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Discussed is the 1992 comprehensive federal budget proposed for the United States. The proposed budgets for the Defense Department, Health and Human Services, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Science Foundation, Department of Agriculture, Environmental Protection Agency, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology are described. (KR)

Reviews literature on drinking among college students and reports gender variations in drinking patterns and problems among this population. Examines incidence of drinking, frequency and consumption of drinking, gender differential, beverage preferences, drinking locations, and drinking problems. Concludes that higher percentage of college men than women are likely to drink, drink more often, consume more, experience more drinking problems. (NB)

A national survey of 6115 college students indicated that 81.9 percent were drinking at least once a year and 20.2 perent were heavy drinkers. Results are presented for demographic and drinking characteristics, and comparisons with a similar 1974 study are given. (Author/BL)

Details the 1989 funding proposals for research and development. Describes trends in federal spending. Discusses proportions of funding for the National Science Foundation, the Department of Defense, and other basic research agencies. Includes tables that detail money spent and proposed for many research agencies. (CW)

Research has demonstrated that while it is relatively easy to increase drug knowledge, it is more difficult to modify attitudes. Reviews studies and examines the existing evidence regarding the effectiveness of drug education. The largest number of studies found no effects of drug education upon use. (RC)

Examined religious affiliation and incidence of drinking problems among college students over time, using questionnaire administered to students at 72 colleges throughout the United States in 1982-83 (N=6,115) and again in 1984-85 (N=4,266). Findings suggest little change except for a decrease in driving-related behaviors among Catholics, Protestants, and individuals for whom religion is not important. (Author/ABL)

Showed high agreement between students and faculty that appeal of subject matter is the major reason for majoring in sociology. Faculty believe the introductory instructor and the reputation of the department are of much greater importance than do students. Students saw as especially important "preparation for business world." (Author)

To determine if an association exists between research methods and findings in attitude-behavior research, a review of the literature was conducted. More laboratory studies reported a positive relationship between attitudes and behavior, while more field studies found no such relationship. Extensive bibliography included. (Author)

Describes a report by the National Science Foundation that deals with the field of chemistry. Indicates that chemical research funding has grown, women chemists are entering the field more rapidly than ever, and chemists expect to report some type of research and development as part of their work. (TW)

Reports that it is easier to increase drug/alcohol knowledge than to modify attitudes. Many studies show no effects of drug education on drug use, a few studies show drug education reduces use, and other studies show use increases with drug education. Suggests more effective approaches are needed. (AH)

A national sample of university students in the United States over a twelve-year time period from the 1982-1983 to the 19931994 academic year was used to test the reduction (control) of consumption model. The total sample size for each of five time periods during the duration of the study was: 10,247 in 19931994; 6,751 in 1990-1991; 6,872 in 1987-1988; 4,719 in 1984-1985; and 5,504 in 1982-1983. Students were administered The Student Alcohol Questionnaire for each of the time periods. The results showed a significant (p< .001) increase in the percent of abstainers (17.7 to 26.8) and a significant (p< .001) decrease in the mean number of drinks consumed per week among all students (14.3 to 13.1) over the twelve-year period. There was a significant (p< .001) decrease in the percent of students who exhibited four drinking and driving related variables, an example of which is having driven a car after consuming several drinks. However, there was a significant increase (p< .001) or stabilization of most health/personal (for example, vomiting as a result of drinking), social/academic (for example, missing a class because of a hangover), and legal/violent (for example, getting into a fight after drinking) problems related to alcohol. It was concluded that the reduction of consumption hypothesis was supported only by the drinking and driving variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assesses the playing of drinking games, the quantity-frequency of alcohol consumption, and various problems related to drinking in a study of 3,830 alcohol consuming students. Effect of game playing on problems related to alcohol on moderate drinkers; Exhibition of more problems of heavy drinkers regardless of their game playing status.

Examines the drinking problems of comparable samples of college students drawn from throughout the United States in fo ur time periods to test the null hypothesis that there have been no changes in the proportion of student drinkers reporting problems associated with their consumption of alcohol. Method; Results; Discussion.

From a large national study of college students sampled in 1982-83 and again in 1984-85 from the same institutions, a sub-sample of student nurses was identified. The purpose of the study was to determine the stability or instability of both knowledge about alcohol and drinking patterns and problems. The results indicate few changes in alcohol knowledge or in drinking patterns and problems related to alcohol over a two year time period. It appears that about one in four students may already have problems with alcohol abuse and that there were many misconceptions about alcohol and problem drinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

