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Rehearsals have become an increasingly popular pedagogy to support preservice teachers in developing competency in enacting challenging instructional practices and communicating associated pedagogical commitments. To understand how best to support learners participating in rehearsals, researchers have begun to analyse the facilitation of teacher educators leading such pedagogy. These studies have revealed a variety of ways teacher educators can structure rehearsals. We contribute to this emerging body of knowledge by studying the facilitation of rehearsals in the context of professional development with experienced teachers. Our results expand researchers' understanding of the facilitation of rehearsals in three ways. First, our analysis revealed a range of new ways teacher educators can structure rehearsal interactions. This elaboration and refinement of earlier descriptions offers a variety of new tools for teacher educators to use when leading rehearsals. Second, we categorise these different structures based on their purpose and present three dimensions that contrast the different facilitation choices available. Such an organisation provides a framework that has the potential to aid teacher educators to be more purposeful as they consider the type of interactions they would like to support as well as researchers studying rehearsals to better understand the rationale and effect of such decisions. Third, our reflection about our choices in how we structured interactions when working with experienced teachers presents an example of how the facilitation of rehearsals might be adapted to better respond to the needs and strengths of in-service teachers.

Reducing methane (CH4) emissions from the oil and gas (O&G) sector is crucial for mitigating climate change in the near term. MethaneSAT is an upcoming satellite mission designed to monitor basin-wide O&G emissions globally, providing estimates of emission rates and helping identify the underlying processes leading to methane release in the atmosphere. MethaneSAT data will support advocacy and policy efforts by helping to track methane reduction commitments and targets set by countries and industries. Here, we introduce a CH4 retrieval algorithm for MethaneSAT based on the CO2 proxy method. We apply the algorithm to observations from the maiden campaign of MethaneAIR, an airborne precursor to the satellite that has similar instrument specifications. The campaign was conducted during winter 2019 and summer 2021 over three major US oil and gas basins. Analysis of MethaneAIR data shows that measurement precision is typically better than 2 % at a 20×20 m2 pixel resolution, exhibiting no strong dependence on geophysical variables, e.g., surface reflectance. We show that detector focus drifts over the course of each flight, likely due to thermal gradients that develop across the optical bench. The impacts of this drift on retrieved CH4 can mostly be mitigated by including a parameter that squeezes the laboratory-derived, tabulated instrument spectral response function (ISRF) in the spectral fit. Validation against coincident EM27/SUN retrievals shows that MethaneAIR values are generally within 1 % of the retrievals. MethaneAIR retrievals were also intercompared with retrievals from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI). We estimate that the mean bias between the instruments is 2.5 ppb, and the latitudinal gradients for the two data sets are in good agreement. We evaluate the accuracy of MethaneAIR estimates of point-source emissions using observations recorded over the Permian Basin, an O&G basin, based on the integrated-mass-enhancement approach coupled with a plume-masking algorithm that uses total variational denoising. We estimate that the median point-source detection threshold is 100–150 kg h−1 at the aircraft's nominal above-surface observation altitude of 12 km. This estimate is based on an ensemble of Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) large-eddy simulations used to mimic the campaign's conditions, with the threshold for quantification set at approximately twice the detection threshold. Retrievals from repeated basin surveys indicate the presence of both persistent and intermittent sources, and we highlight an example from each case. For the persistent source, we infer emissions from a large O&G processing facility and estimate a leak rate between 1.6 % and 2.1 %, higher than any previously reported emission levels from a facility of its size. We also identify a ruptured pipeline that could increase total basin emissions by 2 % if left unrepaired; this pipeline was discovered 2 weeks before it was found by its operator, highlighting the importance of regular monitoring by future satellite missions. The results showcase MethaneAIR's capability to make highly accurate, precise measurements of methane dry-air mole fractions in the atmosphere, with a fine spatial resolution (∼ 20×20 m2) mapped over large swaths (∼ 100×100 km2) in a single flight. The results provide confidence that MethaneSAT can make such measurements at unprecedentedly fine scales from space (∼ 130×400 m2 pixel size over a target area measuring ∼ 200×200 km2), thereby delivering quantitative data on basin-wide methane emissions.

Academic advising is a common student success and retention strategy, but most research focuses on student satisfaction rather than traditional measures of student achievement, such as grade point average (GPA). The current study examined how academic advising predicts student GPA. The findings support the idea that Advisor Accountability and Advisor Empowerment are important predictors of student success, along with Study Skills and Perceived Support. Additional analyses revealed that students who scored higher on Study Skills and Perceived Support reported better grade point averages.

