ∼5619 s in 2016, and Insight-HXMT found a pulsation period at ∼5291 s in 2020. A comparison of its spin-period evolution with the present spin-period estimates shows that the neutron star in 4U 2206+54 now has recently been undergoing a spin-up episode after attaining to its slow pulsations of 5750 s around 2015 from its prolonged spin-down phase. The present average spin-up rate of the pulsar is found to be at ∼1.2 × 10 ^−13 Hz s ^−1 . The phase-averaged spectra of the pulsar in 1–60 keV could be explained with a high-energy cutoff power-law continuum model; no evident line features are found with AstroSat. The application of Comptonization models such as comptt and compmag to the phase-averaged spectra of 4U 2206+54 reveals a hotter source photon region near the pulsar with an emission size extending to ∼2–2.8 km. Using the quasi-spherical settling accretion theory, we explain the present spin-up and the possibility of the strong magnetic field of the pulsar.

Be X-ray binaries (Be-XRBs) are one of the largest subclasses of high-mass X-ray binaries, comprised of a rapidly rotating Be star and neutron star companion in an eccentric orbit, intermittently accreting material from a decretion disk around the donor. Originating from binary stellar evolution, Be-XRBs are of significant interest to binary population synthesis (BPS) studies, encapsulating the physics of supernovae, common envelope, and mass transfer (MT). Using the state-of-the-art BPS code, POSYDON , which relies on precomputed grids of detailed binary stellar evolution models, we investigate the Galactic Be-XRB population. POSYDON incorporates stellar rotation self-consistently during MT phases, enabling detailed examination of the rotational distribution of Be stars in multiple phases of evolution. Our fiducial BPS and Be-XRB model aligns well with the orbital properties of Galactic Be-XRBs, emphasizing the role of rotational constraints. Our modeling reveals a rapidly rotating population ( ω / ω _crit ≳ 0.3) of Be-XRB-like systems with a strong peak at intermediate rotation rates ( ω / ω _crit ≃ 0.6) in close alignment with observations. All Be-XRBs undergo an MT phase before the first compact object forms, with over half experiencing a second MT phase from a stripped helium companion (Case BB). Computing rotationally limited MT efficiencies and applying them to our population, we derive a physically motivated MT efficiency distribution, finding that most Be-XRBs have undergone highly nonconservative MT ( ${\bar{\beta }}_{\mathrm{rot}}\simeq 0.15$ ). Our study underscores the importance of detailed angular momentum modeling during MT in interpreting Be-XRB populations, emphasizing this population as a key probe for the stability and efficiency of MT in interacting binaries.

Many accretion-powered pulsars rotate in magnetocentrifugal disequilibrium, spinning up or down secularly over multiyear intervals. The magnetic dipole moment μ of such systems cannot be inferred uniquely from the time-averaged aperiodic X-ray flux 〈 L ( t )〉 and pulse period 〈 P ( t )〉, because the radiative efficiency of the accretion is unknown and degenerate with the mass accretion rate. Here, we circumvent the degeneracy by tracking the fluctuations in the unaveraged time series L ( t ) and P ( t ) using an unscented Kalman filter, whereupon μ can be estimated uniquely, up to the uncertainties in the mass, radius, and distance of the star. The analysis is performed on Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer observations for 24 X-ray transients in the Small Magellanic Cloud, which have been monitored regularly for ∼16 yr. As well as independent estimates of μ , the analysis yields time-resolved histories of the mass accretion rate and the Maxwell stress at the disk–magnetosphere boundary for each star, and hence auto- and cross-correlations involving the latter two state variables. The inferred fluctuation statistics convey important information about the complex accretion physics at the disk–magnetosphere boundary.

We present an analysis of X-ray observations of the ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX) in I Zw 18 based on archival data taken with Chandra, XMM-Newton, and Suzaku. This ULX is considered to be an intermediate-mass black hole candidate simply because it is in the lowest-metallicity environment among ULXs, where the formation of heavy black holes is facilitated. However, actual study of the ULX based on observations spanning for a long period has been too limited to determine its nature. In this study, we investigate the spectral evolution of the ULX up to 2014, combining the previously unpublished Suzaku data with those from the other two satellites. We derive a positive correlation of $L\propto {T}_{\mathrm{in}}^{2.1\pm 0.4}$ between the bolometric luminosity L and inner-disk temperature T _in on the basis of the multicolor disk blackbody model, where we exclude the Chandra data, which have the lowest luminosity and systematic residuals in the fitting. The nominal relation $L\propto {T}_{\mathrm{in}}^{4}$ for the standard disk is rejected at a significance level of 1.5%. These results suggest that the ULX was in the slim-disk state during these observations except at the time of the Chandra observation, in which the ULX was likely to be in a different state. The apparent inner-disk radius appears negatively correlated with the inner-disk temperature. Moreover, we find a radial dependence of the disk temperature of T ( r ) ∝ r ^− ^p with p < 0.75, which also supports the hypothesis that the ULX has a slim disk. Therefore, the I Zw 18 ULX is most likely to be powered by a stellar-mass compact object in supercritical accretion.