American Roman Catholic and mainstream Protestant students consume more alcohol and have mere alcohol abuse problem compared to Canadian students within the same religious groups. Among abstinent oriented Protestants there was no difference in regards to alcohol consumption or problems related to drinking between the countries. For Jews there were mixed results with Americans exhibiting similar consumption rates but reporting more problems related to drinking compared to the Canadians. Among this sample it was concluded that religious norms have a greater influence in cohesive religious groups while cultural norms are more influential among less cohesive groups. The results also support the Canadian 'Mosaic' and American 'Melting Pot' assumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An extensive review of the literature on college students' drinking patterns and problems since the mid-1930s revealed no radical changes over the past several decades. However, during the past 10 years, drinking and problems related to drinking and driving have gradually decreased among college students. Results of a study of students at the same 56 colleges and universities throughout the United States (3,145 in 1982-83, 2,797 in 1984-85, and 3,375 in 1987-88) revealed few changes in collegiate drinking patterns and problems attributable to the nationwide increase in the minimum age for alcohol purchase. There was a decline in the proportion of students who drank in the period during which the law changed. However, the proportion of students categorized as heavy drinkers remained constant over time and the proportion of underage students (81 percent) who drank was higher than the proportion of legal age students who drank (75 percent). Of 17 problems related to drinking, all but 5 remained stable over the time periods. Three of the problems represent the continuum of an established trend of fewer students to indicating drinking and driving-related problems. As discussed in this paper, creative alcohol programming can assist in controlling alcohol abuse among college students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An examination of introductory sociology textbooks and readers reveals that virtually all either ignore or deny the possibility that cultural might exist among non-humans. Of nearly fifty such volumes sampled only two consider the possibility of non-human culture. Animal behaviors consist of those innate to a species as well as learned during the individual life. The former are hereditary and based on some physiological conditions corresponding to certain development stages of the animal, though their appearance is always unconditional. The latter, or learned behavior types are often the acquisitions by trials and errors and usually disappear with the death of individuals. In a higher animal species whose social form is a permanent group, however, an acquired behavior of an individual may be imitated by other member to become a new habit of the group and preserved independently of the individual life. Newborn animals without hesitation accept such an acquired behavior type as if it were among their innate habits. Thus the behavior is beyond the individual level and may have been socialized or reached the cultural level. It is concluded that the present treatment of culture in introductory sociology works as totally and completely a human creation with no consideration of the voluminous evidence of non-human cultural forms is both navies and academically ethnocentric.

The article presents abstracts on military service which include the article "For and Against Military Service," by J. F. Combes and J. Egen, and the books "Selective Service and American Society," edited by Roger W. Little, and "Little Groups of Neighbors: The Selective Service System," by James W. Davis Jr. and Kenneth M. Dolbeare.

The article presents abstracts on topics related to the psychological testing of individuals which include an analysis of the implications of religion for protest, examination of the various dimensions of the attitude towards national and supra-national ideals and a discussion of participant citizenship in several developing countries.

The article presents abstracts on organization structure which include the books "Social Structure and Systems: A Sociological Overview," by W. Dobriner, "Modern Organizations," by A. Etzioni and "Readings on Modern Organizations," by A. Etzioni.

The article presents abstracts on social change which include the article "Man in a Changing Society," and the books "The Evolution of Man and Society," by C. D. Darlington and "Revolution and Counterrevolution: Change and Persistence in Social Structures," by Seymour M. Lipset.

The article presents abstracts on decision making and policy formation which include the article "Interaction of Procurement Decisions in Weapon System Acquisition Projects," by G. R. Hall and the books "Behavioralism in Political Science," edited by Heinz Eulau and "The Enduring Question of Politics," by J. Feld, A. T. Leonhard and W. W. Toxey.

The article presents abstracts on topics related to social change which include social trends in modern communities, contents of the journal "Vocations for Social Change," and advantages and disadvantages of social change.

The article presents abstracts on topics related to propaganda, communications and publicity which include the role of political journalists, approaches to funding radio and television broadcasting, and educational radio and television broadcasting.

The article presents abstracts on conflict which include the book "War: The Anthropology of Conflict and Aggression," edited by Marvin Harris, Morton Fried and Robert Murphy and the articles "Reflections on Violence," by Hannah Arendt and "The Dilemma of Force," by Roy Pearson.

The article presents abstracts on psychological testing of individuals which include the articles "Mental Health and Human Values," by William Eckhardt, "Three Studies of Subjective Culture," by Harry C. Triandis and "The Pattern of Human Concerns," by Hadley Cantril.

The article presents abstracts on structure of organizations which include the articles "Readings on Modern Organizations," by A. Etzioni, "Man and the Space Around Him," by C.A. Doxiadis and "The Flexibility of Traditional Culture," by Donald N. Levine.

Tested in this study were hypotheses relevant to Rokeach's position that dogmatism, as measured, taps general authoritarianism, whereas authoritarianism, as measured, taps only rightist authoritarianism. The testing instrument, disguised as a public opinion questionnaire, consisted of categorical and qualified authoritarianism items and reversals from the Stereopathy-Acquiescence Scales interspersed with Dogmatism Scale items, The subjects were 301 university students. While there was no significant difference in dogmatism between Authoritarians (As) and Non-Authoritarians (Ns), authoritarian responses were more highly correlated with dogmatism than were nonauthoritarian, regardless of the quality of response (categorical or qualified). The data support Rokeach's hypothesis that the Dogmatism Scale taps general authoritarianism, but tends to negate the suggestion that As and Ns are equally dogmatic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]