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Abstract We isolated a novel simian sapelovirus (SSV), Cam13, from fecal specimen of a cynomolgus monkey by using PLC/PRF/5 cells. The SSV infection of the cells induced an extensive cytopathic effect. Two types of virus particles with identical diameter (~32 nm) but different densities (1.348 g/cm3 and 1.295 g/cm3) were observed in the cell culture supernatants. The RNA genome of Cam13 possesses 8,155 nucleotides and a poly(A) tail, and it has a typical sapelovirus genome organization consisting of a 5’ terminal untranslated region, a large open reading frame (ORF), and a 3’ terminal untranslated region. The ORF encodes a single polyprotein that is subsequently processed into a leader protein (L), four structural proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4) and seven functional proteins (2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D). We confirmed that 293 T, HepG2/C3A, Hep2C, Huh7 and primary cynomolgus monkey kidney cells were susceptible to SSV infection. In contrast, PK-15, Vero, Vero E6, RD-A, A549, and primary green monkey kidney cells were not susceptible to SSV infection. We established an ELISA for the detection of IgG antibodies against SSV by using the virus particles as the antigen. A total of 327 serum samples from cynomolgus monkeys and 61 serum samples from Japanese monkeys were examined, and the positive rates were 88.4% and 18%, respectively. These results demonstrated that SSV infection occurred frequently in the monkeys. Since Cam13 shared 76.54%–79.52% nucleotide sequence identities with other known SSVs, and constellated in a separate lineage in the phylogeny based on the entire genome sequence, we propose that Cam13 is a new genotype of the simian sapelovirus species.

The azo dyes new coccine (NCC) were successfully removed through the adsorption onto PVBTAC-modified α-Al2O3 particles. The optimal conditions of both the surface modification by PVBTAC adsorption and the NCC adsorption were thoroughly investigated. Formerly, polycations PVBTAC were adsorbed onto the nanosized α-Al2O3 particles at pH 8, NaCl 100 mM, with a contact time of 2 h, and initial concentration of 1000 ppm to modify the α-Al2O3 surface. Latterly, the NCC adsorptive removal was conducted at pH 8, NaCl 10 mM, α-Al2O3 adsorbent dosage of 3 mg mL−1, and a contact time of 45 min. Interestingly, the optimal pH of 8 potentially applies to treat real wastewater as the environmental pH range is often about 7–8. High removal efficiency and adsorption capacity of the NCC azo dyes were, respectively, found to be approximately 95% and 3.17 mg g−1 with an initial NCC concentration of 10 ppm. The NCC adsorption on the modified α-Al2O3 particles was well fitted with a Freundlich model isotherm. A pseudo-second kinetic was more suitable for the NCC adsorption on the PVBTAC-modified α-Al2O3 surface than a pseudo-first kinetic. The NCC adsorptive removal kinetic was also affirmed by the FT-IR spectra, based especially on the changes of functional group stretch vibrations of −SO3− group in the NCC molecules and −N+(CH3)3 group in the PVBTAC molecules. The high reusability of the α-Al2O3 particles was proved to be higher than 50% after four generation times.

Removal of copper ion (Cu2+) by using surfactant modified laterite (SML) was investigated in the present study. Characterizations of laterite were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and total carbon analysis. The optimum conditions for removal of Cu2+ by adsorption using SML were systematically studied and found as pH 6, contact time 90 min, adsorbent dosage 5 mg/mL, and ionic strength 10 mM NaCl. The equilibrium concentration of copper ions was measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (F-AAS). Surface modification of laterite by anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) induced a significant increase of the removal efficiency of Cu2+. The surface modifications of laterite by preadsorption of SDS and sequential adsorption of Cu2+ were also evaluated by XRD and FT-IR. The adsorption of Cu2+ onto SML increases with increasing NaCl concentration from 1 to 10 mM, but at high salt concentration this trend is reversed because desorption of SDS from laterite surface was enhanced by increasing salt concentration. Experimental results of Cu2+/SML adsorption isotherms at different ionic strengths can be represented well by a two-step adsorption model. Based on adsorption isotherms, surface charge effects, and surface modification, we suggest that the adsorption mechanism of Cu2+ onto SML was induced by electrostatic attraction between Cu2+ and the negatively charged SML surface and nonelectrostatic interactions between Cu2+ and organic substances in the laterite.

The adsorptive removal of ammonium ions (NH4+) from aqueous solution using surfactant-modified alumina (SMA) was investigated. The optimum NH4+ adsorption removal conditions on SMA were systematically studied and found to be pH 4, contact time 180 min, adsorbent dosage 30 mg mL-1 and ionic strength 1 mM NaCl. The equilibrium concentration of NH4+ was measured by capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (CE-C4D) and spectrophotometry. Surface modification of α-Al2O3 with the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at high salt concentration induced a significant increase of removal efficiency. The change in surface charge and surface modification of α-Al2O3 by pre-adsorption of SDS and subsequent adsorption of NH4+ were evaluated by zeta potential measurements and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Under optimum adsorption conditions, NH4+ removal from two agricultural water samples achieved very high removal efficiencies of 99.5 and 96.5%. The adsorption of NH4+ onto SMA increases with decreasing NaCl concentration because desorption of SDS from the α-Al2O3 surface is minimised. Experimental results of NH4+-SMA adsorption isotherms at different ionic strengths can be represented well by a two-step adsorption model. Based on adsorption isotherms, surface charge effect and surface modification, we suggest that the adsorption mechanism of NH4+ onto SMA was mainly electrostatic attraction between cationic NH4+ and the negatively charged SMA surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]