The population-wide properties and demographics of extragalactic X-ray binaries (XRBs) correlate with the star formation rates (SFRs), stellar masses ( M _⋆ ), and environmental factors (such as metallicity, Z ) of their host galaxy. Although there is evidence that XRB scaling relations ( L _X /SFR for high-mass XRBs (HMXBs) and L _X / M _⋆ for low-mass XRBs) may depend on metallicity and stellar age across large samples of XRB-hosting galaxies, disentangling the effects of metallicity and stellar age from stochastic effects, particularly on subgalactic scales, remains a challenge. We use archival X-ray through IR observations of the nearby galaxy NGC 300 to self-consistently model the broadband spectral energy distribution and examine radial trends in its XRB population. We measure a current (

Based on Insight-HXMT observations of EXO 2030+375 during its 2021 giant outburst, we report the analysis of pulse variations and the broadband X-ray spectrum, and find the presence of a potential cyclotron resonant scattering feature (CRSF) with the fundamental line at ∼47 keV from both average spectra and phase-resolved spectroscopy. During the outburst, the source reached an X-ray luminosity of ∼10 ^38 erg s ^−1 from 2 to 105 keV at a distance of 7.1 kpc. The X-ray pulsar at the spin period of 41.27 ± 0.61 s exhibits complex timing and spectral variations with both energy and luminosity during the outburst. The shapes of the pulse profiles show the single main peak above ∼20 keV, while appearing to exhibit multipeak patterns in low-energy bands, and the transition of the 10–20 keV pulse profiles from multipeak to single peak is observed at ∼0.8 × 10 ^38 erg s ^−1 , which suggests the evolution from the subcritical luminosity (pencil-beam dominated) to the supercritical luminosity (fan-beam dominated) regime. A dip structure before the energy of the CRSFs is found in the pulse fraction–energy relation of EXO 2030+375 near the peak luminosity. A detailed analysis of spectral parameters showed that the power-law photon index exhibits three distinct trends as luminosity increases, and these spectral changes also signify a spectral transition from subcritical to supercritical regimes. The critical luminosity infers a magnetic field of ∼(4.8−6.0) × 10 ^12 G, which supports the presence of the cyclotron line at ∼47 keV. A Comptonization model applied for the broad X-ray spectra during the outburst also suggests the surface magnetic field ranging from ∼(5−9) × 10 ^12 G.

We analyze features of the Fe K spectrum of the high-mass X-ray binary Cygnus X-3. The spectrum was obtained with the Chandra High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer in the third diffraction order. The increased energy resolution of the third order enables us to fully resolve the Fe xxv He α complex and the Fe xxvi Ly α lines. The emission-line spectrum shows the expected features of photoionization equilibrium, excited in the dense stellar wind of the companion star. We detect discrete emission from inner-shell transitions, in addition to absorption likely due to multiple unresolved transitions in lower ionization states. The emission-line intensity ratios observed in the range of the spectrum occupied by the Fe xxv n = 1–2 forbidden and intercombination lines suggest that there is a substantial contribution from resonantly scattered inner-shell emission from the Li- and Be-like ionization states. The Fe xxv forbidden and intercombination lines arise in the ionization zone closest to the compact object, and since they are not subject to radiative-transfer effects, we can use them in principle to constrain the radial velocity amplitude of the compact object. We infer that the results indicate a compact object mass of the order of the mass of the Wolf–Rayet companion star, but we note that the presence of resonantly scattered radiation from Li-like ions may complicate the interpretation of the He-like emission spectrum, and specifically of the radial velocity curve of the Fe xxv forbidden line.

The Fermi All-sky Variability Analysis (FAVA) provides a photometric alternative for identifying week-long gamma-ray flares across the entire sky while being independent of any diffuse Galactic or isotropic emission model. We reviewed 779 weeks of Fermi Large Area Telescope data analyzed by FAVA to estimate the rate and origin of Galactic gamma-ray flares, and to search for new variable Galactic gamma-ray transients. We report an estimated yearly rate of ∼8.5 Galactic gamma-ray flares yr ^–1 , with ∼1 flare yr ^–1 coming from unknown sources. Out of the known gamma-ray sources that are spatially coincident with these detected flares, we report gamma-ray flares for six of them for the first time. All six are classified as pulsars, or a source of unknown nature but which positionally overlaps with known supernova remnants or pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe). This potentially means these sites are tentative candidates to be the second known site of a variable gamma-ray PWN, after the famous Crab Nebula’s PWN. Additionally, we identify nine unassociated flares that are unlikely to have originated from known gamma-ray sources.