Objective It is unclear whether widespread use of biologics is reducing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) surgical resection rates. We designed a population-based study evaluating the impact of early antitumour necrosis factor (TNF) on surgical resection rates up to 5 years from diagnosis.Design We evaluated all patients with IBD diagnosed in Cardiff, Wales 2005–2016. The primary measure was the impact of early (within 1 year of diagnosis) sustained (at least 3 months) anti-TNF compared with no therapy on surgical resection rates. Baseline factors were used to balance groups by propensity scores, with inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) methodology and removing immortal time bias. Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) with IBD unclassified (IBD-U) (excluding those with proctitis) were analysed.Results 1250 patients were studied. For CD, early sustained anti-TNF therapy was associated with a reduced likelihood of resection compared with no treatment (IPTW HR 0.29 (95% CI 0.13 to 0.65), p=0.003). In UC including IBD-U (excluding proctitis), there was an increase in the risk of colectomy for the early sustained anti-TNF group compared with no treatment (IPTW HR 4.6 (95% CI 1.9 to 10), p=0.001).Conclusions Early sustained use of anti-TNF therapy is associated with reduced surgical resection rates in CD, but not in UC where there was a paradoxical increased surgery rate. This was because baseline clinical factors were less predictive of colectomy than anti-TNF usage. These data support the use of early introduction of anti-TNF therapy in CD whereas benefit in UC cannot be assessed by this methodology.

Integer addition and subtraction entail significant conceptual shifts for many students, and teachers often offer rules intended to help mitigate this challenge. When these rules are not connected to sense making, a misremembered rule can function as a barrier to student learning. In this article, the authors highlight the work of an expert teacher who leveraged context as a resource for student sense making about integer subtraction. The authors highlight her use of zero pairs as a content-specific instructional strategy for teaching integer subtraction. Additionally, the authors illustrate how this teacher supported students through the two non-content-specific instructional practices of supporting connection and engagement between student context and the mathematics learning environment and attending to mathematical language. These practices have been related to more equitable learning outcomes among students from historically marginalized groups.

COVID-19 and the looming economic recession threatens adult educators' long-fought battle to create dialogical spaces for transformatory learning. Previous experience of designing and delivering community programmes to marginalised, non-traditional students, has taught us the necessity of building strong tutor-student and student-peer relationships. This paper maps the trajectory of a creative educational outreach response to reconfigure into an online platform. We reflect on the challenges and opportunities presented to us as adult educators, as well as those presented to the adult learners with whom we engaged.

Student success is an ongoing area of interest to educators and researchers alike. The current study seeks to expand the literature on what factors help or hinder students by examining the roles of Need for Cognition (NfC), academic motivation, and student study habits in academic success. The results indicated that NfC scores, Personal Responsibility, and Bad Study Habits are predictors of student success as measured by grade point average (GPA). In addition, students with high scores on the NfC scale had higher GPAs than did students with lower scores. Students who had lower scores on Bad Study Habits tended to do better than students with higher scores. Overall, the results indicate that both innate and external factors are important for success and can be used as guides to craft interventions for struggling students.

Honors faculty often engage students in service-learning and community-engaged courses to help students learn curricular concepts, develop skills in responsible citizenship, and positively impact their community. Authors consider how the greatest impact honors students can have may sometimes be through bearing witness rather than through direct service or volunteering. This essay explores a case study involving a community partnership between an honors college and a local non-profit serving incarcerated youth, where the primary goal is to bring the writing and voices of young, incarcerated authors into the college classroom and give their stories a wider audience. Authors describe the iterative development of this ongoing partnership, exploring its impact on curriculum, students, and the community partner. Adding to existing scholarship on successful community-engagement partnerships, this essay proposes that integrating written work of incarcerated youth in the college classroom creates an opportunity for honors students to read as a form of bearing witness to the lives and struggles of marginalized voices. In addition to transforming student learning, this project enhances the community partner's work by honoring the experience and amplifying the voices of incarcerated youth.

Purpose: Pronouns are referentially ambiguous: For example, "she" could refer to any female. Nonetheless, errors in pronoun interpretation rarely occur for adults with typical development (TD) due to several strategies implicitly shared between the talker and listener. The purpose of this study was to test the impacts of syntactic, semantic, and prosodic prominence on pronoun interpretation for adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) and TD. Method: Adults with IDD (n = 28) and TD (n = 27) listened to ministories involving a pronoun with two potential antecedents that varied in syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic prominence. Subject/first-mentioned antecedents are more syntactically prominent than object antecedents. Semantic prominence was manipulated via verb transitivity: Subjects are more semantically prominent when the verb is highly transitive (e.g., "hit" vs. "see," a low-transitivity verb for which the subject is merely experiencing the action). Pragmatic prominence was manipulated by placing prosodic focus on one of the two potential antecedents. Eye gaze to images representing the potential antecedents was tracked as a measure of online processing. Responses to a follow-up pronoun interpretation question were also recorded. Results: Adults with TD used syntactic, semantic, and--in early processing--pragmatic prominence when interpreting ambiguous pronouns. Adults with IDD were sensitive to syntactic prominence but to a significantly lesser extent than their peers with TD. Conclusions: Pronouns are an integral part of everyday conversation, and when the conversational partners do not share common strategies to link ambiguous pronouns with their antecedents, misunderstandings will occur. Results show that adults with IDD only weakly share pronoun interpretation strategies with adults with TD, suggesting that pronouns may be an important focus for intervention for this population.

