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321 results on '"Hajizadeh, Mohammad"'

20. Disclosure of HIV status and stigma in rural communities in Brazil: A conundrum for researchers

Author

Sia, Drissa, Hajizadeh, Mohammad, Hongoh, Valerie, and Guimaraes, Patricia Neves

Subjects
HIV/AIDS, stigma, rural community, ethics, impersonation, confidentiality, anonymity of research participants, deception, Social Sciences
Abstract

Stigmatization and discrimination are common consequences following disclosure of HIV serostatus; such factors are especially problematic in rural communities where “everyone knows everyone”. In this case study, researchers conducting ethnographic field studies in remote areas of Brazil decided to impersonate friends or relatives of research participants living with HIV as a means to protect participants from inadvertent disclosure of their serostatus to fellow community members. These acts of “wilful deception” raise issues about honesty and integrity in research, and how to balance issues of confidentiality with communicating research findings to communities and the broader public.

Published
2013

38. A Genetic Study of Spillovers in the Bean Common Mosaic Subgroup of Potyviruses.

Author

Hajizadeh, Mohammad, Ben Mansour, Karima, and Gibbs, Adrian J.

Subjects
*COMMON bean, *VIRAL genomes, *PROTEIN genetics, *POPULATION genetics, *MOSAIC viruses
Abstract

Nine viruses of the bean common mosaic virus subgroup of potyviruses are major international crop pathogens, but their phylogenetically closest relatives from non-crop plants have mostly been found only in SE Asia and Oceania, which is thus likely to be their "centre of emergence". We have compared over 700 of the complete genomic ORFs of the crop pandemic and the non-crop viruses in various ways. Only one-third of crop virus genomes are non-recombinant, but more than half the non-crop virus genomes are. Four of the viruses were from crops domesticated in the Old World (Africa to SE Asia), and the other five were from New World crops. There was a temporal signal in only three of the crop virus datasets, but it confirmed that the most recent common ancestors of all the crop viruses were before inter-continental marine trade started after 1492 CE, whereas all the crown clusters of the phylogenies are from after that date. The non-crop virus datasets are genetically more diverse than those of the crop viruses, and Tajima's D analyses showed that their populations were contracting, and only one of the crop viruses had a significantly expanding population. dN/dS analyses showed that most of the genes and codons in all the viruses were under significant negative selection, and the few that were under significant positive selection were mostly in the PIPO-encoding region of the P3 protein, or the PIPO protein itself. Interestingly, more positively selected codons were found in non-crop than in crop viruses, and, as the hosts of the former were taxonomically more diverse than the latter, this may indicate that the positively selected codons are involved in host range determination; AlphaFold3 modelling was used to investigate this possibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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