Although the study of X-ray binaries has led to major breakthroughs in high-energy astrophysics, their circumbinary environment at scales of ∼100–10,000 au has not been thoroughly investigated. In this paper, we undertake a novel and exploratory study by employing direct and high-contrast imaging techniques on a sample of X-ray binaries, using adaptive optics and the vortex coronagraph on Keck/NIRC2. High-contrast imaging opens up the possibility to search for exoplanets, brown dwarfs, circumbinary companion stars, and protoplanetary disks in these extreme systems. Here we present the first near-infrared high-contrast images of 13 high-mass X-ray binaries located within ∼2–3 kpc. The key results of this campaign involve the discovery of several candidate circumbinary companions ranging from substellar (brown dwarf) to stellar masses. By conducting an analysis based on Galactic population models, we discriminate sources that are likely background/foreground stars and isolate those that have a high probability (≳60%–99%) of being gravitationally bound to the X-ray binary. This paper seeks to establish a preliminary catalog for future analyses of proper motion and subsequent observations. With our preliminary results, we calculate the first estimate of the companion frequency and the multiplicity frequency for X-ray binaries: ≈0.6 and 1.8 ± 0.9, respectively, considering only the sources that are most likely bound to the X-ray binary. In addition to extending our comprehension of how brown dwarfs and stars can form and survive in such extreme systems, our study opens a new window to our understanding of the formation of X-ray binaries.

We report on the orbit of the binary system powering the most extreme ultraluminous X-ray pulsar known to date: NGC 5907 ULX-1 (hereafter ULX1). ULX1 has been the target of a substantial multi-instrument campaign, mainly in the X-ray band, but no clear counterparts are known in other bands. Although ULX1 is highly variable and pulsations can be transient (regardless of the source flux), the timing data collected so far allow us to investigate the orbit of this system. We find an orbital period ${P}_{\mathrm{orb}}={5.7}_{-0.6}^{+0.1}\,\mathrm{days}$ and a projected semi-axis ${A}_{1}={3.1}_{-0.9}^{+0.8}\,\mathrm{lt}\mbox{--}{\rm{s}}$ . The most likely ephemeris is P _orb = 5.6585(6) days, A _1 = 3.1(4) lt-s, and the epoch of ascending nodes passage is T _asc = 57751.37(5) MJD. However, there are six similar solutions acceptable within 3 σ . We find further indications that ULX1 is a high-mass X-ray binary. This implies that we are observing its orbit face on, with an inclination

Drawing from the Chandra archive and using a carefully selected set of nearby dwarf galaxies, we present a calibrated high-mass X-ray binary (HMXB) luminosity function in the low-mass galaxy regime and search for an already hinted at dependence on metallicity. Our study introduces a new sample of local dwarf galaxies ( D < 12.5 Mpc and M _* < 5 × 10 ^9 M _⊙ ), expanding the specific star formation rates (sSFR) and gas-phase metallicities probed in previous investigations. Our analysis of the observed X-ray luminosity function indicates a shallower power-law slope for the dwarf galaxy HMXB population. In our study, we focus on dwarf galaxies that are more representative in terms of sSFR compared to prior work. In this regime, the HMXB luminosity function exhibits significant stochastic sampling at high luminosities. This likely accounts for the pronounced scatter observed in the galaxy-integrated HMXB population’s L _X /SFR versus metallicity for our galaxy sample. Our calibration is necessary to understand the active galactic nuclei content of low-mass galaxies identified in current and future X-ray survey fields and has implications for binary population synthesis models, as well as X-ray-driven cosmic heating in the early Universe.

We report the phase-resolved spectral results of the first Galactic pulsating ultraluminous X-ray source (PULX) Swift J0243.6+6124, modeling its 2017–2018 outburst peak using data collected by the Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (Insight-HXMT). The broad energy coverage of Insight-HXMT allows us to obtain a more accurate spectral continuum to reduce the coupling of broad iron line profiles with other components. We use three different continuum spectrum models but obtain similar iron line results. For the first time, we detect the pulse characteristics of the broad iron line in a PULX. The variation in the width and intensity of this iron line with σ ∼ 1.2–1.5 keV has a phase offset of about 0.25 from the pulse phase. We suggest that the uneven irradiation of the thick inner disk by the accretion column produces the modulated variation of the broad iron line. In addition, the nonpulsed narrow line is suggested to come from the outer disk region.

