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Effective conservation is often informed by focal species studies to identify beneficial land management interventions. For nocturnal or cryptic species, quantifying habitat use across individually marked animals can allow unbiased assessment of intervention efficacy and identify other important habitats. Here, using a landscape‐scale experiment, we examine whether interventions intended to create nesting habitat for the largely nocturnal Eurasian Stone‐curlew Burhinus oedicnemus within semi‐natural grassland also provide foraging habitat. GPS loggers were fitted to five adult Stone‐curlews during the breeding season within an extensive area of semi‐natural grassland (3850 ha, hereafter 'grassland'), surrounded by a mosaic of arable cropland (total study area 118 600 ha). The largely closed‐sward grassland was diversified by experimental ground‐disturbance plots (the intervention) prior to this study. We used the GPS fixes to identify 1881 foraging locations (510 during nesting and 1371 post‐breeding) across the grassland and surrounding landscape. Most foraging locations were close to the nest‐site during the nesting period (90% within 1 km) or day‐roost during post‐breeding (90% within 5 km), but birds travelled up to 4.1 km from these sites during nesting and 13 km post‐breeding. Stone‐curlews were two‐ (by night) or three‐times (by day) more likely to select disturbed‐grassland over unmodified grassland for foraging during nesting, and c. 15 times more likely to do so post‐breeding. Spring‐sown crops and pig fields or manure heaps were also selected over grassland for nocturnal foraging. Given that central place foraging occurs in this species, conservation efforts that promote breeding attempts through ground‐disturbance should ensure suitable foraging habitat is near the nest (<1 km). Creating multiple areas of disturbed‐ground close to the edge of large grassland blocks can provide a network of nesting and foraging habitats, while allowing access to foraging habitats on the surrounding arable farmland. Similar interventions may benefit other disturbance associated grassland waders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To assess fidelity of the Healthier You: NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme (NHS‐DPP), a behavioural intervention for people in England at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes, to the specified programme features. Methods: Document analysis of the NHS‐DPP programme specification, including National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) PH38 diabetes prevention guidance. This was compared with the intervention design (framework response documents and programme manuals) from all four independent providers delivering the NHS‐DPP. Documents were coded using the Template for Intervention Description and Replication framework (describing service parameters) and the Behaviour Change Technique Taxonomy v1. Results: Providers demonstrated good fidelity to service parameters of the NHS‐DPP. The NHS‐DPP specification indicated 19 unique behaviour change techniques. Framework responses for the four providers contained between 24 and 32 distinct behaviour change techniques, and programme manuals contained between 23 and 45 distinct behaviour change techniques, indicating variation in behaviour change content between providers' intervention documents. Thus, each provider planned to deliver 74% of the unique behaviour change techniques specified, and a large amount of behaviour change content not mandated. Conclusions: There is good fidelity to the specified service parameters of the NHS‐DPP; however, the four providers planned to deliver approximately three‐quarters of behaviour change techniques specified by the NHS‐DPP. Given that behaviour change techniques are the 'active ingredients' of interventions, and some of these techniques in the programme manuals may be missed in practice, this highlights possible limitations with fidelity to the NHS‐DPP programme specification at the intervention design stage. What's new?: The National Health Service (NHS) Diabetes Prevention Programme (NHS‐DPP) is a behavioural intervention for adults in England at risk of developing type 2 diabetes.This is the first fidelity evaluation and first known assessment of the behaviour change technique content of a national intervention.The NHS‐DPP intervention design demonstrated good fidelity to the service parameters itemized in the programme specification, but programme manuals included only 74% of the specified behaviour change techniques.As behaviour change techniques are active ingredients that produce behaviour change, this highlights possible limitations with fidelity to the NHS‐DPP programme specification and dilution of likely effect in NHS‐DPP delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renal cysts are being increasingly diagnosed in children due to the increasing use of ultrasound scanning (USS). Most are asymptomatic, but they may present with flank pain, haematuria, palpable mass or even urinary tract infections or urosepsis. There is a wide range of management options for symptomatic cysts, the choice of which depends on patient factors as well as surgeons' preference. In this case series, we present our experience in the management of five cases of symptomatic renal cysts which have been treated in varying ways, ranging from minimally invasive procedures to drain and sclerose the cysts, to more invasive procedures to excise and deroof the cysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the relationships between golf and health.Design: Scoping review.Data Sources: Published and unpublished reports of any age or language, identified by searching electronic databases, platforms, reference lists, websites and from consulting experts.Review Methods: A 3-step search strategy identified relevant published primary and secondary studies as well as grey literature. Identified studies were screened for final inclusion. Data were extracted using a standardised tool, to form (1) a descriptive analysis and (2) a thematic summary.Results and Discussion: 4944 records were identified with an initial search. 