The ability to interpret mathematical symbols and understand how they capture contextual relationships is a critical element of algebraic thinking. More often than not, students see algebra as merely a list of rules for manipulating abstract symbols, with limited to no meaning. Instead, for students to see algebra as a powerful tool and rich way of thinking, they must be given opportunities to interpret algebraic expressions as connected to real life and use them to represent contextual relationships they themselves come to understand. This article's instructional sequence provides a framework to support students in identifying quantitative relationships within figural patterns and embedding this understanding into algebraic expressions.

Summary: It is widely acknowledged that a successful clean-energy transition is instrumental to climate change mitigation. However, clean-energy researchers and engineers rarely address the degree to which the success and consequences of the transition depend on its incorporation of equity and justice principles. In this review, we draw on inter-related literatures to discuss failures resulting from equity-myopic approaches to clean-energy research, development, demonstration, deployment, dispatch, and disposal (R&D5) and explore opportunities, tools, and frameworks for energy practitioners to employ when attempting to incorporate justice into their work. We find that opportunities to incorporate energy justice are greatest at the earliest stages of the R&D5 continuum. As inequities persist into later stages of R&D5, they may lead to maladaptive technology development and the inequitable impacts thereof. We thereby articulate how embedding principles of energy justice throughout R&D5 not only enables a successful clean-energy transition but also ensures that the transition is sustainable.

In this state-of-the-art review we detail the journey of xenotransplantation from its infancy, detailing one of the first published cases and the subsequent journey the field took in its inception and development. With a focus on the science, technological advances, precautions required along with the potential limitations in application, the ethics, guidance’s, and legislative advances that are required to reach the safe and efficacious clinical application of xenotransplantation. Along with a view over the past several decades with the overall significant advancements in pre-clinical study outcomes particularly in islet, kidney, and heart xenotransplantation, to ultimately reach the pinnacle of successful clinical heart and kidney xenotransplants. It outlines the importance for the appropriate guidance’s required to have been developed by experts, scientists, clinicians, and other players who helped develop the field over the past decades. It also touches upon patient advocacy along with perspectives and expectations of patients, along with public opinion and media influence on the understanding and perception of xenotransplantation. It discusses the legislative environment in different jurisdictions which are reviewed in line with current clinical practices. All of which are ultimately based upon the guidance’s developed from a strong long-term collaboration between the International Xenotransplantation Association, the World Health Organisation and The Transplantation Society; each having constantly undertaken consultation and outreach to help develop best practice for clinical xenotransplantation application. These clearly helped forge the legislative frameworks required along with harmonization and standardization of regulations which are detailed here. Also, in relation to the significant advances in the context of initial xeno-kidney trials and the even greater potential for clinical xeno-islet trials to commence we discuss the significant advantages of xenotransplantation and the ultimate benefit to our patients.

Introduction: Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring is a very commonly performed neurosurgical procedure but there is a wide variation in how it is reported, hindering analysis of it. The current study sought to generate consensus on the reporting of ICP monitoring recording data. Research question: “What should be included in an ICP monitoring report?” Material and methods: The exercise was completed via a modified eDelphi survey. An expert panel discussion was held from which themes were identified and used to produce a code to annotate the transcript of the discussion. Statements were generated for a further two rounds of electronic questionnaires distributed via the REDcap platform. A Likert scale was used to grade agreement with each statement in the survey. A statement was accepted if more than 70% agreement was achieved between respondents. Data was collated using Microsoft Excel and analysed using R. Results: 149 relevant statements were identified from the transcript and categorised into recording parameters, waveform characteristics or reporting. A total of 22 statements were generated for the first round of the survey which was answered by 39 respondents. Following the electronic round of surveys consensus was achieved for all but one statement regarding the acceptability of automating ICP reporting. This was put forward to a second round after which 79% agreement was reached. Discussion and conclusion: The themes and statements from this eDelphi can be used as a framework to allow the standardisation of the reporting of intracranial pressure monitoring data.