We present NICER observations of the accreting X-ray pulsar 1A 0535+262 during its faint state (≲6 × 10 ^36 erg s ^−1 ), observed in several type I and type II outbursts. We discovered a transition of temporal and spectral properties around the luminosity L _t = 3.3 × 10 ^35 erg s ^−1 , below which spectra are relatively soft and the pulse profiles have only a narrow peak. The spectra are harder and a secondary hump gradually appears in the pulse profiles when L ≳ L _t . We discuss possible physical mechanisms for this transition, including different Comptonization seed photons, the disappearance of gas shocks on the neutron star surface, and the combination of plasma and vacuum polarization effects.

We report timing and spectral studies of the high-mass X-ray binary 4U 1700-37 using Insight-HXMT observations carried out in 2020 during its out-of-eclipse state. We found significant variations in flux on a timescale of kilo-seconds, while the hardness (count rate ratio between 10–30 keV and 2–10 keV) remains relatively stable. No evident pulsations were found over a frequency range of 10 ^−3 –2000 Hz. During the spectral analysis, for the first time, we took the configuration of different Insight-HXMT detectors’ orientations into account, which allows us to obtain reliable results even if stable contamination exists in the field of view. We found that the spectrum could be well described by some phenomenological models that are commonly used in accreting pulsars (e.g., a power law with a high energy cutoff) in the energy range of 2–100 keV. We found hints of cyclotron absorption features around ∼16 keV or/and ∼50 keV.

X-ray binary systems consist of a companion star and a compact object in close orbit. Thanks to their copious X-ray emission, these objects have been studied in detail using X-ray spectroscopy and timing. The inclination of these systems is a major uncertainty in the determination of the mass of the compact object using optical spectroscopic methods. In this paper, we present a new method to constrain the inclination of X-ray binaries, which is based on the modeling of the polarization of X-rays photons produced by a compact source and scattered off the companion star. We describe our method and explore the potential of this technique in the specific case of the low-mass X-ray binary GS 1826−238 observed by the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer observatory.

Cygnus X-1, the well-known accreting black hole system, exhibits several observational features hinting at an intricate interplay between the accretion disk, its atmosphere known as the corona, and the putative relativistic jet. It has been extensively studied using all available observational methods, including using the newly available technique of sensitive X-ray polarimetry. X-ray polarization characteristics are distinct for coronal and jet emissions. The low X-ray polarization measured below ∼100 keV is understood as arising from the corona. In contrast, the high polarization measurements reported above ∼400 keV required a separate jet-dominated spectral component, which spectroscopy does not demonstrate conclusively. Here we report precise polarization measurements in the 100–380 keV region made during three different subclasses of spectral states of the source using the CZTI instrument onboard AstroSat. A high polarization (23% ± 4%) is found mainly in the Intermediate Hard State of the source, and the energy-resolved measurements smoothly connect the coronal and the jet regimes. When high polarization is observed, the simultaneous spectral data hints at a separate power-law component above 100 keV. We examine the possible sources of this energy-dependent high polarization in Cygnus X-1.

Recently, the accretion geometry of the black hole X-ray binary Cyg X-1 was probed with the X-ray polarization. The position angle of the X-ray-emitting flow was found to be aligned with the position angle of the radio jet in the plane of the sky. At the same time, the observed high polarization degree could be obtained only for a high inclination of the X-ray-emitting flow, indicating a misalignment between the binary axis and the black hole spin. The jet, in turn, is believed to be directed by the spin axis; hence, a similar misalignment is expected between the jet and binary axes. We test this hypothesis using very long (up to about 26 yr) multiband radio observations. We find a misalignment of 20°–30°. However, contrary to the earlier expectations, the jet and binary viewing angles are found to be similar, while the misalignment is seen between the position angles of the jet and the binary axis on the plane of the sky. Furthermore, the presence of the misalignment calls into question our understanding of the evolution of this binary system.

The radiation from accreting X-ray pulsars was expected to be highly polarized, with some estimates for the polarization degree of up to 80%. However, phase-resolved and energy-resolved polarimetry of X-ray pulsars is required in order to test different models and to shed light on the emission processes and the geometry of the emission region. Here we present the first results of the observations of the accreting X-ray pulsar Vela X-1 performed with the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer. Vela X-1 is considered to be the archetypal example of a wind-accreting, high-mass X-ray binary system, consisting of a highly magnetized neutron star accreting matter from its supergiant stellar companion. The spectropolarimetric analysis of the phase-averaged data for Vela X-1 reveals a polarization degree (PD) of 2.3% ± 0.4% at the polarization angle (PA) of −47.°3 ± 5.°4. A low PD is consistent with the results obtained for other X-ray pulsars and is likely related to the inverse temperature structure of the neutron star atmosphere. The energy-resolved analysis shows the PD above 5 keV reaching 6%–10% and a ∼90° difference in the PA compared to the data in the 2–3 keV range. The phase-resolved spectropolarimetric analysis finds a PD in the range 0%–9% with the PA varying between −80° and 40°.