301 studies met criteria for the scoping review. Golf can provide moderate intensity physical activity and is associated with physical health benefits that include improved cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic profiles, and improved wellness. There is limited evidence related to golf and mental health. The incidence of golfing injury is moderate, with back injuries the most frequent. Accidental head injuries are rare, but can have serious consequences.Conclusions: Practitioners and policymakers can be encouraged to support more people to play golf, due to associated improved physical health and mental well-being, and a potential contribution to increased life expectancy. Injuries and illnesses associated with golf have been identified, and risk reduction strategies are warranted. Further research priorities include systematic reviews to further explore the cause and effect nature of the relationships described. Research characterising golf's contribution to muscular strengthening, balance and falls prevention as well as further assessing the associations and effects between golf and mental health are also indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Golf is a sport played in 206 countries worldwide by over 50 million people. It is possible that participation in golf, which is a form of physical activity, may be associated with effects on longevity, the cardiovascular, metabolic and musculoskeletal systems, as well as on mental health and well-being. We outline our scoping review protocol to examine the relationships and effects of golf on physical and mental health.Methods and Analysis: Best practice methodological frameworks suggested by Arksey and O'Malley, Levac et al and the Joanna Briggs Institute will serve as our guide, providing clarity and rigour. A scoping review provides a framework to (1) map the key concepts and evidence, (2) summarise and disseminate existing research findings to practitioners and policymakers and (3) identify gaps in the existing research. A three-step search strategy will identify reviews as well as original research, published and grey literature. An initial search will identify suitable search terms, followed by a search using keyword and index terms. Two reviewers will independently screen identified studies for final inclusion.Dissemination: We will map key concepts and evidence, and disseminate existing research findings to practitioners and policymakers through peer-reviewed and non-peer reviewed publications, conferences and in-person communications. We will identify priorities for further study. This method may prove useful to examine the relationships and effects of other sports on health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The patterning of the embryonic cerebellum is vital to establish the elaborate zone and stripe architecture of the adult. This review considers early stages in cerebellar Purkinje cell patterning, from the organization of the ventricular zone to the development of Purkinje cell clusters-the precursors of the adult stripes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report describes the occurrence of pneumonitis in a young male immediately after inhalation of aerosolized chemicals subsequent to motor vehicle airbag deployment. The clinical presentation was one of mild shortness of breath associated with bilateral alveolar infiltrates on chest radiology. Not previously described, this diagnosis should be considered in the differential of pulmonary infiltrates in motor vehicle crash patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report here evidence for significant transverse spread of the light production region in bright Leonid meteors. One Leonid meteor has an apparent spread in the light production region of about 600 m perpendicular to the flight path for the meteor, that transverse spread persisting for at least 0.3 s. We have also detected short-duration, jet-like features emanating from a bright Leonid meteor recorded in 1998. These jet-like features have maximum spatial dimensions up to 1.9 km. While we cannot definitively rule out instrumental artefacts as a cause for these jet-like features, they may be evidence of motion contributing to the observed spatial spread in the light production region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 3-year longitudinal survey in a residential institution for the mentally retarded was carried out to study the epidemiology of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and to elucidate the different responses which Down's syndrome (DS) and non-Down's (ND) subjects have to HBV infection. Sensitive tests for the HBV surface antigen and antibody (HBsAg and anti-HBs), core antibody (anti-Hbe) and 'e' antigen and antibody (HBeAg and anti-HBe) were used. The HBsAg and anti-HBs content of positive sera was quantitated accurately. All twenty-six chronic carriers of HBsAg possessed anti-HBc and 73% possessed HBeAg. The presence of HBeAg was correlated with abnormal liver function and high titres of HBsAg. The fifty-nine DS inmates possessing anti-HBs at the beginning of the study had significantly lower anti-HBs titres than the corresponding forty-nine ND subjects, but had a higher frequency of both anti-HBc and anti-HBe. Within both DS and ND groups, high anti-HBs titres were also correlated with the presence of anti-HBc. Most inmates possessing HBV markers at the beginning of the study retained them for its duration. Of the initially seronegative inmates, proportionately more DS (88%) than ND (54%) acquired HBV markers during the study of these converters, proportionately more DS than ND (33% vs 10%) infections had chronic HBsAg carriage as the outcome. Most of these chronic HBsAg cases also acquired persistent HBeAg. In those seronegatives converting to anti-HBs, anti-HBc and anti-HBe tended to be more frequent in DS than ND groups, and patients with anti-HBe possessed higher anti-HBs titres than those without anti-HBe. These findings were similar to those seen in those inmates positive for anti-HBs at the beginning of the study (the anti-HBs group). However, unlike the anti-HBs group the peak anti-HBs titres achieved after primary HBV infection (seroconversion) tended to be higher in the DS than in the ND group. The latter results are interpreted as indicating that a deficient humoral response in DS inmates is unlikely to be responsible for the high rates of chronic HBsAg carriage so often seen in these subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An earlier cross-sectional study had revealed that institutionalized Down's syndrome (DS) patients possessed much lower titres of hepatitis B surface antibodies (anti-HBs) than did their non-Down's (ND) counterparts. In an attempt to determine whether DS patients were generally deficient in humoral antibody response, the inmates of an institution for the mentally retarded (110 DS, seventy-eight ND) were immunized with tetanus, diphtheria (toxoids), influenza A, influenza B (inactivated vaccines), measles, mumps and rubella (attenuated vaccines), and tested for their antibody responses. The DS and ND groups did not respond differently to any of the seven antigens. Furthermore, there was no general relationship between the anti-HBs titres of inmates and their capacity to respond to the defined antigenic stimulus of any of the seven antigens. From these results it is apparent that a general humoral deficit in the DS group cannot explain their tendency to possess much lower anti-HBs titres than their ND counterparts upon becoming infected with the hepatitis B virus. When the antibody status and responses to immunization of the inmates who possessed anti- HBs were compared with those who had chronic HBsAg antigenaemia, there was no significant difference between the groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a cytogenic study of Down syndrome patients with mental retardation in conjunction with a study of the response of these individuals to hepatitis B virus infection. A greater proportion of Down syndrome subjects indicated chronic hepatitis B surface antigenaemia than did the non-Down syndrome patients. Though fairly close proportion of Down and non-Down syndrome patients had hepatitis B surface antibody, the Down syndrome patients had a lower geometric mean titer.