Introduction: Numerous complex physiological models derived from intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring data have been developed. More recently, techniques such as machine learning are being used to develop increasingly sophisticated models to aid in clinical decision-making tasks such as diagnosis and prediction. Whilst their potential clinical impact may be significant, few models based on ICP data are routinely available at a patient’s bedside. Further, the ability to refine models using ongoing patient data collection is rare. In this paper we identify and discuss the challenges faced when converting insight from ICP data analysis into deployable tools at the patient bedside. Research question: To provide an overview of challenges facing implementation of sophisticated ICP models and analyses at the patient bedside. Material and methods: A narrative review of the barriers facing implementation of sophisticated ICP models and analyses at the patient bedside in a neurocritical care unit combined with a descriptive case study (the CHART-ADAPT project) on the topic. Results: Key barriers found were technical, analytical, and integrity related. Examples included: lack of interoperability of medical devices for data collection and/or model deployment; inadequate infrastructure, hindering analysis of large volumes of high frequency patient data; a lack of clinical confidence in a model; and ethical, trust, security and patient confidentiality considerations governing the secondary use of patient data. Discussion and conclusion: To realise the benefits of ICP data analysis, the results need to be promptly delivered and meaningfully communicated. Multiple barriers to implementation remain and solutions which address real-world challenges are required.

Introduction: Partial pressure of brain tissue oxygen (PbtO2) has been shown to be a safe an effective monitoring modality to compliment intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. It is related to metabolic activity, disease severity and mortality. Research question: Understanding the complex relationship between PbtO2 and ICP for patients with traumatic brain injury will enable better clinical decision making beyond simple threshold treatment strategies. Material and methods: Patients with PbtO2 monitoring were identified from the BrainIT database, a multi-centre dataset, containing minute by minute PbtO2 and ICP readings. Missing data was imputed and a multi-level log-normal regression model with a compound symmetry correlation structure was built. This accounted for any increased correlation due to the repeated measurements. The model was adjusted for mean arterial pressure and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide. Non-linearity was assessed using analysis of deviance and trends using expected marginal means. Results: 11 subjects with over 82,000 readings were included. They had a median age of 38 (IQR: 37–47), 73% were male, a median length of stay of 11.8 (IQR: 6.6–19.7) days and a median extended Glasgow outcome scale of 7.00 (IQR: 5–8).There is a statistically significant (p

Abstract Objective: Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) harm children. Insertion and maintenance bundles have significantly reduced CLABSIs, but infections still occur. The objective was to develop bedside infection prevention (IP) rounds and evaluate their impact on CLABSI rates. Methods: This quality improvement project was initiated sequentially in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of a large academic children’s hospital. IP rounds, interdisciplinary discussions led by the hospital epidemiologist and unit nursing leader with the bedside nurse, occurred weekly for patients with central lines. Discussions included strategies to optimize line maintenance and identify and mitigate patient-specific infection risks. Concerns and recommendations were communicated with the clinician. CLABSIs were identified by prospective surveillance using standard definitions. The change in CLABSIs over time was analyzed using days-between-events charts (g chart). Results: IP rounds included 3,832 patients in the NICU and 1,322 patients in the PICU. Opportunities were identified to reduce line access and protect the dressing from contamination. The average days between CLABSIs in the NICU increased from 41 days to 54 days after IP rounds began. The longest time between CLABSIs was 362 days. In the PICU, the average days between CLABSIs increased from 53 to 91 days. The longest time between CLABSIs was 398 days. Conclusion: IP rounds reduced CLABSIs in the NICU and PICU by reinforcing best practices, encouraging proactive strategies, and fostering communication between members of the healthcare team.

Background: Intra-articular distal humerus fractures frequently require olecranon osteotomies for adequate exposure, but fixation of olecranon osteotomies is associated with high rates of hardware-related complications requiring subsequent reoperation for removal. Intramedullary screw fixation is an attractive option to attempt to minimize hardware prominence. The purpose of this biomechanical study is to directly compare intramedullary screw fixation (IMSF) with plate fixation (PF) of chevron olecranon osteotomies. It was hypothesized that PF would be biomechanically superior to IMSF. Methods: Chevron olecranon osteotomies of 12 matched pairs of fresh-frozen human cadaveric elbows were repaired with either precontoured proximal ulna locking plates or cannulated screws with a washer. Displacement and amplitude of displacement at the dorsal and medial aspects of the osteotomies under cyclic loading conditions were measured. Finally, the specimens were loaded to failure. Results: The IMSF group had significantly greater medial displacement (P = .034) and dorsal amplitude (P = .029) than the PF group. Medial displacement was negatively correlated with bone mineral density in the IMSF group (r = −0.66, P = .035) but not in the PF group (r = .160, P = .64). Mean load to failure between groups, however, was not statistically significant (P = .183). Conclusions: While there was no statistically significant difference in the load to failure between the two groups, IMSF repair resulted in significantly greater displacement of the medial osteotomy site during cyclic loading and greater amplitude of displacement dorsally with loading force. Decreased bone mineral density was associated with an increased displacement of the medial repair site. These results suggest that IMSF of olecranon osteotomies may result in increased fracture site displacement when compared to PF; this displacement may be greater in patients with poor bone quality.