In this letter, we investigate Bondi-like accretion flows with zero or low specific angular momentum by performing 3D general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations. In order to check if relativistic jets can be launched magnetically from such flows, we insert a large-scale poloidal magnetic field into the accretion flow and consider a rapidly spinning black hole. We demonstrate that under such conditions the accretion flow needs to initially have specific angular momentum above a certain threshold to eventually reach and robustly sustain the magnetically arrested disk state. If the flow can reach such a state, it can launch very powerful jets at ≳100% energy efficiency. Interestingly, we also find that even when the accretion flow has initial specific angular momentum below the threshold, it can still launch episodic jets with an average energy efficiency of ∼10%. However, the accretion flow has nontypical behaviors such as having different rotation directions at different inclinations and exhibiting persistent outflows along the midplane even in the inner disk region. Our results give plausible explanations as to why jets can be produced from various astrophysical systems that likely lack large gas specific angular momenta, such as Sgr A*, wind-fed X-ray binaries, tidal disruption events, and long-duration gamma-ray bursts.

Be X-ray binaries (Be XRBs) are high-mass X-ray binaries, with a neutron star or black hole orbiting and accreting material from a nonsupergiant B-star that is rotating at a near critical rate. These objects are prime targets to understand past binary interactions as the neutron star or black hole progenitor likely experienced Roche lobe overflow to spin up the Be star we observe now. The stellar variability can then allow us to explore the stellar structure of these objects. It was recently demonstrated that the high-mass X-ray binary CPD −29 2176 descended from an ultrastripped supernova and is a prime target to evolve into an eventual binary neutron star and kilonova. We present the photometric variability from both TESS and ASAS along with the spectral properties and disk variability of the system in this paper. All of the optical lines are contaminated with disk emission except for the He ii λ 4686 absorption line. The disk variability timescales are not the same as the orbital timescale, but could be related to the X-ray outbursts that have been recorded by Swift. We end our study with a discussion comparing CPD −29 2176 to classical Be stars and other Be X-ray binaries, finding the stellar rotation to be near a frequency of 1.5 cycles day ^−1 , and exhibiting incoherent variability in three frequency groups.

The Nuclear Spectroscopic Array (NuSTAR) observed the gamma-ray binary LS 5039 for a second time in order to check for the presence of a periodic signal candidate found in the data from the previous NuSTAR observation. We do not detect the candidate signal in the vicinity of its previously reported frequency, assuming the same orbital ephemeris as in our previous paper. This implies that the previously reported periodic signal candidate was a noise fluctuation. We also perform a comparison of the lightcurves from the two NuSTAR observations and the joint spectral fitting. Our spectral analysis confirms the phase dependence found from a single NuSTAR observation at a higher significance level.

Observations of the high-mass gamma-ray binary LS 2883/PSR B1259–63 with the Chandra X-ray Observatory during the 2011–2014 and 2014–2017 binary cycles have shown X-ray-emitting clumps, presumably ejected from the binary during periastron passages. These clumps traveled at projected velocities of ∼0.1 c and have shown evidence of being accelerated. The clumps also evolved in shape, size, and flux. We monitored this binary with Chandra during the 2017–2021 binary cycle to search for additional X-ray-emitting ejections. While we find evidence of extended emission in two of the six observations, it is unlike the clumps observed in the previous three binary cycles. More specifically, the extended emission is not well localized, and no bright clump is observed moving away from the binary. It is still unclear what caused the lack of X-ray-emitting clump in this orbital cycle, but it may be due to changes in the decretion disk of the Be star.

The rapid variability of X-ray binaries (XRBs) produces a wide range of X-ray states that are linked to activity across the electromagnetic spectrum. It is particularly challenging to study a sample of sources large enough to include all types in their various states, and to cover the full range of frequencies that show flux density variations. Simultaneous observations with many telescopes are necessary. In this project, we monitor 48 XRBs with seven telescopes across the electromagnetic spectrum from 5 × 10 ^9 to 10 ^19 Hz, including ground-based radio, IR, and optical observatories, and five instruments on two spacecraft over a 1 week period. We construct spectral energy distributions and matching X-ray color–intensity diagrams for 20 sources that have the most extensive detections. Our observations are consistent with several models of expected behavior proposed for the different classes: we detect no significant radio emission from pulsars or atoll sources, but we do detect radio emission from Z sources in the normal or horizontal branch, and from black holes in the high/soft, low/hard, and quiescent states. The survey data provide useful constraints for more detailed models predicting behavior from the different classes of sources.

