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Genetic alterations occurring on human chromosome arm 1p are common in many types of cancer including lung, breast, neuroblastoma, pheochromocytoma, and colorectal. The identification of tumour suppressors and oncogenes on this arm has been limited by the low resolution of current technologies for fine mapping. In order to identify genetic alterations on 1p in small-cell lung carcinoma, we developed a new resource for fine mapping segmental DNA copy number alterations. We have constructed an array of 642 ordered and fingerprint-verified bacterial artificial chromosome clones spanning the 120 megabase (Mb) 1p arm from 1p11.2 to p36.33. The 1p arm of 15 small-cell lung cancer cell lines was analysed at sub-Mb resolution using this arm-specific array. Among the genetic alterations identified, two regions of recurrent amplification emerged. They were detected in at least 45% of the samples: a 580 kb region at 1p34.2-p34.3 and a 270 kb region at 1p11.2. We further defined the potential importance of these genomic amplifications by analysing the RNA expression of the genes in these regions with Affymetrix oligonucleotide arrays and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Our data revealed overexpression of the genes HEYL, HPCAL4, BMP8, IPT, and RLF, coinciding with genomic amplification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the effect of social environment on workers. The human aspect of modern industrial organization attracted no great attention from industrialists until the advent of the European War of 1914. After the outbreak of hostilities the need to accelerate and to maintain production of various necessities quickly provoked a formulation of the problem. Apparently no one had ever sufficiently considered the enormous demand upon industry that would be made by a war-machine organized upon so heroic a scale, for armies counted in millions were a gigantic innovation. Nor had anyone considered the effect of the strenuous and sustained exertion imposed upon those who worked to provide supplies. Authorities in England speedily became aware of the lack of knowledge of the primary laws governing human efficiency. Authorities agreed that there was a need for scientific study of hours of work and other conditions of labor so that they could produce the maximum output. The actual conditions of work set in the munition factories were, in the early days of the struggle, admitted to be progressively detrimental to the worker and consequently unfavorable to that maintenance of output for long periods upon which success in large part depended.

The article focuses on the importance of the study of general physiology and chemistry in the U.S. The author emphasize that the study is fundamental activity of the human society with the help of the development of biology. An example of what chemistry may do is given on the case of Louis Pasteur who never learned biology but had the chemical training.