A catalog of the Galactic population of X-ray pulsars in high-mass X-ray binary (HMXB) systems is presented. It contains information about 82 confirmed sources: 18 persistent and 64 transient pulsars. Their basic parameters include spin period, spin evolution with global and local spin-up/spin-down and duration, orbital period, X-ray luminosity, magnetic field strength measured by cyclotron line analysis, distance, spectral and luminosity class, and observable parameters of massive companions, which are shown in the tables provided, with corresponding references. Candidates of HMXB pulsars are also listed for further careful consideration.

Gamma-ray binary systems, a subclass of high-mass X-ray binaries, show nonthermal emissions from radio to TeV. While efficient electron acceleration is considered to take place in them, the nature of the acceleration mechanism and the physical environments in these systems have been a long-standing question. In this work, we report on long-term recurrent patterns in the short-term variability of the soft X-ray emission of LS 5039, one of the brightest gamma-ray binary systems. The Neutron star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER) observed LS 5039 four times from 2018 to 2021. By comparing them with the previous Suzaku and NuSTAR long-exposure observations, we studied the long-term evolution of the orbital light curve in the soft X-ray band. Although the observations by NICER and Suzaku are separated by ∼14 yr, i.e., more than 10 ^3 orbits, the orbital light curves show remarkable consistency after calculating their running averages with a window width ≳70 ks. Furthermore, all of the light curves show short-term variability with a timescale of ∼10 ks. Since the column density did not vary when the flux changed abruptly, such a short-term variability seems to be an intrinsic feature of the X-ray emission. We propose that the short-term variability is caused by clumps (or inhomogeneities) of the companion star wind impacting the X-ray production site. The observed timescale matches well with the lifetime of the clumps interacting with the pulsar wind and the dynamical timescale of the relativistic intrabinary shock in the pulsar wind scenario.

We report on a timing and spectral analysis of a 50 ks NuSTAR observation of IGR J16320−4751 (= AX J1631.9−4752), a high-mass X-ray binary hosting a slowly rotating neutron star. In this observation from 2015, the spin period was 1308.8 ± 0.4 s giving a period derivative $\dot{P}\sim 2\times {10}^{-8}$ s s ^−1 when compared with the period measured in 2004. In addition, the pulsed fraction decreased as a function of energy, as opposed to the constant trend that was seen previously. This suggests a change in the accretion geometry of the system during the intervening 11 yr. The phase-averaged spectra were fit with the typical model for accreting pulsars: a power law with an exponential cutoff. This left positive residuals at 6.4 keV attributable to the known iron K α line, as well as negative residuals around 14 keV from a candidate cyclotron line detected at a significance of 5 σ . We found no significant differences in the spectral parameters across the spin period, other than the expected changes in flux and component normalizations. A flare lasting around 5 ks was captured during the first half of the observation, where the X-ray emission hardened and the local column density decreased. Finally, the binary orbital period was refined to 8.9912 ± 0.0078 days thanks to Swift/BAT monitoring data from 2005–2022.

We present the results of our study of the luminous ( L _X ≈ 10 ^39 erg s ^−1 ) X-ray binary CXOU J121538.2+361921 in NGC 4214, the high-mass X-ray binary with the shortest known orbital period. Using Chandra data, we confirm the ≈13,000 s (3.6 hr) eclipse period, and an eclipse duration of ≈2000 s. From this, we estimate a mass ratio M _2 / M _1 ≳ 3 and a stellar density ρ ≈ 6 g cm ^−3 , which implies that the donor must be a Wolf–Rayet or a stripped helium star. The eclipse egress is consistently much slower than the ingress. This can be explained by denser gas located either in front of the compact object (as expected for a bow shock) or trailing the donor star (as expected for a shadow wind, launched from the shaded side of the donor). There is no change in X-ray spectral shape with changing flux during the egress, which suggests either variable partial covering of the X-ray source by opaque clumps or, more likely, a gray opacity dominated by electron scattering in a highly ionized medium. We identify the optical counterpart from Hubble images. Photometry blueward of ∼5500 Å indicates a bright ( M _B ≈ −3.6 ± 0.3 mag, for a range of plausible extinctions), hot ( T ≈ 90,000 ± 30,000 K) emitter, consistent with the Wolf–Rayet scenario. There is also a bright ( M _I ≈ −5.2 mag), cool ( T ≈ 2700 ± 300 K) component consistent with an irradiated circumbinary disk or with a chance projection of an unrelated asymptotic giant branch star along the same line of sight.

We present multiwavelength characterization of 65 high-mass X-ray binary (HMXB) candidates in M33. We use the Chandra ACIS survey of M33 (ChASeM33) catalog to select hard X-ray point sources that are spatially coincident with UV-bright point-source optical counterparts in the Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury: Triangulum Extended Region catalog, which covers the inner disk of M33 at near-IR, optical, and near-UV wavelengths. We perform spectral energy distribution fitting on multiband photometry for each point-source optical counterpart to measure its physical properties including mass, temperature, luminosity, and radius. We find that the majority of the HMXB companion star candidates are likely B-type main-sequence stars, suggesting that the HMXB population of M33 is dominated by Be X-ray binaries (Be-XRBs), as is seen in other Local Group galaxies. We use spatially resolved recent star formation history maps of M33 to measure the age distribution of the HMXB candidate sample and the HMXB production rate for M33. We find a bimodal distribution for the HMXB production rate over the last 80 Myr, with a peak at ∼10 and ∼40 Myr, which match theoretical formation timescales for the most massive HMXBs and Be-XRBs, respectively. We measure an HMXB production rate of 107–136 HMXBs/( M _⊙ yr ^−1 ) over the last 50 Myr and 150–199 HMXBs/( M _⊙ yr ^−1 ) over the last 80 Myr. For sources with compact object classifications from overlapping NuSTAR observations, we find a preference for giant/supergiant companion stars in black hole HMXBs and main-sequence companion stars in neutron star HMXBs.

Luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs), the most extreme star-forming galaxies in the nearby ( D < 30 Mpc) universe, show a notable X-ray emission deficiency (up to a factor of ∼10) compared with predictions from scaling relations of galaxy-wide high-mass X-ray binary (HMXB) luminosity with star formation rate. In the nearby (≈20 Mpc) LIRG NGC 7552, the majority of the IR emission originates in a circumnuclear starburst ring, which has been resolved into several discrete knots of star formation. We present results from recent Chandra observations of NGC 7552, which reveal significant deficits in the 2–7 keV X-ray luminosities from two of the most powerful star-forming knots. We hypothesize that the expected luminous HMXB populations in these knots are either (1) obscured by very large column densities or (2) suppressed due to the knots having relatively high metallicity and/or very young ages (≲5 Myr). We distinguish between these possibilities using data from recent NuSTAR observations, whose sensitivity above 10 keV is capable of uncovering heavily obscured HMXB populations, since emission at these energies is more immune to absorption effects. We find no evidence of a heavily obscured HMXB population in the central region of NGC 7552, suggesting suppressed HMXB formation. We further show that metallicity-dependent scaling relations cannot fully account for the observed deficit from the most powerful star-forming knots or the central region as a whole. Thus, we suggest that recent bursts in local star formation activity likely drive the high L _IR within these regions on timescales ≲5 Myr, shorter than the timescale required for the formation of HMXBs.

Vela X-1 is the archetypal eclipsing high-mass X-ray binary, composed of a neutron star (NS) accreting the B-star wind. It was observed by nearly all X-ray observatories, often multiple times, featuring a rich spectrum of variable emission lines. However, the precise origin of these lines in the binary system remains uncertain. We perform a systematic, orbital-phase-dependent analysis of the reflected Fe K α fluorescence line at 6.4 keV using over 100 NS Interior Composition Explorer observations. We resolve the line variability into 500 s time bins and find that it is predominantly due to variation in the ionizing flux, with a moderate underlying phase dependence over the 9-day orbital period. Our analysis reveals a significant reflection component that cannot originate from the companion B star alone. We also find that an appreciable portion of the B-star surface is obscured opposite the eclipse, and this obscuration is not symmetric around the midpoint (phase = 0.5). We argue that an accretion stream, from the B star to the NS and distorted by the orbital motion, is responsible both for the additional fluorescence emission component and for obscuring the B star.

The relatively high fluxes of the Galactic ultraluminous X-ray pulsar Swift J0243 allow a detailed study of its spin-down regime in the quiescent state for the first time. After the 2017 giant outburst, its spin frequency shows a linearly decreasing trend with some variations due to minor outbursts. The linear spin-down rate is ∼ −1.9 × 10 ^−12 Hz s ^−1 during the period of lowest luminosity, from which one can infer a dipole field of ∼1.75 × 10 ^13 G. The $\dot{\nu }\mbox{--}L$ relation during the spin-down regime is complex, and $\dot{\nu }$ is close to zero when the luminosity reaches both the high end ( L _38 ∼ 0.3) and the lowest value ( L _38 ∼ 0.03). The luminosity of zero torque is different for the giant outburst and other minor outbursts. This is likely due to different accretion flows for different types of outburst, as evidenced by the differences in the spectra and pulse profiles at a similar luminosity for different types of outburst (giant or not). The pulse profile changes from double peaks in the spin-up state to a single broad peak in the low spin-down regime, indicating the emission beam/region is larger in the low spin-down regime. These results show that accretion is still ongoing in the low spin-down regime, for which the neutron star is supposed to be in a propeller state.

A puzzling variety of superorbital modulations has been discovered in several supergiant high mass X-ray binaries (sgHMXBs). To investigate the mechanisms driving these superorbital modulations, we have analyzed long-term Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory (Swift) Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) observations of three sgHMXBs: 4U 1909 + 07, IGR J16418–4532, and IGR J16479–4514, and constructed their dynamic power spectra and superorbital intensity profiles. These Swift BAT observations are complemented by pointed Swift X-ray Telescope (XRT) and Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) observations performed near the predicted maximum and minimum phase of a single superorbital cycle for each of these sources. The BAT dynamic power spectra show changes in the strength of the superorbital modulation on timescales of years, with either the peak at the fundamental frequency and/or the second harmonic present at different times for all three sources. The pointed Swift XRT and NuSTAR observations show no significant differences between the pulse profiles and spectral parameters at the superorbital maximum and minimum phase. This is likely due to the fact the superorbital modulation had weakened significantly during the times when the NuSTAR observations were carried out for all three sources. The results from the Swift XRT, BAT, and NuSTAR analysis indicate the possible presence of multiple corotating interaction regions (CIRs) in the stellar winds of the supergiant stars, although a structured stellar wind from the supergiant star due to tidal oscillations cannot be ruled out.

Recent observations discovered that some repeating fast radio bursts (FRBs) show complicated variations and reversals of Faraday rotation measures (RMs), indicating that the sources of these FRBs are embedded in a dynamically magnetized environment. One possible scenario is that repeating FRBs are generated by pulsars in binary systems, especially containing a high-mass companion with strong stellar outflows. Here we study the RM variations caused by stellar winds and a possible stellar disk. If the magnetic field is radial in the stellar wind, RMs will not reverse except if the magnetic axis inclination angle is close to 90°. For the toroidal magnetic field in the wind, RMs will reverse at the superconjunction. For the case of the toroidal field in the disk, the RM variations may have a multimodal and multiple reversal profile because the radio signals travel through different components of the disk during periastron passage. We also apply this model to FRB 20180916B. By assuming that its 16.35 day period is from a slowly rotating or freely precessing magnetar, we find that the secular RM variation can be explained by the periastron passage of a magnetar in a massive binary system. In addition, the clumps in the stellar wind and disk can cause short timescale (

Winds of massive stars are suspected to be inhomogeneous (or clumpy), which biases the measures of their mass-loss rates. In high-mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs), the compact object can be used as an orbiting X-ray point source to probe the wind and constrain its clumpiness. We perform a spectrotiming analysis of the HMXB OAO 1657–415 with nonsimultaneous NuSTAR and NICER observations. We compute the hardness ratio from the energy-resolved light curves, and, using an adaptive rebinning technique, we thus select appropriate time segments to search for rapid spectral variations on timescales of a few hundred to thousands of seconds. The column density and intensity of the iron K α line were strongly correlated, and the recorded spectral variations were consistent with accretion from a clumpy wind. We also illustrate a novel framework to measure clump sizes and masses in HMXBs more accurately based on the absorption measurements and orbital parameters of the source. We then discuss the limitations posed by current X-ray spacecraft in such measurements and present prospects with future X-ray missions. We find that the source pulse profiles show a moderate dependence on energy. We identify a previously undetected dip in the pulse profile visible throughout the NuSTAR observation near spin phase 0.15 possibly caused by intrinsic changes in accretion geometry close to the neutron star. We do not find any evidence for the debated cyclotron line at ∼36 keV in the time-averaged or phase-resolved spectra with NuSTAR.

There are few observed high-mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs) that harbor massive black holes (BHs), and none are likely to result in a binary black hole (BBH) that merges within a Hubble time; however, we know that massive merging BBHs exist from gravitational-wave (GW) observations. We investigate the role that X-ray and GW observational selection effects play in determining the properties of their respective detected binary populations. We find that, as a result of selection effects, detectable HMXBs and detectable BBHs form at different redshifts and metallicities, with detectable HMXBs forming at much lower redshifts and higher metallicities than detectable BBHs. We also find disparities in the mass distributions of these populations, with detectable merging BBH progenitors pulling to higher component masses relative to the full detectable HMXB population. Fewer than 3% of detectable HMXBs host BHs >35 M _⊙ in our simulated populations. Furthermore, we find the probability that a detectable HMXB will merge as a BBH system within a Hubble time is ≃0.6%. Thus, it is unsurprising that no currently observed HMXB is predicted to form a merging BBH with high probability.